as unforeseen by party leadership, 422–23
Zinoviev and, 472, 474, 506–9, 513
Stalin, Vasily “Vasya,” 10, 466–67, 593, 595, 633
Staniewski, Mieczysław, 286–87
Stasova, Yelena, 423, 428, 596
State and Revolution (Lenin), 135, 203
state bank, Soviet, Sokolnikov’s restoration of, 452
state building, Soviet, 289–92, 343
State Council, 99, 129, 134, 136, 179
state planning commission, 483, 501, 523
Trotsky and, 485, 486
statism, Stalin’s dedication to, 346
steel production, 63, 76, 141
Steinberg, Isaac, 292, 293, 294
Sten, Jan, 708
Stockholm, 102–3
stock market crash of 1929, 733
Stock Market Gazette, 176
Stolypin, Pyotr, 100, 101, 118, 125, 134, 136, 167, 179, 239, 343, 726
assassination attempt on, 102
assassination of, 122, 674
autocratic opposition to, 128–29
Duma and, 94, 97, 101, 119
elevated to prime ministership, 91, 92
failed governmental reforms of, 92–93, 120, 129, 130
foreign policy of, 108–9, 110, 111–12, 129
as governor of Saratov, 91–92, 95
mass arrests and executions by, 104, 106
modernization as goal of, 92, 94, 97, 119, 129
Nicholas II’s relationship with, 92, 119–20
Orthodox Christianity and, 118, 119, 129
social reforms of, 95, 96–97, 673–74
Stravinsky, Igor, 620
Stresemann, Gustav, 510, 561, 562
Struve, Pyotr, 45, 289, 336
Sukhanov, Nikolai, 176, 215
Sukhbaataar, 346, 402, 403, 404–5
Sukhomlinov, Vladimir, 159, 161, 163
Sukhova, Tatyana, 116
Sukhum, 534, 537, 541–42
Sunday Worker, 573
Sun Yat-sen, 626–27
Supreme Council of the Economy, 242, 262, 264, 459, 485, 486, 578, 579, 601, 607, 663–64, 694
Supreme Revolutionary Tribunal, 433
Suvorin, Aleksei A., 210
Svanidze, Alyosha, 105, 479
Svanidze, Ketevan “Kato,” 114, 594
death of, 115–16, 738
Stalin’s marriage to, 105–6
Svanidze, Maria, 594–95
Svanidze-Monoselidze, Alexandra “Sashiko,” 105, 106
Sverdlov, Yankel “Yakov,” 204, 212–13, 214, 226, 228, 235, 237, 251, 256, 260, 262, 263, 271–72, 275, 280, 285, 286, 307, 313, 398–99, 413, 738
death of, 318–19, 423
Lenin and, 193–94, 234, 318–19
Martov case and, 267–68
in October Revolution, 224
organizational skills of, 194, 212, 236, 319, 423
Siberian exile of, 154–55, 194
as Soviet central executive committee chairman, 236, 274, 423
Stalin’s relationship with, 154–55, 194
and Stalin-Trotsky conflict, 308–10
Trotsky and, 318–19
Sverdlov Communist University, 544, 545, 555, 705–6
Switzerland, Lenin in, 135, 173, 187
Syrtsov, Sergei, 457, 668–70, 679, 680, 683, 705
Sytin, Pavel, 308, 309, 310
Tambov, peasant rebellion in, 380–82, 389, 393–94, 410, 575
Tammerfors, Finland, 80–81
Tashkent, 254, 372–73
Tashkent Congress of Soviets, 253
Tashkent Soviet, 218, 253, 254–55, 266, 373
Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 371
Tataria, Tatar Republic, 371, 447, 502
Tatars, 183, 368, 370, 371, 401, 479
Teliya, Giorgi, 106–7, 544
Terek, 118
Ter-Petrosyan, Simon “Kamo,” 113–14
Third Cavalry Corps (Red), 359
Third Group (Mesame Dasi), 43, 44, 51
Third (Communist) International (Comintern), 317–18
Three Emperor’s League, 109
Tiflis (Tblisi), 15, 20, 29–30, 49, 53, 105–6, 537
Armenians in, 29, 49, 479
Bolshevik bank robbery in, 8–9, 113–14, 267
ethnic diversity of, 29–30
government of, 29–30
May Day marches in, 49–50
Ottoman Bank branch in, 475
Red Army capture of, 397
Stalin in, 22, 47–50, 113–14, 121, 125, 267–68, 399, 600
strikes in, 43–44, 48, 600
Tiflis Theological Seminary, 43
forbidden books at, 36–37, 45
Stalin at, 2, 26–27, 30–38, 44–47
Tikhomirov, Lev, 139
Til, Karolina, 595
Times (London), 340
Timoshenko, Semyon, 356
Tirpitz, Alfred von, 148
Tkhinvaleli, Kita, 105
Togliatti, Palmiro, 720
Tolstoy, Lev, 67
Tomsky, Mikhail (Yefremov), 416, 498, 513, 517, 563, 581, 596, 599, 613, 676, 694–95, 698, 712, 719, 739
and plot to oust Stalin as general secretary, 714, 715, 716–17, 720
and succession power struggle, 563, 564
Tovstukha, Ivan, 456–57, 463, 544, 598, 604, 660
trade unions, 518
10th Party Congress debate on, 385, 390, 423, 455, 459
Transcaucasus Railway, 14, 51
Trans-Siberian Railway, 68, 71, 75, 173, 270
Trepov, Dmitry, 82
Trianon, Treaty of (1920), 316
Triple Alliance, 6, 110
Triple Entente, see Entente (Allies)
triumvirate, 512, 517, 519–20, 546, 563
Trotsky, Lev (Bronstein), 9, 62, 80, 81–82, 86, 108, 114, 115, 143, 158, 182, 193, 221, 226, 235, 245, 263, 274, 322, 354, 358, 420, 424, 454, 464, 467, 469, 510, 545, 596, 597, 598, 605, 615, 686, 715, 734, 737
Alma-Ata exile of, 676–79
antipathy toward, 322, 340, 341, 390, 500, 505, 512, 516–17, 520, 531, 532, 533
armor-plated train of, 327–28, 331, 339
attempted assassination of, 286
background of, 200–201
on Bolshevik bureaucrats, 314
Bolsheviks joined by, 200, 202
Bolshevik takeover of Georgia urged by, 396–97
and Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 257
British general strike and, 598–99
Central Committee apparatus denounced by, 518–19, 522
as Central Committee chairman, 214–15
Central Committee’s expulsion of, 648
Central Control Commission investigation of, 520
chairmanship of state planning commission rejected by, 486
chairmanship of Supreme Council rejected by, 486
China and, 627, 628–29, 630, 631, 632
on collectivization, 675
Communist Party’s expulsion of, 651, 656
in Constituent Assembly, 246
Council of People’s Commissars membership rejected by, 416–17
and creation of Soviet Union, 475
on dangers of other socialist parties, 396
and defense of Petrograd, 330–31
deportation and internal exile justified by, 440–41
deputy chairmanship of Soviet Union rejected by, 486
on dictatorship of the proletariat, 337
expulsion from Comintern of, 644
Trotsky, Lev (Bronstein) (cont.)
as Extraordinary Commission for Food and Transport chairman, 299
flulike
fevers of, 520, 522, 533
as foreign affairs commissar, 229
and Georgian insubordination crisis, 489–90, 491, 493
and German Communist coup attempt, 511
and German peace talks, 249–51, 255–56, 258
as head of Revolutionary Military Council, 286, 341, 516, 537
“Ilich’s letter about the secretary” and, 516
imperious manner of, 322, 328, 329
imprisonment of, 204, 212
on institution of commissars, 339
internal exile of, 737
as a Jew, 340–41, 523
Joffe and, 651–52
joint plenums on factionalism of, 522–25, 646–47
Kaganovich and, 455
Kamenev and, 224–25, 584
Kronstadt rebellion and, 384, 387
Krupskaya and, 501, 542, 547, 572, 573–74, 632
Left opposition and, 518, 529
Lenin and, 202, 214, 221, 222–23, 234, 238, 256, 341, 357, 385–86, 390, 414–15, 472, 481–82, 523, 531, 647
and Lenin’s alleged article on nationalities, 494
Lenin’s death and, 534, 537–39
as Lenin’s possible successor, 416–17, 492, 494
Lenin’s Testament and, 500, 546, 572–73, 605–7, 643, 646, 647–48
NEP and, 481–82, 495, 497
in October Revolution, 215, 219, 220, 221–22
On Lenin published by, 545
as orator, 215, 221, 250, 251
as Petrograd Soviet chairman, 212–13
physical appearance of, 340
on Polish-Soviet War, 354
politburo expulsion of, 615
in quest for economic dictatorship, 481, 484, 485, 486–87, 488, 501, 518
in secret negotiations with Entente, 265
self-imposed exiles of, 152–53, 164, 201
Since Lenin Died repudiated by, 573
on Stalin, 8, 295, 422, 463
Stalin biography by, 37
Stalin’s antagonistic relationship with, 224, 306–10, 313–14, 329, 334, 339–40, 341, 357, 369, 377, 385, 390, 415, 416, 460, 470–71, 474, 505, 719
Stalin’s dictatorship opposed by, 472, 486, 487, 613–14
and Stalin’s role in Tsaritsyn, 302–3, 642
in succession power struggle, 416–17, 519–20, 522–25, 532–34, 540, 555, 563–64, 572–73, 584, 586, 590–91, 605–6, 614–15, 636–37, 638, 639, 641–44, 646–48, 713, 735, 736
Sukhum convalescence of, 534, 537, 541–42
Sverdlov and, 318–19
and Tsaritsyn defense, 307–10
at 12th Party Congress, 495–96
use of former tsarist officers defended by, 319–20, 329
Voroshilov and, 309, 313–14
as war and naval commissar, 258, 289, 297, 306–10, 313–14, 319–20, 326, 327–31, 339–40, 356, 359, 391, 436, 542
war commissar post resigned by, 557
Zinoviev and, 474, 525, 545
Trotskyites, 341 390, 411–12, 423, 429, 540, 656
Tsaritsa River, 300
Tsaritsyn, 283, 300, 330, 357, 642
Red Army in, 302, 305
Revolutionary Military Council of, 303
Stalingrad as new name of, 689
Stalin in, 270, 276, 291, 300–310, 313–14, 320, 340
Stalin’s recall from, 309–10, 314, 642
White army siege and capture of, 305–6, 310, 326–27
Tsaritsyn Cheka, 302, 304
Makhrovsky food expedition subverted by, 304–5
Tsarskoe Selo, 74, 86, 92, 167, 170, 171, 172
White army capture of, 330
Tsereteli, Akaki, 32, 34
Tsereteli, Giorgi, 34, 43
Tsereteli, Irakli, 192, 198–99
Tskhakaya, Mikho, 81, 105
Tsushima Strait, Battle of, 73
Tsyurupa, Alexander, 299, 569
Tuchapsky, Pavel, 44n
Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 345, 357, 360, 561, 576, 589, 619
in capture of Baku, 366
as chief of general staff, 576
as Great War POW, 356
Kronstadt rebellion and, 384, 391, 575
OGPU surveillance of, 575
in Polish-Soviet War, 361–62, 363–65, 377–78
in Russian civil war, 356–60
Tambov rebellion and, 394, 575
Voroshilov’s rivalry with, 576–77
Turcomans, 372
Turkestan, 58, 145, 243, 253, 254, 266, 371, 372, 387, 407, 451–52
Frunze in, 373–75, 387
Muslims in, 253–54, 502–3
Red Army in, 372–74
Validi’s escape to, 371–72
Turkestan Autonomous Socialist Republic, 375, 388
Turkey, 391, 395, 398
Turkic language, 12, 344
Turkic peoples, 29, 183, 184, 344
Turkish Straits, 136, 145
Turukhansk, 454, 614, 621, 686
Stalin’s exile in, 152–55, 173
Tzara, Tristan, 227, 230
U-boat warfare, 310
Ufa, 238, 269, 326, 368, 371
Ufa Soviet, 266
Uglanov, Nikolai, 432, 548, 563, 596, 613, 723
in succession power struggle, 563, 641, 715
Ukraine, Ukrainians, 41, 98, 125, 200, 342, 475, 546, 666, 687, 700
anti-Semitism in, 326
food harvests in, 721–22
German occupation of, 253, 265, 266–67, 270, 272, 273, 283, 301, 303
as independent republic, 238, 343, 368
nationalists in, 119, 351, 400
1921–22 famine in, 447
Poland and, 353–54, 616–17
Polish invasion of, 352, 354
Red Army’s reconquest of, 386
in separate peace treaty with Germany, 252
Soviet Russia’s relations with, 475–76
and Soviet Union plan, 475–76, 478, 479
White army’s capture of, 330
Ukrainian Central Rada, 252, 258, 266–67
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, 386, 406
Ulrich, Vasily, 381–82
Ulyanov, Alexander, 60, 185
Ulyanov, Vladimir, see Lenin, Vladmir
Ulyanova, Maria, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 488, 501, 520, 521, 527, 608
Lenin’s death and, 534
on Lenin-Stalin relationship, 608–9
Ulyanov family, 185
Ungern-Sternberg, Roman, Baron von, 346, 400–404, 549
Unification, 101
Union of Railroad Employees, 231, 234, 237
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), see Soviet Union
Union of the Russian People, 98–99, 100–101, 118, 137, 163, 182
Union of the Toiling Peasantry, 381
United opposition, 613, 614, 652, 655–56, 672, 686, 713, 729
United States:
economic growth in, 18, 19, 612
financial panic of 1914 in, 148
in Great War, 248, 310–11
industrialization in, 19, 662
liberalism in, 132
mass production in, 612
railroad bubble in, 64
Seventeenth Amendment in, 83
slavery in, 19
Soviet relations with, 611–12
steel production in, 63
Versailles Treaty and, 315–16
Unszlicht, Józef, 345, 358, 360, 461, 587, 621, 638
Urals Bolsheviks, Romanov murders blamed on, 281
Urals Soviet, 280
Urga, 401–3
Uritsky, Moisei, 284
Urutadze, Grigol, 123
Vacietis, Jukums, 261, 277, 282, 284, 310, 313, 314, 330
arrest of, 329
as Red Army commander in chief, 286, 306, 328
Valedinsky, Ivan, 602–3, 633, 720
Validi, Akhmetzaki, 346, 368
Stalin’s patronage of, 369–71, 372
Vareikis, Jonava “Iosif,” 356
Vasilchikov, Boris A., 58
Verdun, Battle of, 150, 162, 310
Verkhovsky, Alexander, 293
Vernadsky, Vladimir, 721
Versailles, Peace of, 150
Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 315–17, 445, 559, 560, 588
German war guilt and, 315, 316, 559
territorial revisionism in, 315–16
Versailles Order, 352–53, 363, 380
Vertov, Dziga, 440
Verzilov, Vasily, 720
Victoria, queen of England, 89, 128
Vilna (Wilno), 354, 359, 378
Vittorio Emanuele III, king of Italy, 549, 551
Vladivostok, 269, 344, 590
Japanese landing at, 266
Vlasik, Nikolai, 739
Voikov, Pyotr, 442, 634
Voitinsky, Grigory, 628
Volga valley, 270, 300, 326, 447, 566, 568
Volhynian Guards, 169
Volodicheva, Maria, 473, 487, 489, 490, 527
Vologda, 260
Stalin in, 121, 122, 124
Volunteer Army (Armed Forces of South Russia), 268, 270, 295–96, 332
1919 offensive of, 326–27, 328
see also Whites
Voroshilov, Klimenty “Klim,” 104, 308, 310, 320, 327, 328, 355, 357, 390, 391, 456, 495, 507, 582, 585, 596, 602, 619, 622, 656, 657, 694–95, 700, 704
in “cave meeting,” 505, 506
in defense of Tsaritsyn, 303–4
and plot to oust Stalin as general secretary, 713, 714, 715
as Stalin’s protégé, 303, 306, 313, 320–21, 387, 627, 731
Trotsky and, 309, 313–14
Tukhachevsky’s rivalry with, 576–77
as war commissar, 576, 638, 639
Vozdvizhenka, 4, 428
Vozdvizhenka, 5, 426, 428
Vujović, Voja, 644
Vyshinsky, Andrei, 203, 702–3, 709
War and Peace (Tolstoy), 575
War and the Crisis in Socialism (Zinoviev), 407
Warsaw, 15–16, 355
Red Army advance on, 361–63, 364
Warsaw, Treaty of (1920), 353
Wealth of Nations (Smith), 39
Weimar Republic, see Germany, Weimar
What Ilich Wrote and Thought About Trotsky, 500
What Is to Be Done? (Lenin), 51, 79, 287
White armies, 300, 330, 350, 356, 369, 370
anti-Semitism in, 325–26
collapse of, 331–32
in Crimea, 357, 379
disorganization in, 335
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