by David Milne
138. See Darwin, After Tamerlane, 320–21.
139. On Taft’s presidency and distinguished wider career, see Anderson, William Howard Taft; Coletta, The Presidency of William Howard Taft; and Burton, William Howard Taft.
140. Theodore Roosevelt, speech in Louisville, April 3, 1912, in Hagedorn, The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, 17:169.
141. Alfred Thayer Mahan to Henry White, June 28, 1912, ATMLP, 3:468.
142. Alfred Thayer Mahan to Bouverie F. Clark, October 28, 1912, ibid., 484.
2. Kant’s Best Hope: Woodrow Wilson
1. On the election, see Gould, Four Hats in the Ring.
2. Quoted in Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 154. On the arbitration dispute, see Campbell, “Taft, Roosevelt, and the Arbitration Treaties of 1911.”
3. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 157.
4. Ibid., 208.
5. Woodrow Wilson to Mary Allen Hulbert Peck, August 25, 1912, PWW, 25:55–56.
6. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 168.
7. See Hofstadter, Anti-intellectualism in American Life, 207–22.
8. Ibid., 209–10.
9. Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, 16.
10. Nordholt, Woodrow Wilson, 95.
11. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 159.
12. Freud and Bullitt, Thomas Woodrow Wilson, 4.
13. See Widmer, The Ark of the Liberties, 169.
14. Brands, Woodrow Wilson, 5.
15. Raymond D. Fosdick, Personal Recollections of Woodrow Wilson, January 30, 1956, Henry Allen Moe Papers, 2.
16. Ibid., 10.
17. Link, Wilson the Diplomatist, 12.
18. Freud and Bullitt, Thomas Woodrow Wilson.
19. Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, 19.
20. Samuel G. Blythe, “Mexico: The Record of a Conversation with President Wilson,” Saturday Evening Post, May 23, 1914, 4.
21. Link, Wilson the Diplomatist, 15.
22. Brands, Woodrow Wilson, 15.
23. Woodrow Wilson to Charles A. Talcott, December 31, 1879, PWW, 5:267.
24. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 35–36.
25. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 44.
26. Ibid., 53.
27. Brands, Woodrow Wilson, 11.
28. Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, 28.
29. Quoted ibid., 27.
30. Gunnell, The Descent of Political Theory, 82.
31. Wilson, Constitutional Government in the United States, 77–78.
32. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 52.
33. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 68.
34. See Cowley and Williams, International and Historical Roots of American Higher Education, 35.
35. Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, 43.
36. Speech, March 22, 1906, PWW, 16:341.
37. Wilson, Constitutional Government in the United States, 59, 78.
38. Wilson, “The Law and the Facts,” 8–11.
39. Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, 49.
40. Ibid., 50.
41. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 221.
42. White, Woodrow Wilson, 264.
43. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 182.
44. Walworth, Woodrow Wilson, 265.
45. Wilson quoted in Lim, The Anti-Intellectual Presidency, 19.
46. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 210.
47. Halper and Clarke, The Silence of the Rational Center, 46.
48. See Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 381.
49. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 212.
50. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 272.
51. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 211.
52. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 386.
53. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 272.
54. Ibid., 382.
55. Widmer, Ark of the Liberties, 172.
56. Quirk, An Affair of Honor, 77.
57. Woodrow Wilson, remarks at a press conference, November 14, 1914, PWW, 31:351.
58. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 395.
59. See Katz, “Pancho Villa and the Attack on Columbus, New Mexico.”
60. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 397.
61. Seager, Alfred Thayer Mahan, 595–96.
62. Woodrow Wilson, Address to Women in Cincinnati, October 26, 1916, PWW, 38:531, quoted in John A. Thompson, “Wilsonianism: The Dynamics of a Conflicted Concept,” International Affairs 86, no. 1 (2010):32.
63. A fine recent history of the origins of the First World War is Clark, The Sleepwalkers.
64. Russell, “Alfred Thayer Mahan and American Geopolitics,” 130.
65. Seager, Alfred Thayer Mahan, 598–99.
66. Woodrow Wilson to Lindley Miller Garrison, August 6, 1914, PWW, 30:352.
67. Alfred Mahan to Josephus Daniels, August 15, 1914 (two letters), ATMLP, 3:540–42.
68. Seager, Alfred Thayer Mahan, 600.
69. Alfred Mahan to the Editor of The New York Times, August 31, 1914, ATMLP, 3:542.
70. Seager, Alfred Thayer Mahan, 602.
71. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 273.
72. See Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 399.
73. Woodrow Wilson, speech to joint session of Congress, December 8, 1914, PWW, 31:423.
74. Herbert B. Brougham, Memorandum of Interview with the President, December 14, 1914, ibid., 458–59.
75. Franklin D. Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, August 3, 1914, quoted in Widmer, Ark of the Liberties, 197.
76. See Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 277.
77. See Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 401.
78. Ibid., 402.
79. Theodore Roosevelt to Hugo Münsterberg, October 3, 1914, in Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8:824–25.
80. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 303.
81. See Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 403.
82. Figures cited in Geoffrey Wheatcroft, “Hello to All That,” The New York Review of Books, June 23, 2011.
83. Knock, To End All Wars, 107.
84. See, for example, Doyle, Ways of War and Peace.
85. Woodrow Wilson, address to a joint session of Congress, April 2, 1917, PWW, 41:524.
86. Woodrow Wilson, Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union, December 7, 1915, PWW, 35:297.
87. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 405.
88. Ibid., 405–406.
89. See Nichols, Promise and Peril.
90. Ibid., 407.
91. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 352.
92. See www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/spotlights/blockade.htm.
93. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 407–408.
94. Mazower, Governing the World, 124.
95. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 315.
96. Ibid., 317.
97. Woodrow Wilson, An Address to a Joint Session of Congress, April 2, 1917, PWW, 41:526–27.
98. Ibid., 524, 525.
99. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him, 256.
100. See Thompson, Reformers and War, 185–89.
101. See Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy, 28.
102. Ibid., 179–80.
103. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 320.
104. “Quits Columbia; Assails Trustees,” The New York Times, October 9, 1917, 1.
105. Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy, 28, 29.
106. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 419.
107. Gelfand, The Inquiry, 41.
108. Shotwell, At the Paris P
eace Conference, 6–8.
109. See Steel, Walter Lippmann, xiii.
110. Grose, Continuing the Inquiry, 1.
111. “A Memorandum by Sidney Edward Mezes, David Hunter Miller, and Walter Lippmann,” undated, PWW, 45:459–74.
112. “From the Diary of Colonel House,” January 9, 1918, ibid., 551.
113. Nicolson, Peacemaking, 1919, 28.
114. “The Final Draft of the Fourteen Points Address,” January 7, 1918, PWW, 45:519–31.
115. Kissinger, Diplomacy, 19–20.
116. Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith, 275.
117. Macmillan, Peacemakers, 41.
118. Ikenberry et al., The Crisis of American Foreign Policy, 42.
119. Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, 176.
120. Widmer, Ark of the Liberties, 32.
121. Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, 177.
122. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 334.
123. Edward J. Renehan Jr., The Lion’s Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 222.
124. Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, 178.
125. “Address in the Princess Theater in Cheyenne,” September 24, 1919, PWW, 24:469.
126. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 418.
127. Zweig, The World of Yesterday, 304.
128. Raymond D. Fosdick, Personal Recollections of Woodrow Wilson, January 30, 1956, Henry Allen Moe Papers, 18.
129. Wells, The Shape of Things to Come, 82.
130. Keynes, Economic Consequences of the Peace, 34–35.
131. Macmillan, Peacemakers, 31, 35.
132. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 408.
133. Donald Edward Moggridge, Maynard Keynes: An Economist’s Biography (London: Routledge, 1995), 328.
134. Keynes, Economic Consequences of the Peace, 39–40, 44–45.
135. Drinkwater, Sir Harold Nicolson and International Relations, vii.
136. Kennan, American Diplomacy, 61.
137. Ikenberry et al., The Crisis of American Foreign Policy, 43.
138. Ibid., 30.
139. James Scott Brown, ed., Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918 (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1921), 381.
140. Manela, “Imagining Woodrow Wilson in Asia,” 1336. See also Manela, The Wilsonian Moment.
141. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 477.
142. “The League of Nations,” The New Republic, May 24, 1919, 102.
143. See Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, 213.
144. Link, Wilson the Diplomatist, 130.
145. Speech by Woodrow Wilson, July 19, 1919, PWW, 61:436.
146. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 509.
147. Macmillan, Peacemakers, 13.
148. Charles T. Thompson, The Peace Conference: Day by Day (New York: Brentano’s, 1920), 190.
149. Ronald J. Pestritto, “The Perils of Progress,” The Claremont Review of Books 4, no. 3 (Summer 2004).
150. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest, 335–36.
151. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 435.
3. Americans First: Charles Beard
1. Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution, 324.
2. Thomas Bender, “Charles A. Beard,” in John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds., American National Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 403.
3. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 63.
4. Beard, The Making of Charles A. Beard, 22.
5. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 46.
6. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 11.
7. Ibid., 29.
8. Gruber, Mars and Minerva, 88.
9. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 29.
10. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 80.
11. Ibid., 73.
12. Ibid.
13. The New York Times, January 23, 1917, 2.
14. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 74.
15. See Gruber, Mars and Minerva, 111; and Charles A. Beard, “Political Science in the Crucible,” The New Republic, November 17, 1917.
16. Gruber, Mars and Minerva, 157.
17. Charles Beard, “A Call Upon Every Citizen,” Harper’s Magazine, October 1918, 655–56.
18. Quoted in Cowley and Williams, International and Historical Roots of American Higher Education, 174.
19. Quoted in Gruber, Mars and Minerva, 199.
20. See Beale, Charles A. Beard, 243.
21. See Nore, Charles A. Beard, 81.
22. Allan Nevins, Oral History, 145.
23. The New York Times, October 9, 1917, 1.
24. Ibid., October 10, 1917, 10.
25. See Charles A. Beard, “The Supreme Issue,” The New Republic, January 25, 1919, 343.
26. See Nore, Charles A. Beard, 83–84.
27. The New York Times, January 25, 1919, 1.
28. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 77.
29. Quoted in Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 39.
30. See Woodward, “The Age of Reinterpretation,” 2–8. For an insightful discussion of Beard’s foreign-policy views, see Craig, “The Not-So-Strange Career of Charles Beard,” 253.
31. Quoted in Craig, “Not-So-Strange Career of Charles Beard,” 262.
32. Beard, A Foreign Policy for America, 102.
33. Blower, “From Isolationism to Neutrality.”
34. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 1.
35. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 3.
36. Ibid., 15. On the important relationship between Beard and Powell, see Wilkins, “Frederick York Powell and Charles A. Beard.”
37. Fink, Progressive Intellectuals, 44.
38. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 15.
39. See Brands, What America Owes the World, 113.
40. Beard, The Making of Charles A. Beard, 15.
41. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 7.
42. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 24.
43. Ibid., 24–25.
44. Mark C. Smith, “A Tale of Two Charlies: Political Science, History and Civic Reform,” in Addock, Bevir, and Stimson, Modern Political Science, 129.
45. Barrow, More Than a Historian, 1.
46. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 36.
47. See Beale, Charles A. Beard, 233–34.
48. Ibid., 79.
49. William Appleman Williams, “Charles Austin Beard: The Intellectual as Tory-Radical,” in Williams, History as a Way of Learning, 229–42.
50. Garraty and Carnes, American National Biography, 402.
51. See Ranke, Theory and Practice of History; and Novick, That Noble Dream, 26–30.
52. See Beard, “That Noble Dream”; and Eric Goldman’s veneration of Beard, “Historians and the Ivory Tower,” Social Frontier, 2, no. 9 (1936).
53. Garraty and Carnes, American National Biography, 404.
54. Beale, Charles A. Beard, 139.
55. Beard, The Making of Charles A. Beard, 103.
56. Smith, “A Tale of Two Charlies,” 130.
57. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 133–34; Lippmann, The Phantom Public.
58. On America’s key role in shaping the economics of the interwar period, see Tooze, The Deluge.
59. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 439; “French Population Shows Little Gain,” The New York Times, February 26, 1922, 30.
60. Westad, The Global Cold War, 19.
61. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 451.
62. See Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy, 37.
63. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 442.
64. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 96.
65. See Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 47, 49–50, and Beard, Cross-Currents in Eur
ope Today.
66. For a discussion of the Beards’ Rise of American Civilization, see Nore, Charles A. Beard, 112–26.
67. Charles A. Beard to Lewis Mumford, May 9, 1927, Papers of Lewis Mumford, folder 347.
68. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 439.
69. Charles A. Beard, “Bigger and Better Armaments,” Harper’s Magazine, January 1929, 133–43.
70. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 110.
71. Charles A. Beard and William Beard, The American Leviathan, 732–36.
72. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 39.
73. Badger, FDR, 6.
74. See Sobel, The Great Bull Market, 73–74, and Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 41.
75. David Burner, Herbert Hoover: A Public Life (New York: Knopf, 1979), 298.
76. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 287–88.
77. Schwartz, The Interregnum of Despair, 6.
78. Badger, The New Deal, 11.
79. Ibid.
80. Sowell, Intellectuals and Society, 130.
81. Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition, 283.
82. See Sowell, Intellectuals and Society, 130–34.
83. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 62.
84. Beard, America Faces the Future, 137.
85. See Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 57–60.
86. Badger, The New Deal, 6.
87. Rofe, “‘Under the Influence of Mahan,’” 732.
88. Roosevelt, My Boy Franklin, 15.
89. Cumings, Dominion from Sea to Sea, 305.
90. See Franklin D. Roosevelt “Our Foreign Policy: A Democratic View,” Foreign Affairs 6, 1928, quoted in Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy, 37.
91. Cohen, The American Revisionists, 135.
92. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 144.
93. Beard, The Open Door at Home, 135–54. For a discussion of the book, see Nore, Charles A. Beard, 144–47.
94. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 144.
95. See Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 66–69.
96. Beard, The Open Door at Home, 273–74.
97. Ibid., 318.
98. See Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 72.
99. Ibid., 73–74.
100. Ibid., 74–77, Nore, Charles A. Beard, 147.
101. Chang, The Rape of Nanking; Fogel, The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography.
102. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 502.
103. Casey, Cautious Crusade, 23.
104. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 521.