use of term, 345
Europe:
fear of Bolshevism in, 336
Russian expatriates in, 104, 393, 489, 553, 555, 557, 575
Exodus to the East, 345
Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-revolution, Sabotage, and Speculation, 293
Extraordinary Commission for Food and Transport, 299
Faberge, Peter Carl, 127
famine, in nonindustrialized countries, 63–64
famine of 1921–22, 447–49
grain requisitioning and, 447–48
Lenin and, 447–48
U.S. relief for, 448–49
Farinacci, Roberto, 552
fascism, 123, 549–52, 725
in Romania, 589–90
Stalin’s misunderstanding of, 550–51
February Revolution, 168–73, 174–75, 176, 182, 183, 188, 194, 290, 297, 453
army and, 169, 172, 175
as bourgeois revolution, 175, 195, 199
as liberal coup, 180, 223
navy and, 172, 175
Federal Democratic Russian Republic, 254
federalism, 343
Stalin’s dedication to, 346, 349–51
Federation of Anarchist-Communists, 187
feudalism, 40, 190
Figner, Nikolai, 127
finance commissariat, 450–51, 452, 470, 730
Sokolnikov as commissar of, 565
Finance Ministry, tsarist:
Internal Affairs Ministry’s rivalry with, 69
Witte as head of, 69–70
financial industries, 63
Finland, 90, 478, 556–57, 604
German occupation of, 243
as independent nation, 238, 342–43
Kronstadt rebels given asylum by, 391
Lenin in, 114, 213, 222
Soviet Union and, 590
Finnish civil war, 256
Finnish Socialist Workers Republic, 256
First Cavalry Army (Red), 259, 355–56, 357, 359, 362, 456
First International, 317, 347
Fischer, Louis, 635
Foch, Ferdinand, 311, 315, 317
food supply commissariat, 449
Ford, Henry, 612
foreign affairs commissariat, 229, 441–42, 443, 622, 624
foreign policy, Soviet, 558, 698–99
class warfare and, 443–44
as dictated by Lenin, 446–47
Litvinov’s critique of, 622–23
Stalin and, 553, 583, 623–24
two-faced nature of, 443, 645, 667
foreign trade commissariat, 451
Forest, The (Ostrovsky), 620
Forster, Otfried, 412
Fotiyeva, Lidiya, 417, 467, 487, 489, 504, 527
and Lenin’s alleged article on nationalities, 493–94
Lenin’s Testament and, 473
“Foundations of Leninism” (Stalin), 532, 544–45, 555
Fourier, Charles, 39, 40
France, 83
anti-Bolshevik policy of, 247, 343
colonial empire of, 4, 151, 316
in defensive alliance with Russia, 109, 110
and German war reparations, 509
in Great War, 150, 152, 156, 197, 198, 199
in Locarno Pact, 561–62
in onset of Great War, 147
Poland and, 558, 589, 623
Soviet relations with, 560, 645, 693, 733
in Triple Entente, 140, 147
Versailles Treaty and, 315–16, 559
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, assassination of, 142–43, 149, 269
Franz Josef, kaiser of Austria-Hungary, 142, 143, 144
Frederick II, “the Great,” king of Prussia, 59
free trade, NEP as concession to, 389, 406, 416
Freikorps, 323–24
French army, 1917 mutiny in, 197
French Revolution, 95, 186, 196, 233, 349, 650
Frunze, Mikhail, 326, 346, 505, 507, 738
in Crimea, 374, 379
illness and death of, 575–76
in Turkestan, 373–75, 387
as war commissar, 557
as war commissariat deputy, 542, 574
“Fundamental Law of Socialist Accumulation, The” (Preobrazhensky), 566
Fundamental Laws, 85, 94, 97, 179
Gai Dmitrievich Gai (Bzhishkyan, Haik), 345, 359, 360, 361, 365, 370
Galicia, 353, 360
Gasprinski, Ismail, 368
Gegen, Bogd, 401–2, 404–5, 553–54
Geladze, Gio, 28
Geladze, Ketevan, see Jughashvili, Ketevan “Keke”
Geladze, Sandala, 28
General Staff Academy, 574
Genoa, international conference on Russia and Germany in, 444–45, 599
gentry, Russian, 57–58, 69, 84
land holdings of, 188–89, 190
geopolitics:
history as driven by, 4–5
modernity as consequence of, 4–5, 62–65
George I, king of England, 83
George V, king of England, 90, 147, 280
Georgia, 86, 342, 366, 473, 475
Armenians in, 496
Bolsheviks in, 106, 267
Bolshevik takeover of, 396, 397–400
as independent republic, 238, 343, 395
Marxism in, 30, 38, 43, 44
Mensheviks in, 103, 106, 108, 123, 133, 244, 395–97, 399–400
Muslims in, 13, 24
nationalism in, 9–10, 30, 32, 400, 601
peasant rebellion in, 67
Red Army invasion of, 397, 398
religious and ethnic makeup of, 13–14
Russian language in, 14
and Soviet Union plan, 475–76, 478, 479–80
Turkey’s invasion of, 398
Georgian language, Stalin’s abandonment of, 112–13
Georgian Literacy Society, 32, 36, 38
Georgian Republic, Soviet, 397
Georgy, Grand Duke, 160
Germany, Imperial:
anti-Bolsheviks courted by, 272
Austria-Hungarian POWs and, 269
Balkans and, 141
Baltic littoral occupied by, 243, 283
Brest-Litovsk Treaty and, 257–58, 264–65, 269, 272–73, 283, 315, 642
Britain and, 139–40
bureaucracy of, 58–59
in Central Powers alliance, 140
economic growth in, 7
expansionism in, 145
in Great War, 150, 152, 156–157, 197, 198, 206–207, 231, 247–253, 310, 312; see also Central Powers
industrialization of, 18, 65, 70
Lenin’s policies on, 272, 282, 283–84
nationalism in, 34–35
naval buildup of, 139–40, 150
1918 western offensive of, 310–11
Odessa captured by, 264
in onset of Great War, 143–49
Poland occupied by, 243, 283
in “reinsurance treaty” with Russia, 6
renewed Russian offensive of, 253, 255–56, 259, 271
Schlieffen Plan of, 145, 147
Sevastopol naval base captured by, 271
steel production in, 63, 141
in Triple Alliance, 6
tsarist Russia and, 109, 139
Ukraine occupied by, 253, 265, 266–67, 270, 272, 273, 283, 301, 303
unification of, 4, 5, 6–7, 18, 732
wartime shortages and strikes in, 165, 251
Germany, Weimar, 293
Britain and, 560, 561, 587, 621
Communist coup attempt in, see Communist Party, German, c
oup attempt of
general strike in, 323
hyperinflation in, 450, 509
in Locarno Pact, 561–62
mass strikes in, 510
in military cooperation agreement with Red Army, 446, 561, 587, 617–18, 621, 638, 704–5
and Polish-Soviet War, 363
in Rapallo Treaty with Soviet Russia, 445–46, 473, 509, 560, 561, 599
rapprochement with West as goal of, 446
Soviet nonaggression pact with, 587, 588
Soviet relations with, 558, 559–61, 611, 623, 638–39, 692, 704
Versailles Treaty and, 315
war reparations owed by, 509
Gil, Stepan, 228, 285, 314
Gilliard, Pierre, 210
Gladstone, William, 19
Glasser, Maria, 488–89
Glinka, Mikhail, 127
Goglichidze, Simon, 21
Gogol, Nikolai, 58
Goldstein, Franz, 692–93
Goloshchokin, Isai “Filipp,” 548, 653
Gori, 2, 8, 9, 14–15, 20–21, 23–26, 28, 36, 53
Goring, Hermann, 527
Gorki estate:
Lenin at, 413–14, 416–17, 428, 440, 476, 482
Stalin’s visits to, 413–14, 416–17, 476
Gorky, Maxim, 133, 183, 329, 448, 544
gosudarstvennost, 343
Gothier, Yuri, 322
GPU (State Political Administration), 439, 448, 459–62
corruption in, 461, 462
deportation and internal exiles ordered by, 440
extra-legal powers of, 440
show trials and, 440
see also OGPU
Gramsci, Antonio, 123–24
Granat Encyclopedia, Stalin biography published in, 660
Great Britain:
anti-Communist policy of, 247, 343, 344, 558–59, 624
Arkhangelsk landing by, 282, 283
Bismarck seen as threat by, 6
Caucasus expedition of, 270, 397–98
in Crimean War, 59, 67
economy of, 7, 148, 587–88
in entente with tsarist Russia, 109, 110, 135, 136, 140
foreign trade of, 108–9, 139, 146
general strike in, 588, 598–99, 613
and German war reparations, 509
Germany and, 139–40, 560, 561, 587, 621
as global power, 108–9
in Great War, 150, 152, 156, 197, 198, 199, 312, 316–17
Industrial Revolution in, 40
Japan and, 111
liberalism in, 132
in Locarno Pact, 561
navy of, 111, 140
in onset of Great War, 146–49
Poland and, 616
police raid on Soviet offices in, 631–32
Polish-Soviet War and, 355, 358–59
prime ministership in, 83–84
Russian policy of, 265–66
Secret Service Bureau of, 284
Soviet codes broken by, 553
Soviet relations with, 617–18, 622, 623, 624, 632, 638
Soviet trade with, 391–92, 599, 632
Soviet Union recognized by, 558
Stalin’s view of, 558
Stalin’s view of, as Soviet Union’s primary enemy, 623, 624, 631–33, 634–35
steel production in, 63
trade unions in, 599
in Triple Entente, 140, 147
tsarist Russia and, 108–9
Versailles Treaty and, 315–16
Great Depression, Soviet Union and, 733–34
Great Reforms, 29, 59–60, 66, 85
Great War, 2, 3, 129, 136–37, 185, 556, 562, 588
aftermath of, 150–51, 312, 323–24, 343
Allied strategy in, 197, 198, 199
Anglo-German rivalry as root of, 141
armistice in, 311–12
Austria-Hungary in, 162, 185, 197, 200, 248–49, 269
Bolshevik regime and, 247
Britain in, 150, 152, 156, 197, 198, 199, 312, 316–17
casualties in, 150, 152, 166, 312
and collapse of Russian autocracy, 173
colonialism and, 151–52
conscription and, 156
Dadaism and, 230
February Revolution and, 175
German-Russian peace talks in, 247–52
German’s renewed Russian offensive in, 253, 259
Germany in, 150, 152, 156–57, 197, 198, 206–7, 231, 247–53, 310, 312
Germany’s renewed Russian offensive in, 253, 255–56
nationalism and, 475
1917 Russian offensive in, 196–200, 204, 212, 219, 224
onset of, 141–49
Poland in, 355
Provisional Government and, 187, 194–95, 196–200
Russia in, 150, 156–57, 162, 166, 206–7, 212, 219, 224, 231, 247–53, 296, 312, 316–17
stalemate in, 149–50
U.S. in, 248, 310–11
Versailles Treaty in, see Versailles, Treaty of
Grey, Edward, 146–47, 149
Grodno, 91, 354, 360
Guchkov, Alexander, 166, 173, 182, 588–89
Guetier, Fyodor, 534
Gunina, Zoya, 595
Guomindang, 640, 651, 717
in alliance with Communists, 626–27
army of, 626–27
Communists attacked by, 655
Communists betrayed by, 637–38, 640
left-wing (Wuhan) faction of, 629, 633, 637–38
as nationalist movement, 626
in Northern Expedition, 629, 631
Soviet military aid to, 626–27, 628, 640
Gurian Republic, 67, 86
Gurko, Vladimir, 87
Gurvich, Esfir, 719
Gurvich, Fyodor, see Dan, Fyodor
Gusev, Sergei (Drabkin, Yakov), 328, 583
Haig, Douglas, 152
Harriman, Averell, 611
Haymarket riots, 49–50
Hearst, William Randolph, 610
Hegel, G.W.F., 40
Heimo, Mauno, 442
Helfferich, Karl, 283
Henry, E. R., 61
Herrero, 151–52
Herzen, Alexander, 41–42
Hess, Rudolf, 527
Hilferding, Rudolf, 151, 378, 392
Hindenburg, Paul von, 162, 253, 311
history:
as driven by geopolitics, 4–5
Marxist view of, 40, 78
Hitler, Adolf, 23
in Beer Hall putsch, 527
nationalism and, 34–35
rise of, 2–3
Hitler, Alois, 34–35
Hitler, Klara, 23, 35
Hobson, John, 151
Ho Chi-Minh, 550
Hoffmann, Max, 249, 252, 255, 256, 258, 259
Holy Brigades (Black Hundreds), 77, 86, 99, 182
Holy Roman Empire, 18
Hoover, Herbert, Russian famine relief organized by, 448
Horthy, Miklós, 325
Hotsendorf, Franz Conrad, Baron von, 148
“How Social Democracy Understands the National Question” (Stalin), 77
Hugo, Victor, 36
Hungarian Soviet Socialist Republic, 324–25
Hungary, 316, 324, 325, 336
“Ilich’s letter about the secretary,” 504–9, 511–12, 513, 514, 546, 658
Stalin and, 512, 514
Trotsky and, 516
see also Lenin’s Testament
Ilin, Alexander (“The Genevan”), 431
Ilinka, 9, 426, 450–52, 470
Imenitov, Solomon, 703, 704
Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (Lenin), 151, 154
Imperial Senate, 89, 263, 264, 278, 285, 317, 319, 334, 413, 428, 429, 521, 522, 540
Independent Social Democrat Party, German, 378, 392
India, 64
indigenization, 496, 504
industrialization, 725
of Germany, 18, 65, 70
global dichotomy in, 63–65
of Japan, 65
NEP and, 571, 672
raw materials in, 63
Sokolnikov on, 659–60
in Soviet Union, 565–66, 571, 574, 582, 583, 587, 605, 625, 638, 659, 662, 663, 664, 686, 694, 695, 698, 710, 722, 725, 733
in Tiflis, 30
in tsarist Russia, 65, 67, 69–70, 91, 92, 141, 645
in U.S., 19
Industrial Revolution, 39–40
industry, state-run, 433
Inspector General (Gogol), 58
Institute of Red Professors, 545–46, 705, 713
intelligentsia, 37, 41
Internal Affairs Ministry, Russian:
Finance Ministry’s rivalry with, 69
see also okhranka; police, tsarist
“Internationale,” 41, 176, 220
International Workingmen’s Association, 40–41
Ipatyev, Nikolai, 280
Iran (Persia), 12, 109, 145, 344
British in, 366
constitutional revolution in, 131–32
Soviet invasion of, 366
Soviet Russia in treaty with, 391
Iranians, 29, 30, 344
Iremashvili, Iosif (Ioseb) “Soso” 23, 31, 38, 399
Iskra (Spark), 45, 50, 51, 78
Italian Socialist Party Congress (1912), 123
Italy, 110, 336
aftermath of Great War in, 324
anti-fascist demonstrations in, 551–52
Communists in, 550, 551
fascism in, 549–50, 551–52, 725
Kamenev as ambassador to, 609–10
in Locarno Pact, 561
in Triple Alliance, 6
Ivan IV “the Terrible,” tsar, 7, 11, 12, 27
Ivanov, Nikolai, 170–71
Iveria, 33, 38, 44
Izvestiya, 206, 288, 293, 464, 540, 550, 704
Japan:
anti-Soviet policy of, 621–22
Britain and, 111
East Asian trade of, 71–72
imperialism in, 71, 151
industrialization in, 65
Korea annexed by, 617
Meiji restoration in, 4, 18, 732
modernization of, 18
navy of, 72, 111, 140
Siberia invaded by, 343–44
Soviet Union and, 590, 617, 621–22, 632
tsarist Russia and, 72–75, 109, 111–12
Vladivostok invaded by, 266
Jewish Labor Bund, 37, 44, 80, 98, 103, 137, 351
Jewish Social Democratic Workers’ Party (Poale-Zion), 137
Jews, 12, 101, 112, 129, 182–83, 316
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