Other works which I found especially valuable were Ernest S. Dodge’s The Polar Rosses, Alexander Simpson’s Life and Travels of Thomas Simpson, George W. Corner’s Doctor Kane of the Arctic Seas, Chauncey Loomis’s Weird and Tragic Shores (Hall), A.L. Todd’s Abandoned (Greely), John Weems’s Peary, and Dennis Rawlins’s Peary at the Pole: Fact or Fiction?
Once again I have had the invaluable assistance of a team of dedicated people without whom this book would not have been possible. Barbara Sears, my indefatigable research assistant, tracked down and dug out the various works described in the bibliography. Janice Tyrwhitt, my editor, forced me to rewrite several sections of the book and provided a shrewd overview of the entire work. Janet Craig, my copy editor, acted as a remarkable backstop; without her meticulous and painstaking blue pencil, this would be a flawed work. Geoffrey Matthews again drew the maps; Walter Stefoff was responsible for the design; Tom McNeely did the drawings and endpapers; Elsa Franklin provided useful advice. My wife, Janet, not only read the manuscript for grammatical errors but also bore with me when my efforts at concentration sometimes rendered me deaf, dumb, and blind.
Miss Sears and I would like to thank a number of people and institutions in Canada, England, and the United States for their help. These include:
Alison Wilson, archivist, in charge of the Polar Records at the National Archives, Washington, D.C., particularly for her help well above and beyond the call of duty. She would suggest things for us to look at (she drew the John Wall Wilson diary to my attention, for example), and she went out of her way to make sure that it was a pleasure to work at the Archives.
Robert Headland, archivist at the Scott Polar Research Institute.
Leonard F. Guttridge, who generously shared suggestions and leads on the Adolphus Greely story at a time when he was working on the same subject.
Dr. Owen Beattie, at the University of Alberta, for providing copies of his papers on his latest research on the fate of the Franklin expedition; and Dr. James Savelle, for providing information on his work with the Franklin relics.
Captain T.C. Pullen, for reading the chapter on Peary and Cook.
And the following institutions:
The staff of the Baldwin Room, Metropolitan Toronto Central Library, unfailingly courteous and helpful with a constant stream of requests; the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library at the University of Toronto; the National Archives of Canada; the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, for making the Elisha Kent Kane journal available; Stanford University Library, for making the other half of Kane’s journal available; the National Maritime Museum, London, England; the Royal Geographical Society, for allowing us to examine the William Hooper Journals; and the Mercer County Historical Society.
Bibliography
Note: Full titles are given in the first citation; second and subsequent citations are by short-form reference.
CHAPTER ONE
Unpublished Manuscripts
Royal Geographical Society
William H. Hooper Journals, 1818-1825
Scott Polar Research Institute
MS438 William Edward Parry Papers
MS647 Joseph Nias Papers
MS862 Edward Sabine Journal and Papers
MS486 John Ross Papers
MS271/25 Private journal of William Mogg
MS655 John Ross Memoirs
MS 1059 John Ross Journal
MS 1021 Douglas Clavering Letters
MS 1199/1/1 Private journal of W.E. Parry, HMS Alexander, 1818.
Published Sources
Anon. “A Voyage of Discovery Made under the Order of the Admiralty, in His Majesty’s Ships Isabella and Alexander …,” Quarterly Review, January, 1819.
Barrow, John. Voyages of Discovery and Research within the Arctic Regions.… London: John Murray, 1846
Beechey, F.W. A Voyage of Discovery towards the North Pole.… London: Richard Bentley, 1843.
Claustre, Daniel. “The Northwest Passage or Voyage Finished: a Polar Play and Musical Entertainment,” Polar Record 21, No. 131, 1982.
Cyriax, Richard J. “Arctic Sledge Travelling by Officers of the Royal Navy, 1819-1849,” Mariner’s Mirror 49, No. 2, 1963.
Damas, David. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 5. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1984.
Dawson, Warren R. The Banks Letters. London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1958.
Dodge, Ernest. The Polar Rosses: John and James Clark Ross and Their Explorations. London: Faber & Faber, 1973.
Fisher, Alexander. A Journal of a Voyage of Discovery to the Arctic Regions in His
Majesty’s Ships Hecla and Griper. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1821.
Jones, A.G.E. “Rear-Admiral Sir William Edward Parry: A Different View,” Musk-Ox, Vol. 21, 1978.
——“Sir John Ross and Sir John Barrow,” Notes and Queries, new ser. 19, No. 8, 1972.
Lloyd, Christopher. Mr. Barrow of the Admiralty: A Life of Sir John Barrow, 1764-1848. London: Collins, 1970.
Lewis, Michael. The Navy in Transition, 1814-1864: A Social History. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1965.
Lyon, George F. The Private Journal of Captain George F. Lyon of HMS Hecla During the Recent Voyage of Discovery under Captain Parry.… Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1824.
Mackinnon, C.S. “The Wintering Over of Royal Navy Ships in the Canadian Arctic, 1819-1876,” Beaver, Outfit 315, No. 3, 1984/85.
Mitford, Nancy (ed.). The Ladies of Alderley. London: Chapman & Hall, 1938.
——. The Stanleys of Alderley. London: Chapman & Hall, 1939.
Parry, Ann. Parry of the Arctic: The Life Story of Admiral Sir Edward Parry, 1790-1855. London: Chatto & Windus, 1963.
Parry, Edward. Memoirs of Rear-Admiral Sir W. Edward Parry. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans & Roberts, 1858.
Parry, William Edward. British Seamen. N.p., Religious Tract Society, 1853.
——. Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific.… London: John Murray, 1824.
——. Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Performed in the Years 1819-20 in His Majesty’s Ships Hecla and Griper.… London: John Murray, 1821.
——. Thoughts on the Parental Character of God. Privately printed, 1841.
Rice, A.L. “The Oceanography of John Ross’s Arctic Expedition of 1818: A Re-appraisal,” Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, collected reprints, 1975, No. 1098.
Ross, John. A Voyage of Discovery Made under the Orders of the Admiralty in His Majesty’s Ships Isabella and Alexander.… London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, 1819.
Ross, W. Gillies. “Parry’s Second Voyage,” History Today 10, No. 2, 1960
Rowley, Graham. “Rear-Admiral Sir John Ross, R.N., 1777-1856: Archival Material in the Scott Polar Research Institute,” Polar Record 15, No. 94, 1970.
Sabine, Edward. Remarks on the Account of the Late Voyage of Discovery to Baffin’s Bay. London: John Booth, 1819.
Scoresby, William. The Polar Ice. Whitby: Caedmon, 1980 (reprint).
Stamp, Tom and Cordelia. William Scoresby, Arctic Scientist. Whitby: Caedmon, [1976].
Stone, Ian R. “Profile: Edward Sabine, Polar Scientist, 1788-1883,” Polar Record 22, No. 138, 1984.
Taverner, L.E. “William Mogg,” Nautical Magazine, Vol. 170, 1953.
CHAPTER TWO
Unpublished Manuscripts
Royal Geographical Society
Hooper Journals, 1818-1825
Scott Polar Research Institute
MS438/26 William Edward Parry Letters
MS438/10 William Edward Parry list of visitors on board HMS “Hecla”
MS438/4/1-4 Journal of Isabella Louisa Parry
Published Sources
Anon. “The Late Sir Edward Parry,” Shipwrecked Mariner, No. 9, January, 1856.
Barrow, Voyages of Discovery and Research.
Cyriax, “Arctic Sledge Travelling by Officers of the Roya
l Navy.”
Franklin, Sir John. Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea in the Years 1819, 20, 21 and 22. London: John Murray, 1823.
——. Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea in the Years 1825, 1826 and 1827. London: John Murray, 1828.
Gell, Edith Mary. John Franklin’s Bride. London: John Murray, 1930.
Houston, C. Stuart. Arctic Ordeal: The Journal of John Richardson.… Kingston, Ont.: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1984.
——. To the Arctic by Canoe, 1819-1821: The Journal and Paintings of Robert Hood. Montreal & London: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1974.
Johnson, Robert E. Sir John Richardson: Arctic Explorer, Natural Historian, Naval Surgeon. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd., 1976.
Jones, “Rear-Admiral Sir William Edward Parry.”
MacLeod, Margaret, and Glover, Richard. “Franklin’s First Expedition as Seen by the Fur Traders,” Polar Record 15, No. 98, 1971.
Mitford, Ladies of Alderley.
——, Stanleys of Alderley.
Mogg, William. “The Arctic Wintering of HMS Hecla and Fury in Prince Regent Inlet 1824-25,” Polar Record 12, No. 76, 1964.
Nanton, Paul. Arctic Breakthrough: Franklin’s Expeditions, 1819-1847. Toronto and Vancouver: Clarke Irwin, 1970.
Parry, E. Memoirs of Rear-Admiral Sir W. Edward Parry.
Parry, William Edward. Journal of a Third Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific in the Years 1824-25 in His Majesty’s Ships Hecla and Fury.… London: John Murray, 1826.
——. Narrative of an Attempt to Reach the North Pole.… London: John Murray, 1828.
Scoresby, William. Remarks on the Probability of Reaching the North Pole.… Whitby: Caedmon, 1980 (reprint).
Simpson, George. Journal of Occurrences in the Athabasca Department. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1938.
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. Unsolved Mysteries of the Arctic. New York: Macmillan, 1939.
Traili, Henry Duff. The Life of Sir John Franklin, R.N. London: John Murray, 1896.
Weekes, Mary. “Akaitcho, A Link with Franklin,” Beaver, Outfit 270, No. 1, 1939.
Woodward, Frances J. Portrait of Jane: A Life of Lady Franklin. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1951.
CHAPTER THREE
Unpublished Manuscripts
Scott Polar Research Institute
MS116 William Penny Papers
MS395/63 John Ross, letter to George Back
MS486/4 James Clark Ross Letters
MS486/6/1-22, John Ross, phrenological deductions
MS651/1 John Ross, letter to Captain Humphreys
MS655/3 John Ross Journal, second expedition
MS 1059 John Ross Journal
MS248/56 Jane Franklin Journal
MS248/298 John Franklin, letters to his sister
MS248/303 John Franklin, letters to his wife Jane
MS248/316 John Franklin, letters to James Clark Ross
MS248/363 Lieutenant Couch to his parents
MS248/364 Francis Crozier, letters to James C. Ross
MS248/380 John Barrow Sr., letters to John Barrow Jr., annotated by Lady Franklin
MS248/449 Charles Osmer, letter to his wife
MS248/476 Stephen Stanley, letter to John Richardson
MS312/3 Alexander McDonald Letters
MS824/1 John Gregory, letter to his wife
MS 1021 Douglas Clavering, letters to James Smith
MS 1372 Francis Crozier, letters to his sister
National Maritime Museum
FRN/1 Franklin Papers
Newspapers, Magazines
Athenaeum, 11 Jan., 11 Feb., 15 Mar. 1845
Government Documents
Report from Select Committee on the Expedition to the Arctic Seas Commanded by Captain John Ross, R.N. [London]: House of Commons, 1834.
Published Sources
Anon. “Two Franklin Documents,” Beaver, Outfit 278, September, 1947.
Anon. Review of “Narrative of a Second Voyage in Search of a Northwest Passage … by John Ross,” Edinburgh Review, July, 1835.
Anon. Review of “Narrative of a Second Voyage in Search of a Northwest Passage … by John Ross,” Quarterly Review, July, 1835.
Amy, Roger; Bhatnagar, Rakesh; Damkjar, Eric; and Beattie, Owen. “The Last Franklin Expedition: Report of a Postmortem Examination of a Crew Member,” Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol. 135, 15 July 1986.
Back, George. Narrative of an Expedition in HMS Terror Undertaken with a View to Geographical Discovery on the Arctic Shores.… London: John Murray, 1838.
——. Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition to the Mouth of the Great Fish River.… Edmonton: Hurtig, 1970 (reprint; originally published 1836).
Beattie, Owen, and Savelle, James. “Discovery of Human Remains from Sir John Franklin’s Last Expedition,” Historical Archeology 17, No. 2
——. “A Report on Newly Discovered Human Skeletal Remains from the Last Sir John Franklin Expedition,” Musk-Ox, No. 33, Winter, 1983.
——, and Geiger, John. Frozen in Time: The Fate of the Franklin Expedition. London: Bloomsbury, 1987.
Bell, Benjamin. Lt. John Irving R.N. of HMS Terror. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1881.
Braithwaite, John. Supplement to Captain Sir John Ross’s Narrative of a Second Voyage in the Victory.… London: Chapman & Hall, 1835.
Coningham, William (ed). The Last Journals of Captain Fitzjames R.N. of the Lost Polar Expedition. Brighton: W. Pearce, n.d.
Cooke, Alan, and Holland, Clive. “Chronological List of Expeditions and Historical Events in Northern Canada VII, 1846-54,” Polar Record 16, No. 101, 1972.
Cyriax, “Arctic Sledge Travelling by Officers of the Royal Navy.”
——. Sir John Franklin’s Last Arctic Expedition; A Chapter in the History of the Royal Navy. London: Methuen, 1939.
——. “The Two Franklin Expedition Records Found on King William Island,” Mariner’s Mirror 44, No. 3, 1958.
Dodge, The Polar Rosses.
L’Estrange, Rev. A.G. Lady Belcher and Her Friends. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1891.
Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. Sir John Franklin in Tasmania, 1837-1843. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1949.
[Franklin, John]. “An Unpublished Letter of Sir John Franklin,” Polar Record 5, No. 33/34, 1949.
Galaburri, Richard. “The Franklin Records: A Problem for Further Investigation,” Musk-Ox, No. 32, Summer, 1983.
Gibson, William. “Sir John Franklin’s Last Voyage,” Beaver, Outfit 268, No. 1, 1937.
——. “Some Further Traces of the Franklin Retreat,” Geographical Journal 79, No. 5, 1932.
Holland, Clive. “Captain Ross’s Welcome Back,” Polar Record 17, No. 106, 1974.
Huish, Robert. The Last Expedition of Captain Sir John Ross R.N. for the Discovery of a North-west Passage.… London: George Virtue, n.d.
Jones, “Sir John Ross and Sir John Barrow.”
King, Richard. The Franklin Expedition from First to Last. London: John Churchill, 1855.
——. Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Arctic Ocean in 1833, 1834 and 1835 under the Command of Captain Back R.N. London: Richard Bentley, 1836.
Lloyd, Mr. Barrow of the Admiralty.
MacKay, Douglas, and Lamb, W. Kaye. “More Light on Thomas Simpson,” Beaver, Outfit 269, No. 2, 1938.
Markham, Clements. Lands of Silence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1921.
McArthur, Alex. “A Tragedy of the Plains: The Fate of Thomas Simpson,” Historical & Scientific Society of Manitoba, Trans. No. 26, 1887.
McKenzie, W.G. “A Further Clue to the Franklin Mystery,” Beaver, Outfit 299, Spring, 1969.
Nanton, Arctic Breakthrough.
Neatby, Leslie. The Search for Franklin. London: Arthur Barker, 1970.
Notman, Derek; Anderson, Lawrence; Beattie, Owen; and Amy, Roger. “Arctic Paleoradiology: Portable Radiographic Examination of Two Frozen Sailors from the Franklin Ex
pedition,” American Journal of Roentgenology, Vol. 149, 1987.
Owen, Roderic. The Fate of Franklin. London: Hutchinson, 1978.
Ross, John. Explanation and Answer to Mr. John Braithwaite’s Supplement to Captain Sir John Ross’s Narrative.… [London: A.W. Webster, 1835]
——. Narrative of a Second Voyage in Search of a North-West Passage and of a Residence in the Arctic Regions during the Years 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833. London: A.W. Webster, 1835.
——. Rear-Admiral Sir John Franklin, a Narrative.… London: Longman, Green, Brown and Longmans, 1855.
Rowley, Graham. “Rear-Admiral Sir John Ross R.N., 1777-1856: Archival Material in the Scott Polar Research Institute,” Polar Record 15, No. 94, 1970. Savours, Ann. “Sir James Clark Ross, 1800-1862,” Geographical Journal 128, Pt. 3, 1962.
Simpson, Alexander. The Life and Travels of Thomas Simpson, the Arctic Discoverer. Toronto: Baxter Publishing Co., 1963 (reprint; originally published 1845).
Simpson, Thomas. Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America Effected by the Officers of the Hudson’s Bay during the Years 1836-39. London: Richard Bentley, 1843.
Skewes, Joseph Henry. Sir John Franklin: The True Secret of the Discovery of His Fate. London: Bemrose & Sons, 1889.
Stefansson, Unsolved Mysteries of the Arctic.
Stevenson, John A. “The Unsolved Death of Thomas Simpson, Explorer,” Beaver, Outfit 266, No. 1, 1935.
Sutherland, Patricia D. The Franklin Era in Canadian Arctic History, 1845-1859. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada, 1985.
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