by David Milne
81. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 345–46.
82. George Kennan to Dean Acheson, January 31, 1947, with attachment “The Framework of Policy Planning,” GFKP, box 1.
83. George Kennan to Dean Acheson, February 13, 1947, ibid.
84. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 326.
85. Ibid., 320.
86. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 438–39.
87. Walter Lippmann, “Cassandra Speaking,” The Washington Post, April 5, 1947. Also Steel, Walter Lippmann, 441.
88. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 441–42.
89. See Hogan, The Marshall Plan. The full text of the speech can be accessed at www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/georgecmarshall.html.
90. George Kennan to Hamilton Fish Armstrong, February 4, 1947, and Hamilton Fish Armstrong to George Kennan, March 7, 1947, GFKP, box 28.
91. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 77–78.
92. X, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,” Foreign Affairs, July 1947, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/23331/x/the-sources-of-soviet-conduct.
93. Lippmann, The Cold War, 7.
94. Ibid., 11, 14–16.
95. Ibid., 36.
96. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 359–61.
97. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 78.
98. See Isaacson, Henry Kissinger, 60.
99. Kennan, diary entry, January 28, 1948, GFKP, box 231.
100. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 400–401.
101. Ibid., 361–62.
102. Carnes, Invisible Giants, 184.
103. See Stephanson, Kennan and the Art of Foreign Policy, 146.
104. Halper and Clarke, The Silence of the Rational Center, 71.
105. On Forrestal’s career, see Hoopes and Brinkley, Driven Patriot.
106. Beisner, Dean Acheson, 88.
107. Halper and Clarke, The Silence of the Rational Center, 71.
108. Beisner, Dean Acheson, 118.
109. Kuklick, Blind Oracles, 42.
110. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 147–48.
111. Stephanson, Kennan and the Art of Foreign Policy, 143–44.
112. George Kennan to Dean Acheson, January 3, 1949, GFKP, box 1.
113. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 437.
114. Kennan, diary entries, November 19 and 22, 1949, GFKP, box 231.
6. The Scientist: Paul Nitze
1. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 42.
2. On the factors underlying the brutality of the Pacific War, see Dower, War Without Mercy.
3. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 43.
4. Herken, “The Great Foreign Policy Fight,” 69.
5. Nitze’s Tension Between Opposites explains the connection between theory and practice in foreign policy.
6. Callahan, Dangerous Capabilities, 12.
7. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 27.
8. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, xi.
9. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 37.
10. Ibid., xiv.
11. Callahan, Dangerous Capabilities, 15.
12. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, xiii.
13. Talbott, Master of the Game, 27.
14. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, xviii.
15. Ibid., xx.
16. Talbott, Master of the Game, 27.
17. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, xxi.
18. Ibid.
19. Kuklick, Blind Oracles, 43–44.
20. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 40.
21. Herken, “The Great Foreign Policy Fight,” 68.
22. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 9.
23. Callahan, Dangerous Capabilities, 44.
24. See Mazower, Hitler’s Empire.
25. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 84.
26. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 72.
27. Interview with Paul Nitze, June 12, 1985, Paul H. Nitze Papers, box 119.
28. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 80.
29. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 68.
30. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 107.
31. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 86.
32. Herken, “The Great Foreign Policy Fight,” 73.
33. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 107–108.
34. Abella, Soldiers of Reason, 4.
35. NSC-68, “Terms of Reference.” The full text of NSC-68 can be accessed at http://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsc-hst/nsc-68.htm.
36. Beisner, Dean Acheson, 239.
37. NSC-68, part three, “Fundamental Designs of the Kremlin.” http://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsc-hst/nsc-68.htm.
38. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 96.
39. Beisner, Dean Acheson, 238.
40. Kaplan, The Wizards of Armageddon, 140–41.
41. Herken, Counsels of War, 52–53.
42. Kaplan, The Wizards of Armageddon, 140.
43. Interview with Paul Nitze, May 7, 1982, Papers of Paul H. Nitze, box 128.
44. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 113.
45. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 640.
46. On the Korean War, see Lowe, The Origins of the Korean War; Cumings, The Korean War; Halberstam, The Coldest Winter; and Stueck, The Korean War.
47. Interview with Paul Nitze, March 30, 1982, Papers of Paul H. Nitze, box 118.
48. Kennan, diary entry, June 26, 1950, GFKP, box 232.
49. Ibid., July 3, 1950.
50. Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy, 100.
51. Beisner, Dean Acheson, 397–98.
52. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 107.
53. Congressional Record 3380 (1951).
54. Duffy and Carpenter, Douglas MacArthur, 48.
55. Kennan diary entry, April 15, 1951, GFKP, box 232.
56. Ibid., April 17, 1951.
57. Ibid., August 4, 1951.
58. Beisner, Dean Acheson, 120.
59. George Kennan to Dean Acheson, September 1, 1951, GFKP, box 1.
60. Weeks, Conversations with Walter Lippmann, 3–4.
61. Interview with Paul Nitze, April 20, 1982, Papers of Paul H. Nitze, box 118.
62. Kuklick, Blind Oracles, 51.
63. Jacoby, The Age of American Unreason, xii.
64. Troy, Intellectuals and the American Presidency, 10.
65. Scher, The Modern Political Campaign, 22.
66. Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, 122.
67. Ibid., 127–28.
68. Kaplan, Wizards of Armageddon, 145.
69. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 74.
70. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 144–45.
71. Ibid., 147–48.
72. Ibid., 151.
73. George Kennan to Adlai Stevenson, January 26, 1954, GFKP, box 46.
74. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 152.
75. Kennan, diary entry, April 21, 1959, GFKP, box 233.
76. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 136.
77. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 131.
78. Westad, The Global Cold War, 25.
79. George Kennan to Paul Nitze, September 5, 1956, GFKP, box 36.
80. Remarks by George Kennan, Princeton Stevenson for President Committee, April 30, 1956, Henry DeWolf Smyth Papers, box 5.
81. George Kennan to Adlai Stevenson, March 28, 1956, GFKP, box 46.
82. Callahan, Dangerous Capabilities, 161–62.
83. John Kenneth Galbraith, A Life in Our Times (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981), 359
.
84. George Kennan to Paul Nitze, February 26, 1960, GFKP, box 34.
85. Callahan, Dangerous Capabilities, 168–69.
86. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 168.
87. Kuklick, Blind Oracles, 66.
88. Kaplan, Wizards of Armageddon, 147.
89. Paul Nitze to John Foster Dulles, November 16, 1957, Papers of John Foster Dulles, box 3.
90. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 165.
91. Kennan’s Reith Lectures can be found at www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/features/the-reith-lectures/transcripts/1948/#y1957.
92. George Kennan to Walter Lippmann, June 14, 1951, GFKP, box 27.
93. Interview with Paul Nitze, June 12, 1985, Papers of Paul Nitze, box 119.
94. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 177.
95. Callahan, Dangerous Capabilities, 186.
96. Paul H. Nitze, Oral History Interview, JFKL, 1.
97. George Kennan to John F. Kennedy, August 17, 1960, GFKP, box 26.
98. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 178.
99. For the full text of Kennedy’s speech, see Merrill and Paterson, Major Problems in American Foreign Relations, 2:290–91.
100. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 178–80.
101. Ibid., 181, 182.
102. Callahan, Dangerous Capabilities, 194.
103. Frank Costigliola, “U.S. Foreign Policy from Kennedy to Johnson,” in Leffler and Westad, Cambridge History of the Cold War, 2:122.
104. For the full text of Eisenhower’s speech, see Public Papers of the Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1960–1961, 1037–1040.
105. For the full text of Kennedy’s speech, see Public Papers of the Presidents: John F. Kennedy, 1961, 1–3.
106. For a discussion of The Stages of Economic Growth, see Milne, America’s Rasputin, 60–66.
107. Matusow, The Unraveling of America, 31.
108. Rostow, The Diffusion of Power, 126.
109. Martin, Adlai Stevenson and the World, 634.
110. Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest, xxi.
111. McCormick and LaFeber, Behind the Throne, 210.
112. Daalder and Destler, In the Shadow of the Oval Office, 21.
113. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 184.
114. Herring, America’s Longest War, 41.
115. Kahin, Intervention, 187.
116. Walt W. Rostow to President Kennedy, April 21, 1961, President’s Office File, JFKL, box 193.
117. Maxwell Taylor to Secretary of State Dean Rusk, October 25, 1961, FRUS: Vietnam, 1961, 430.
118. “Evaluations and Conclusions,” tab C, no date, National Security File (NSF), Countries: Vietnam, Taylor Report, November 3, 1961, JFKL.
119. The Pentagon Papers, 2:92.
120. Interview with Paul Nitze, June 12, 1985, Papers of Paul H. Nitze, box 119.
121. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 256.
122. Callahan, Dangerous Capabilities, 289.
123. Interview with Paul Nitze, June 12, 1985.
124. Interview with Paul Nitze, December 10, 1982, Papers of Paul H. Nitze, box 120.
125. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 187.
126. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 237.
127. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 198.
128. Gaddis, George Kennan, 577–78.
129. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 261.
130. Interview with Paul Nitze, December 22, 1982, Papers of Paul H. Nitze, box 118.
131. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 261.
132. Gaddis, George Kennan, 590.
133. Memorandum for the Record, November 25, 1963, LBJL, Meeting Notes File, box 1.
134. Schulzinger, A Time for War, 127.
135. Neustadt and May, Thinking in Time, 86.
136. Leffler and Westad, The Cambridge History of the Cold War, 2:126–27.
137. Packenham, Liberal America and the Third World, 91.
138. Ekbladh, “Mr. TVA.”
139. Carnes, Invisible Giants, 186.
140. Walter Lippmann to Allan Nevins, October 14, 1965, PP, 614.
141. Walt Rostow to Dean Rusk, January 4, 1966, Confidential File, box 171, LBJL. On the Lippmann-LBJ falling-out, see Logevall, “First Among Critics.”
142. See McMaster, Dereliction of Duty, 215, and Westmoreland, A Soldier Reports, 115.
143. Kennan, diary entry, February 7, 1965, GFKP, box 5R. See also Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 203.
144. George Kennan, “Our Push-Pull Dilemma in Vietnam,” The Washington Post, December 12, 1965, E1.
145. Walter Lippmann to George Kennan, December 16, 1965, GFKP, box 27.
146. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 203–204.
147. Ibid., 204–205.
148. Ibid., 205.
149. Gaddis, George Kennan, 594.
150. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 258.
151. See ibid., 259, and Callahan, Dangerous Capabilities, 293.
152. Callahan, Dangerous Capabilities, 294–95.
153. Telephone conversation between Robert S. McNamara and Lyndon B. Johnson, February 28, 1966, Presidential Tape Recording Series, tape WH6602.10.
154. Alfred Kazin, “The Trouble He’s Seen,” The New York Times, May 5, 1968, www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/04/reviews/mailer-armies.html.
155. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 270.
156. Kennan, Democracy and the Student Left, 228–29.
157. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 214.
158. Buzzanco, Masters of War, 342–45.
159. Interview with Paul Nitze, December 22, 1982, Papers of Paul H. Nitze, box 118.
160. Schulzinger, A Time for War, 264–67.
161. Notes of Meeting, March 4, 1968, Tom Johnson Meeting Notes File, box 2, LBJL.
162. Isaacson and Thomas, The Wise Men, 487.
163. Ibid., 700.
164. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 280.
165. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 224.
166. Callahan, Dangerous Capabilities, 327.
167. George F. Kennan, diary entry, March 10, 1970, KD, 462.
7. Metternich Redux: Henry Kissinger
1. Minutes of Weekly Luncheon, September 12, 1967, Tom Johnson Meeting Notes File, box 2, LBJL.
2. Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger, 59.
3. Robert K. Brigham and George C. Herring, “The Pennsylvania Peace Initiative,” in Gardner and Gittinger, The Search for Peace in Vietnam, 68.
4. Interview with Richard V. Allen, May 28, 2002, Ronald Reagan Oral History Project, Miller Center for Public Affairs Presidential Oral History Program, http://web1.millercenter.org/poh/transcripts/ohp_2002_0528_allen.pdf.
5. Henry Kissinger to Averell Harriman, August 15, 1968, Papers of W. Averell Harriman, box 481.
6. Averell Harriman to Henry Kissinger, September 8, 1968, ibid.
7. Isaacson, Kissinger, 131.
8. Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger, 73–74. On the Paris negotiations, see Herbert Y. Schandler, “The Pentagon and Peace Negotiations After March 31,” in Gardner and Gittinger, The Search for Peace in Vietnam, and Milne, “The 1968 Paris Peace Negotiations.”
9. Ambassador Bunker to Dean Rusk, November 2, 1968, Papers of W. Averell Harriman, box 506.
10. Jacoby, The Age of American Unreason, 153.
11. Isaacson, Kissinger, 133.
12. Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger, 81.
13. Isaacson, Kissinger, 132.
14. Suri, Henry Kissinger and the American Century, 28.
15. Isaacson, Kissinger, 23.
16. Ibid., 27.
17. Del Pero, The Eccentric Realist, 73.
18. Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger, 35.
19. Isaacson, Kissinger, 26. Suri’s Henry Kissinger and the American Century is hig
hly effective in connecting Kissinger’s experiences as a Jew in Nazi Germany to the ideas he dispensed while in academia and in government.
20. Isaacson, Kissinger, 38.
21. Suri, Henry Kissinger and the American Century, 57–58.
22. Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger, 37.
23. Isaacson, Kissinger, 45.
24. Suri, Henry Kissinger and the American Century, 68.
25. Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger, 49.
26. Quoted in Isaacson, Kissinger, 29.
27. Hanhimäki, Flawed Architect, 5.
28. Isaacson, Kissinger, 58.
29. Graubard, Kissinger, 5.
30. Isaacson, Kissinger, 61.
31. Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger, 41.
32. Suri, Henry Kissinger and the American Century, 246, and Isaacson, Kissinger, 697.
33. Suri, Henry Kissinger and the American Century, 113.
34. Kuklick, Blind Oracles, 184–88.
35. Suri, Henry Kissinger and the American Century, 124.
36. Isaacson, Kissinger, 76–77. The Ph.D. dissertation was later published as A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace.
37. Isaacson, Kissinger, 75.
38. Kissinger, A World Restored, 329.
39. Ibid., 330.
40. Kissinger, White House Years, 13–14.
41. Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger, 47.
42. Kissinger, “Military Policy and Defense of the ‘Gray Areas.’”
43. Study Group Reports, “Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy,” Council on Foreign Relations, May 4, 1955, Henry DeWolf Smyth Papers, Series II, box 4.
44. Henry Kissinger to Hamilton Fish Armstrong, August 17, 1957, Papers of Hamilton Fish Armstrong, box 39.
45. Hanhimäki, Flawed Architect, 11.
46. Isaacson, Kissinger, 89.
47. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, April 7, 1982, Papers of Paul H. Nitze, box 118.
48. Paul Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, 298.
49. Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger, 48.
50. Hanhimäki, Flawed Architect, 9.
51. Isaacson, Kissinger, 88.
52. Reinhold Niebuhr, “Limited Warfare,” Christianity and Crisis 17, November 11, 1957, in Suri, Henry Kissinger and the American Century, 156.
53. Isaacson, Kissinger, 88, and Suri, Henry Kissinger and the American Century, 156–57.
54. Henry A. Kissinger, “The Policymaker and the Intellectual,” The Reporter, March 5, 1959, GFKP, box 26.