by David Milne
95. Transcript of third presidential debate, October 22, 2012, www.debates.org/index.php?page=october-22-2012-the-third-obama-romney-presidential-debate.
96. David E. Sanger, “Is There a Romney Doctrine?” The New York Times Sunday Review, May 12, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/05/13/sunday-review/is-there-a-romney-doctrine.html?pagewanted=1.
97. “Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense,” Department of Defense, January 2012, www.defense.gov/news/Defense_Strategic_Guidance.pdf.
98. Sanger, Confront and Conceal, 417–19.
99. Nasr, The Dispensable Nation, 12.
100. Sanger, Confront and Conceal, 421, 314.
101. “The President’s National Security Team: Obama Picks His Soldiers,” The Economist, January 12, 2013.
102. “The Defense Secretary’s Nomination: Hagelian Dialectic,” The Economist, February 16, 2013.
103. Michelle Nichols, “Syria Death Toll Likely Near 70,000, Says U.N. Human Rights Chief,” Reuters, February 12, 2013, www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/12/us-syria-crisis-un-idUSBRE91B19C20130212.
104. Noah Rayman, “Report: More than 146,000 People Killed in Syrian Civil War,” Time, March 13, 2014, http://time.com/24077/syria-death-toll/.
105. Sanger, Confront and Conceal, 351, 361.
106. Mark Mazzetti, Michael R. Gordon, and Mark Landler, “U.S. Is Said to Plan to Arm the Syrian Rebels,” The New York Times, June 13, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/world/middleeast/syria-chemical-weapons.html?pagewanted=all.
107. Maggie Haberman, “Bill Clinton Splits with President Obama on Syria,” Politico, June 12, 2013, www.politico.com/story/2013/06/bill-clinton-splits-with-obama-on-syria-92683.html.
108. “Syria Chemical Attack: What We Know,” www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23927399.
109. “America and Syria: To Bomb or Not to Bomb,” The Economist, September 7, 2013.
110. “Syria’s Strange Bedfellows: Paul Wolfowitz’s Case for Obama’s War,” an interview with Eli Lake, Daily Beast, September 6, 2013, www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/09/06/syria-s-strange-bedfellows-paul-wolfowitz-s-case-for-obama-s-war.html.
111. Michael R. Gordon and Steven Lee Myers, “Obama Calls Russia Offer on Syria Possible ‘Breakthrough,’” The New York Times, September 9, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/09/10/world/middleeast/kerry-says-syria-should-hand-over-all-chemical-arms.html?_r=0.
112. This Week transcript: President Barack Obama, September 15, 2013. http://abcnews.go.com/ThisWeek/week-transcript-president-barack-obama/story?id/20253577&singlePage/true.
113. “America, Russia and Syria: Style and Substance,” The Economist, September 21, 2013.
114. Rand Paul, “How U.S. Interventionists Abetted the Rise of ISIS,” The Wall Street Journal, August 27, 2014, http://online.wsj.com/articles/rand-paul-how-u-s-interventionists-abetted-the-rise-of-isis-1409178958.
115. “Obama’s Remarks on Iran and the Budget Debate in Congress,” The New York Times, September 27, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/09/28/us/politics/obamas-remarks-on-iran-and-the-budget-debate-in-congress.html.
116. Ed O’Keefe, “John Cornyn: Iran Deal Designed to ‘Distract Attention’ from Healthcare,” The Washington Post, November 23, 2013, www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/11/23/john-cornyn-iran-deal-designed-to-distract-attention-from-health-care/.
117. Anne Gearan and Joby Warrick, “Iran, World Powers Reach Historical Nuclear Deal,” The Washington Post, November 23, 2013.
118. John Reed, “Israel’s Benjamin Netanyahu Calls Iran Deal a ‘Historic Mistake,’” Financial Times, November 24, 2013.
119. Harriet Sherwood, “Israel Condemns Iran Nuclear Deal as Historic Mistake,” The Guardian, November 24, 2013, www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/israel-condemns-iran-nuclear-deal-binyamin-netanyahu.
120. “Letter from Senate Republicans to the Leaders of Iran,” The New York Times, March 9, 2015.
121. “Statement by the President on Cuba Policy Changes,” https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/12/17/statement-president-cuba-policy-changes-0.
122. Karen Tumulty and Anne Gearan, “Cuba Decision Marks a Bet by Obama That Cold War Politics Have Turned a Corner,” The Washington Post, December 17, 2014.
123. “CNN/ORC Poll: Americans Side with Obama on Cuba,” December 23, 2014, http://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/23/politics/cuba-poll/.
124. “Remarks by the President in Year-End Press Conference,” https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/12/19/remarks-president-year-end-press-conference.
125. www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/02/21/ambassador-john-bolton-obama-worse-than-neville-chamberlain/.
126. Kenneth Rapoza, “Is China’s Ownership of U.S. Debt a National Security Threat?” Forbes, January 23, 2013, www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2013/01/23/is-chinas-ownership-of-u-s-debt-a-national-security-threat/.
127. Westad, Restlesss Empire, 447.
128. Sanger, Confront and Conceal, xix.
129. Kim Chipman and Nicholas Johnston, “Obama Snubbed by Chinese Premier at Climate Meeting,” Bloomberg, December 18, 2009, www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a5uY22AnevM4.
130. Mitt Romney, “How I’ll Respond to China’s Rising Power,” The Wall Street Journal, February 16, 2012.
131. Quoted in Floyd Whaley, “Clinton Reaffirms Military Ties with the Philippines,” The New York Times, November 16, 2011.
132. Mann, Obamians, 329.
133. Graham Allison, “Thucydides Trap Has Been Sprung in the Pacific,” Financial Times, August 21, 2012, www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5d695b5a-ead3-11e1-984b-00144feab49a.html#axzz2XnGeFMfK.
134. Niall Ferguson, “What ‘Chimerica’ Hath Wrought,” The American Interest, January–February 2009, www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=533.
135. Brad Simpson, “Self-Determination in the Age of Putin,” Foreign Policy, March 21, 2014, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/03/21/self_determination_in_the_age_of_putin_crimea_referendum.
136. Zbigniew Brzezinski, “What Is to Be Done? Putin’s Aggression in Ukraine Needs a Response,” The Washington Post, March 3, 2014.
137. Charles Krauthammer, “How to Stop—or Slow Putin,” The Washington Post, March 14, 2014.
138. Stephen F. Cohen, “Distorting Russia: How the American Media Misrepresent Putin, Sochi and Ukraine,” The Nation, March 3, 2014, www.thenation.com/article/178344/distorting-russia.
139. Henry A. Kissinger, “How the Ukraine Crisis Ends,” March 5, 2014, The Washington Post.
140. “Europe’s New Battlefield,” The Economist, February 22, 2014, 20.
141. Scott Wilson, “Obama Dismisses Russia as ‘Regional Power’ Acting out of Weakness,” The Washington Post, March 25 2014.
142. Nasr, Dispensable Nation, p. 12.
143. Remnick, “Going the Distance.”
144. Jeffrey Goldberg, “Hillary Clinton: Failure to Help Syrian Rebels Led to the Rise of ISIS,” The Atlantic, August 2014, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/hillary-clinton-failure-to-help-syrian-rebels-led-to-the-rise-of-isis/375832/.
145. Clinton, Hard Choices, 32.
146. www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/05/28/remarks-president-united-states-military-academy-commencement-ceremony.
147. Charles Krauthammer, “Emptiness at West Point,” The Washington Post, May 29, 2014.
Conclusion
1. DiNunzio, Woodrow Wilson: Essential Writings and Speeches, 68.
2. Mazower, Governing the World, 40. On Cobden, see Anthony Howe, “Free Trade and Global Order,” in Bell, Victorian Visions of Global Order.
3. Paul Nitze, “Reflections of a Cold Warrior,” Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Study, 1996, www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkjwmjU_V-U.
4. David Brooks, “Obama, Gospel and Verse,” The New York Times, April 26, 2007; Niebuhr, The Irony of American History, dust jacket.
5. Mahan, The Int
erest of America in Sea Power, 267.
6. Sumida, Inventing Grand Strategy and Teaching Command, xv. The preface to Sumida’s book, titled “Musical Performance, Zen Enlightenment, and Naval Command,” focuses skillfully on the division between art and science in naval strategy. The remainder is a penetrating account of Mahan’s body of work.
7. See, for example, Ferling, Jefferson and Hamilton.
8. Seager, Alfred Thayer Mahan, 394.
9. Alfred Thayer Mahan to Stephen Luce, August 31, 1898, ATMLP, 2:592.
10. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 71.
11. Beard quoted in Morgenthau, Scientific Man vs. Power Politics, 29.
12. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 71.
13. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State, 40.
14. Scott Wilson, “Obama Announces Plan to Bring Home 33,000 Surge Troops from Afghanistan,” The Washington Post, June 22, 2011, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-to-order-home-10000-troops-from-afghanistan-officials-say/2011/06/22/AGUuRCgH_story.html.
15. Spencer Ackerman, “Rand Paul’s Foreign Policy Speech Raises More Questions Than It Answers,” The Guardian, April 9, 2015, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/apr/09/rand-paul-foreign-policy-war-south-carolina-speech.
16. Charles Beard to Maury Maverick, September 8, 1937, quoted in VanDeMark, “Beard on Lippmann.”
17. Zubok’s Failed Empire is particularly effective in tracing the way ideology influenced Stalin’s ambitions. Roberts’s Stalin’s Wars lends support to Lippmann’s portrayal of Stalin as a pragmatic and rational actor.
18. Quoted in Mistry, The United States, Italy, and the Origins of the Cold War, 198.
19. Richard Rhodes, Dark Sun, 234.
20. George F. Kennan, Testimony before the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, April 4, 1989, www.c-span.org/video/?6952-1/future-ussoviet-relations.
21. Menand, The Metaphysical Club, 61, 4, 440.
22. Anne-Marie Slaughter, “Does Obama Have a Grand Strategy for His Second Term? If Not, He Could Try One of These,” The Washington Post, January 18, 2013.
23. Remnick, “Going the Distance.”
24. Kissinger, World Order, 374.
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