129
Ibid.
130
Shorn was rector of North Marston around 1290 and the waters of his holy well were believed to cure cases of malaria and the gout. See Richard Marks, ‘A Late Medieval Pilgrimage Cult: Master John Shorn of North Marston and Windsor’ in L. Keen and E. Scarff (eds.), Windsor Medieval Archæology … British Archæological Association Conference Proceedings, vol. 25 (2002), pp.192 – 207.
131
BL Cotton MS Caligula D VIII, f.83. The Emperor Maximilian was a little surprised at Buckingham’s fate. He told the English envoy Sir Richard Wingfield that ‘he knew [Henry’s] great virtue and wisdom too well to suppose he would have had the duke executed without great and just cause’ (BL Cotton MS Vitellius B XX, f.234).
132
14/15 Henry VIII cap. 20.
133
LP Henry VIII, vol. 3, pt. 1, p.406.
134
The Battle of Pavia was fought early on the morning of 24 February 1525.
135
Robert Macquereau, Histoire générale de l’Europe depuis la naissance de Charle-quint jusqu’als cinq juin 1527, Louvain, 1725, p.231.
CHAPTER 9: THE KING’S ‘SCRUPULOUS CONSCIENCE’
1
Hall, p.755.
2
Davies & Edwards, p.895. MacNalty (p.162) gives the sex of the child as male but the date as November 1513.
3
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.1,486. On 4 October 1514, the Wardrobe was ordered to deliver a cradle covered with scarlet ‘for the use of a nursery, God willing’ (ibid., p.1,403).
4
CSP Venice, vol. 2, p.285.
5
BL Harley MS 3,504, f.232.
6
Henry bought New Hall from Thomas Boleyn in 1516 at a cost of £1,000 and spent a further £17,000 on rebuilding it in 1517 – 21. It is now New Hall School.
7
Illustrated in Thurley, p.102.
8
BL Cotton MS Vespasian F III, f.73.
9
LP Henry VIII, vol. 2, pt. 2, p.1,328.
10
‘Dispatches’, vol. 2, p.236.
11
Ibid., p.240.
12
Hutchinson, ‘Henry’s Reproductive Woes’.
13
See Alan Bideau, Bertrand Desjardins and Hector Pérez Brignoll, Infant Mortality in Britain: A Survey of Current Knowledge on Historical Trends and Variations in Infant and Child Mortality in the Past, Oxford, 1997.
14
CSP Venice, vol. 2, p.1,287.
15
‘Sanuto Diaries’, vol. 5, xxvii, p.276.
16
Elizabeth Blount received an annual salary of 100 shillings in 1513.
17
Her copy is BL Egerton MS 1,991.
18
BL Cotton MS Caligula D VI, f.149.
19
Philippa Jones, p.79.
20
BL Cotton MS Vitellius B II, f.183.
21
LP Henry VIII, vol. 6, p.241.
22
See the Revd Alfred Suckling’s Antiquities and Architecture … of the County of Essex, London, 1845, p.27. He adds: ‘It is a very remarkable situation to have chosen for the purposes of debauchery as it not only abuts upon the churchyard but is actually within a stone’s [throw] of the residence of the monks.’
23
14/15 Henry VIII, cap. 34; Mattingly, p.123. This income was derived from Talboys’ father who was declared a lunatic in 1517. Gilbert Talboys was knighted in 1524 and was appointed Sheriff of Lincolnshire the following year. Bessie Blount had two sons and a daughter with Gilbert before his death in 1530. After 1533 she married Edward Clinton and had three daughters by him. She was a lady-in-waiting to Henry’s fourth wife Anne of Cleves and died in 1541, probably from tuberculosis.
24
LP Henry VIII, vol. 4, p.2,558.
25
BL Add. MS 8,715, f.220v.
26
BL Cotton MS Caligula B I, f.232. Margaret told Henry that she knew she would ‘never get good from Scotland by fair means and will never willingly stay there with those who do not love her’.
27
Angus wrote to Henry on 19 October 1519, thanking him for sending the friar to Stirling who had ‘discharged his mission so well’ that Margaret was willing (then) to stay with him (BL Cotton MS Caligula B I, f.141). It took seven or eight weeks to convince her (BL Cotton MS Caligula B II, f.333). Henry inherited his father’s respect for the Greenwich Friar Observants. He wrote to Pope Leo X declaring his ‘deep and devoted affection’ for them and finding it impossible to ‘adequately describe their zeal, night and day, to win back sinners to God’. Many suffered during the 1530s for refusing the take the Oath of Succession.
28
Byrne, p.68. She married Stewart on 3 March 1528.
29
J. S. Brewer, vol. 2, p.161.
30
Lady Margaret Douglas was the daughter of the king’s sister Margaret by her second marriage.
31
Hutchinson, House of Treason, pp.77 – 9.
32
He was entitled to keep four servants and two horses at court (‘Rutland Papers’, p.101).
33
LP Henry VIII, vol. 4, p.991.
34
Warnicke, ‘The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn’, pp.35, 237 – 8 and A. G. L’Estrange, Palace and Hospital or Chronicles of Greenwich, 2 vols., London, 1889, vol. 1, p.192.
35
Flügel, ‘On the Character …’, p.146.
36
Hoskins, pp.347 – 8.
37
LP Henry VIII, vol. 8, p.215.
38
Ibid., p.214.
39
LP Henry VIII, vol. 12, pt. 2, pp.332 – 3; Hutchinson, Thomas Cromwell, pp.141 – 2.
40
LP Henry VIII, vol. 4, pp.1,932 – 3.
41
Henry later ordered Sir Thomas Boleyn to house and maintain Mary – but at least assigned her the annuity of £100 formerly enjoyed by her husband.
42
BL Cotton MS Vespasian C III, f.176.
43
After a fire which destroyed large portions of the Palace of Westminster in 1512, Henry took over Wolsey’s building operations at Bridewell and in 1523 completed the brick-built house with two courtyards and a long gallery leading to a water gate on the Thames. See Thurley, pp.40 – 1.
44
BL Add. MS 6,113, f.61.
45
‘State Papers’, vol. 1, p.161. Wolsey had two illegitimate children by his mistress Joan Larke: Thomas Winter, born around 1510, and Dorothy, born c.1512.
46
LP Henry VIII, vol. 4, p.677.
47
Croke (c.1489 – 1558) was educated at Eton College and was recruited by John Fisher to teach Greek at Cambridge.
48
BL Cotton MS Vespasian F III, f.44.
49
LP Henry VIII, vol. 4, pt. 2, p.1,721; Ellis, 3rd ser., vol. 2, p.117.
50
LP Henry VIII, vol. 4, pt. 2, p.2,595.
51
‘Sanuto Diaries’, vol. 5, xxxix, p.167.
52
Plowden, p.54.
53
BL Cotton MS Vespasian F XIII, f.140.
54
Paul, p.59. A new translation of The Education of a Christian Woman, edited by Charles Fantazzi, was published by the University of Chicago Press in 2000.
55
CSP Spain, vol. 3, pt. 1, p.1,018.
56
LP Henry VIII, vol. 4, p.1,049.
57
‘Sanuto Diaries’, vol. 5, xi, p.613.
58
Roper (1496 – 1578) was the eldest son of John Roper (d.1524), Attorney General to Henry VIII. He was later Clerk of the Pleas to the Court of King’s Bench and a Member of Parliament. Roper wrote a biography of his father-in-law Sir Thomas More.
59
More’s first wife was Jane Colt. She died in 1511 and within a month he remarried, this time to Alice, the widow of the merchant John Middleton who had died in 1509.
60
Roper, pp.20 – 1.
61
The ladies kept their bonnets and their headdresses. One had to be repaired at the cost of two shillings.
62
LP Henry VIII, vol. 3, p.1,559. The cost of the pageant was £20 16s 4d.
63
Hall, p.631.
64
Sander, p.25.
65
Singer, p.424.
66
Ibid., pp.426 – 7.
67
It may have been even earlier – in October 1525, as a French envoy, John Brinon, told Louise of Savoy of a conversation with Wolsey, the subject of which ‘I cannot write to you, as he made me promise not to mention them’ (LP Henry VIII, vol. 4, p.769). Whether that subject was the king’s marriage must remain a matter of conjecture.
68
Matilda, daughter of Henry I, had at that time been the only female ruler of England – and only for a few months in 1141, before a civil war broke out against her cousin Stephen, a rival claimant to the throne.
69
Hall, p.674 and MacNalty, p.73.
70
Moriarty, p.13 and Hutchinson, Last Days, p.127. Vicary was rewarded with a medical appointment in the royal household at a salary of twenty shillings a year and was promoted to sergeant surgeon in 1536, a post worth £26 13s 4d. Out of this sore leg was born the widespread belief that the king suffered from syphilis – contracted whilst he was campaigning in France – and that as this venereal disease can damage foetuses, it was a factor in Katherine’s poor natal record. However, the thigh is an unusual location for a gumma or swelling – a symptom of tertiary syphilis – and these are not normally painful, yet Henry suffered agonies. Moreover, there is no evidence of syphilis amongst his children. Treatment of this disease consisted of six weeks of sweating the patient and the administration of doses of (poisonous) mercury which made gums red and sore and created copious flows of saliva. There are no reports of a prolonged absence of the king from public life or of these symptoms. Therefore Henry having syphilis looks like mere black propaganda.
71
Hall, p.697.
72
MacNalty, p.57. Fear stalked the streets but this outbreak was hardly comparable to the 250,000 who died in Britain during the Spanish Influenza epidemic of March 1918 – June 1920.
73
‘Love Letters’, pp.30 – 2.
74
Ives, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, pp.100 – 1.
75
BL Royal MS 1 E iv.
76
Vergil, p.324; Harpsfield, p.41.
77
CSP Spain, vol. 3, pt. 1, p.293.
78
Stow, p.543.
79
Richard Sylvester, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, p.179.
80
Harpsfield, p.31.
81
BL Cotton MS Vitellius B IX, f.36.
82
LP Henry VIII, vol. 4, p.2,588.
83
Mattingly, p.191.
84
J. S. Brewer, vol. 2, pp.187 – 8 and Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p.155.
85
LP Henry VIII, vol. 4, p.1,434.
86
Ibid., vol. 4, p.1,450.
87
CSP Spain, vol. 3, pt. 2, p.276.
88
LP Henry VIII, vol. 4, pt. 2, p.1,504.
89
‘State Papers’, vol. 1, p.194.
90
Ibid., pp.230 – 1.
91
Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticano Vat. Lat. 3731A, f.5.
92
‘Love Letters’, pp.32 – 4.
93
Ives, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, p.85.
94
Ibid., p.91 and TNA SP 1/66/39.
95
LP Henry VIII, vol. 4, pt. 2, p.2,003.
96
BL King’s MS 9, ff.66v and 231v.
97
Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, pp.158 – 9.
98
‘State Papers’, vol. 1, pp.278 – 9.
99
Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p.162.
100
Mattingly, pp.194 – 5.
101
Gairdner, p.249.
102
Hall, pp.754 – 5.
103
LP Henry VIII, vol. 4, pt. 2, p.2,096.
104
CSP Spain, vol. 3, pt. 2, p.877.
105
Ibid., p. 882.
106
LP Henry VIII, vol. 4, pt. 2, p.2,210.
107
Ibid., p.2,108.
108
Two volumes of legal opinions on the validity of the marriage by bishops and canon lawyers, drawn up for the legatine trial, are in Lambeth Palace Library, MSS 2341 – 2. They were probably part of Campeggio’s file.
109
BL Cotton MS Vitellius B XII, f.208.
110
Starkey, Six Wives, pp.237 – 9.
111
Ibid., p.243.
112
Singer, pp.214 – 17.
113
Mattingly, p.209.
114
CSP Spain, vol. 4, pt. 1, p.352. Anne continued her nagging: ‘I see that some fine morning you will succumb to her reasoning and that you will cast me off.’
115
Gairdner, p.250.
116
Ibid., p.248.
117
‘Sanuto Diaries’, vol. 5, lii, p.176.
118
In a letter to Prior Bernard Salviati, nephew of Clement VII, 5 November 1529, Campeggio writes of the ‘various hindrances which met me between London and Dover’ (LP Henry VIII, vol. 4, p.2,702). Du Bellay, the French ambassador in London, added this postscript to a dispatch of 12 October: ‘I have just heard that upon pretence of want of ships they would not let him [Campeggio] pass without consulting about it, for fear he carries off the treasure of the Cardinal of York’ (LP Henry VIII, vol. 4, p.2,672).
119
CSP Spain, vol. 4, pt. i, pp.303 – 4. This was the second time in ten years that the contents of Campeggio’s luggage had been exposed to the rude hoi polloi. In January 1518, when he arrived in London to discuss a crusade against the Turks, the mules carrying his chests bolted in Cheapside and the damaged luggage spilled out his ‘broken shoes and roasted flesh, pieces of bread, eggs and much vile baggage, at which sight the boys cried “see my Lord Legate’s treasure!” and so the muleteers were ashamed and took up the stuff and passed forth’ (see Hall, pp.592 – 3).
120
Hall, p.759. The commission had been burnt.
121
Campeggio was Bishop of Salisbury.
122
Henry VIII to Campeggio, Windsor, 22 October 1529 (LP Henry VIII, vol. 4, p.2,677).
123
Henry was not finished with Campeggio. By Act of Parliament (25 Henry VIII cap. 27) in January 1534, he and another absentee Italian, Geronimo Ghinucci, were deprived, respectively, of their sees of Salisbury and Worcester. Campeggio also lost his cardinal-protectorship of England the same year on Henry’s instructions.
124
CSP Spain, vol. 4, pt. 1, pp.351 – 2.
125
‘Wriothesley Chronicle’, vol. 1, p.16.
126
Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticano ASV A.A. Arm. I-XVIII, 4098A.
127
CSP Spain, vol. 4, pt. 2, p.263.
128
For details of the legislation creating the foundation of the break with Rome, see Hutchinson, Thomas Cromwell, pp.49 – 51 and 53 – 5.
129
Elton, Policy, p.278.
130
TNA SP 1/82/151.
131
Ellis, 3rd ser., vo
l. 2, p.276.
132
CSP Milan, p.557.
133
BL Harley MS 283, f.75.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PRIMARY SOURCES
Manuscript
BIBLIOTHÈQUE DE MÉJANES, AIX-EN-PROVENCE, FRANCE
MS 442 Res MS 20 – Portrait of a boy toddler, inscribed ‘le Roy henry d’angleterre’.
BODLEIAN LIBRARY, OXFORD
Selden MS Supra 77 – De astroruim ui fatali, a fifty-eight folio book of astrological predictions, by William Parron, dedicated to Henry VII, 1499.
BRITISH LIBRARY
Additional MS
4,822 – Tract in an early sixteenth-century hand of Coniunccio Arthuri et Veneris, by
Richard Maryng, brother in the house of Bonhommes, Edlington, Wiltshire.
5,758, f.8 – Opening of Henry VIII’s first Parliament; Westminster, 21 January 1510.
6,113, f.61 – Ceremony of creating Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond; Bridewell, 18 June 1525.
——f.72 – Names of nobles that did homage at the coronation of Henry VIII.
——f.79v – Account of christening of Prince Henry at Richmond, Sunday 5 January 1511.
7,099, f.129 – Contract for alabaster effigy tomb, to be carved by James Keyley, for Richard III in the church of the Greyfriars, Leicester.
8,715, f.220v – Ridolfo Pio, Bishop of Faenza (Papal Nuncio in France) to Ambrosius de Recalcatis, papal secretary; Da Monte Plaisant, 10 March 1536.
12,060, f.23 – 23v – Collection of miraculous examples and narratives in support of Transubstantion by Henry Parker, Baron Morley.
15,387, f.25 – Henry VIII to Pope Leo X; Greenwich, 12 May 1514.
19,398, f.644 – Henry VIII to Wolsey; ?late 1520/early 1521.
21,404, f.9 – Prince Henry to Philip I of Castile; Greenwich, 9 April 1506. ——f.10 – Henry VIII to Margaret of Savoy; Westminster, 27 June 1509.
21,481 – King’s Book of Household Payments, April 1509 – March 1518, signed by Henry VIII on almost every folio.
26,787 – Moral treatise Speculum Principis by John Skelton, presented to Henry VIII on his accession.
32,091, f.92 – Modern copy of letter from Martin de Muxica, Spanish ambassador in London, to Ferdinand, describing the interrogation of the English captains by Henry VIII; London, 19 November 1512.
31,922 – Sixty-three songs, ballads and instrumental music composed early in the reign of Henry VIII, roughly a third attributed to the king’s composition.
33,772 – Sixty-five folio volume in Latin of the lives of the saints, presented by Giovanni de’ Gigli, Bishop of Worcester, to Lady Margaret Beaufort in 1497.
Young Henry: The Rise of Henry VIII Page 40