by Rose George
23. G. Strandenes, A. P. Cap, D. Cacid, et al., “Blood Far Forward—a Whole Blood Research and Training Program for Austere Environments,” Transfusion 53, no. S1 (2013): 124S–130S.
24. G. Strandenes, H. Skogrand, P. C. Spinella, et al., “Donor Performance of Combat Readiness Skills of Special Forces Soldiers Are Maintained Immediately After Blood Donation: A Study to Support the Development of a Prehospital Fresh Whole Blood Transfusion Program,” Transfusion 53, no. 3 (2013): 526–30.
25. “Blood Simple,” Economist, October 11, 2007. Also James D. Reynolds, Gregory S. Ahearn, Michael Angelo, et al., “S-Nitrosohemoglobin Deficiency: A Mechanism for Loss of Physiological Activity in Banked Blood,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, no. 43 (2007): 17058–62.
26. The network reaches beyond London, to the tip of Kent, and includes the four Major Trauma Centres, plus thirty-five other hospitals. Map available from www.c4ts.qmul.ac.uk/london-trauma-system/london-trauma-system-map.
27. “London’s Trauma System Dramatically Reduces Mortality Rates,” news release, Queen Mary, University of London, October 27, 2015.
28. Ross Lydall, “Medical Miracle as All 48 London Bridge Terror Victims Who Made It to Hospital Survive Their Injuries,” Evening Standard, June 9, 2017. A blog by Karim Brohi referred to thirty-six injured. http://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2017/08/04/trauma-networks-and-terrorist-events/.
29. Nicola Twilley, “Can Hypothermia Save Gunshot Victims?” New Yorker, November 28, 2016.
30. “Transform Trauma,” Barts Charity, http://bartscharity.org.uk/get-involved/appeals/transform-trauma/ (accessed April 5, 2018).
NINE: BLOOD LIKE GUINNESS: THE FUTURE
1. John Edgar Browning, “The Real Vampires of New Orleans and Buffalo: A Research Note Towards Comparative Ethnography,” Palgrave Communications 1, no. 15006 (2015), online only at https://www.nature.com/articles/palcomms20156 (accessed May 2018). Also John Edgar Browning, “What They Do in the Shadows: My Encounters with the Real Vampires of New Orleans,” theconversation.com, March 25, 2015, http://theconversation.com/what-they-do-in-the-shadows-my-encounters-with-the-real-vampires-of-new-orleans-39208 (accessed May 2018). This piece includes the photo caption “Before you ask, they probably haven’t seen Twilight.”
2. G. G. Carter and G. S. Wilkinson, “Food Sharing in Vampire Bats: Reciprocal Help Predicts Donations More Than Relatedness or Harassment,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 280, no. 1753 (2013): 20122573.
3. Richard Sugg, The Faces of the Vampire (forthcoming). See also Richard Sugg, Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires: The History of Corpse Medicine from the Renaissance to the Victorians (New York: Routledge, 2016).
4. Sugg, The Faces of the Vampire (forthcoming).
5. Paul Barber, “The Real Vampire,” Natural History 99, no. 10 (1990): 74.
6. Ibid.
7. Luise White, Speaking with Vampires: Rumor and History in Colonial Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 4.
8. Richard Sugg, “The Art of Medicine: Corpse Medicine: Mummies, Cannibals, and Vampires,” Lancet 371, no. 9630 (2008): 2078–79.
9. Ferdinand Peter Moog and Alex Karenberg, “Between Horror and Hope: Gladiator’s Blood as a Cure for Epileptics in Ancient Medicine,” Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 12, no. 2 (2003): 138.
10. Sugg, Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires, 124.
11. Hsieh Bao Hua, Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2014), 197.
12. Sir John Floyer and Dr. Edward Baynard, Psychrolousia. Or, The History of Cold Bathing: Both Ancient and Modern (London: William Innys, 1715), 409–10.
13. Alexander Bogdanov, Red Star: The First Bolshevik Utopia, ed. Loren R. Graham and Richard Stiles, trans. Charles Rougle (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984), 83–86.
14. Nikolai Krementsov, A Martian Stranded on Earth: Alexander Bogdanov, Blood Transfusions, and Proletarian Science (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), 81.
15. New World Encyclopaedia, “Alexander Bogdanov,” http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Alexander_Bogdanov (accessed May 2018).
16. Krementsov, A Martian Stranded on Earth, 59–60.
17. Ibid., 60.
18. E. Bunster and R. K. Meyer, “An Improved Method of Parabiosis,” The Anatomical Record 57, 4 (1933): 339–43.
19. William M. Mann, “The Stanford Expedition to Brazil: Parabiosis in Brazilian Ants,” Psyche 19, no. 2 (1912): 36–41.
20. C. M. McCay, F. Pope, and W. Lunsford, “Experimental Prolongation of the Life Span,” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 32, no. 2 (1956): 91–101. Also C. M. McCay, F. Pope, W. Lunsford, et al., “Parabiosis Between Old and Young Rats,” Gerontologia 1, no. 1 (1957): 7–17.
21. “Blood from Young Animals Can Revitalise Old Ones,” Economist, July 15, 2017.
22. AABB, “Blood FAQ,” www.aabb.org/tm/Pages/bloodfaq.aspx (accessed April 5, 2018).
23. M. Sinha, Y. C. Jang, J. Oh, et al., “Restoring System GDF11 Levels Reverses Age-Related Dysfunction in Mouse Skeletal Muscle,” Science 344, no. 6184 (2014): 649–52.
24. Stanford Medicine News Center, “Clinical Trial Finds Blood-Plasma Infusions for Alzheimer’s Safe, Promising,” press release, November 4, 2017.
25. University of Adelaide, “Smarter Brains Are Blood-Thirsty Brains,” press release, August 30, 2016.
26. The debate is ongoing. Jocelyn Kaiser, “Antiaging Protein Is the Real Deal, Harvard Team Claims,” Science, October 21, 2015, http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/10/antiaging-protein-real-deal-harvard-team-claims (accessed May 2018).
27. Tad Friend, “Silicon Valley’s Quest to Live Forever,” New Yorker, April 3, 2017.
28. “But be sure you do not eat the blood, because the blood is the life, and you must not eat the life with the meat” (Deuteronomy 12:23). “Instead we should write to them, telling them to abstain from food polluted by idols, from sexual immorality, from the meat of strangled animals and from blood” (Acts 15:20). “Anyone who eats blood must be cut off from their people” (Leviticus 7:27). All from International Standard Version.
29. Royal College of Physicians, National Comparative Audit of Blood Transfusion and NHSBT, National Comparative Audit of Blood Transfusion: 2015 Audit of Patient Blood Management in Adults Undergoing Elective, Scheduled Surgery, 2015, 7.
30. Richard Daniel, Managing Without Blood (Daniel Medico-Legal, 2012), 4.
31. Clare Murphy, “The Right to Die for Jehovah,” BBC News, November 5, 2007.
32. Sidhartha Banerjee, “Quebec Coroner Says Jehovah’s Witnesses Had Right to Refuse Blood Transfusions,” Canadian Press, November 14, 2017.
33. Guylaine LaRose, an emergency pediatrician, and Antoine Payot, director of the ethics unit at Montreal’s Sainte-Justine Hospital, appealed for Quebec’s Civil Code to be amended so that doctors could override refusals of transfusion in life-threatening situations. Stephen Smith, “Calls to Amend Quebec Civil Code in Wake of Jehovah’s Witness Death,” CBC News, November 26, 2016.
34. Tamra Ramasinghe and William D. Freeman, “‘ICU Vampirism’: Time for Judicious Blood Draws in Critically Ill Patients,” British Journal of Haematology 164, no. 2 (2013): 302–3.
35. Osamu Muramoto, “Bioethical Aspects of the Recent Changes in the Policy of Refusal of Blood by Jehovah’s Witnesses,” British Medical Journal, 322, no. 7277 (2001): 37–39.
36. Paul C. Hébert, George Wells, Morris A. Blajchman, et al., “A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial of Transfusion Requirements in Clinical Care,” New England Journal of Medicine 340, no.
6 (1999): 409–17; V. Sim, L. S. Kao, S. Frangos, et al., “Can Old Dogs Learn New ‘Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care’: A Survey of Packed Red Blood Cell Transfusion Practices Among Members of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma,” American Journal of Surgery 210, no. 1 (2015): 45–51.
37. Royal College of Surgeons, Caring for Patients Who Refuse Blood: A Guide to Good Practice for the Surgical Management of Jehovah’s Witnesses and Other Patients Who Decline Transfusion, November 2016.
38. Society for the Advancement of Blood Management, “Mission,” www.sabm.org/mission (accessed April 6, 2108).
39. K. D. Ellingson, M. R. P. Sapiano, K. A. Haass, et al., “Continued Decline in Blood Collection and Transfusion in the United States—2015,” Transfusion 57, no. S2 (2017): 1588–98.
40. A. Shander, A. Fink, M. Javidroozi, et al., “Appropriateness of Allogeneic Red Blood Cell Transfusion: The International Consensus Conference on Transfusion Outcomes,” Transfusion Medicine Reviews 25, no. 3 (2011): 232–246.e53.
41. Dr. Megan Rowley, “Where Does Blood Go?,” NHSBT presentation, https://www.transfusionguidelines.org/uk-transfusion-committees/regional-transfusion-committees/london/education (accessed May 2018).
42. Harvey G. Klein, Chris Hrouda, and Jay S. Epstein, “Crisis in the Sustainability of the U.S. Blood System,” New England Journal of Medicine 377, no. 15 (2017): 1485–88.
43. World Health Organization, “Blood Donor Selection and Counselling,” www.who.int/bloodsafety/voluntary_donation/blood_donor_selection_counselling/en/ (accessed April 2018).
44. From the National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey 2015. The actual figure is 12,591,000. Ellingson et al., “Continued Decline in Blood Collection and Transfusion in the United States—2015.”
45. I am grateful to Drs. James Bovell and Edwin Hodder for enabling me to create the tag “milk transfusion.” H. A. Oberman, “Early History of Blood Substitutes, Transfusion of Milk,” Transfusion 9, no. 2 (1969): 74–77.
46. Ravi Nessman, “South Africa Approves Blood Substitute,” Los Angeles Times, April 16, 2001.
47. See, for example, “Expanded Access Protocol Using HBOC-201,” Johns Hopkins University study, at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02684474. Also, “Hemoglobin Oxygen Therapeutics LLC Announces the World’s First Human Liver Transplantation after Ex-situ Normothermic Machine Perfusion Using Hemopure,” PR Newswire, October 18, 2017.
48. Brandon Keim, “Controversial Blood Substitute May Be a Killer,” Wired, May 24, 2007.
49. University of Bristol, “Major Breakthrough in the Manufacture of Red Blood Cells,” press release, March 23, 2017, www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2017/march/blood-cells.html (accessed April 5, 2018). Also, Nick Watkins, “Research, Development and Innovation—The Generation Game Changer,” blog post for NHSBT, February 23, 2018.
50. M.-C. Giarratana, H. Douard, A. Dumont, et al., “Proof of Principle for Transfusion of In Vitro–Generated Red Blood Cells,” Blood 118, no. 19 (2011): 5071–79 (accessed April 5, 2018). Colin Barras, “What Is Artificial Blood and Why Is the UK Going to Trial It?” New Scientist, June 25, 2015.
51. J. A. Ribeil, S. Hacein-Bey-Abina, E. Payen, et al., “Gene Therapy in a Patient with Sickle Cell Disease,” New England Journal of Medicine 376, no. 9 (2017): 848–55. Andy Coghlan, “Gene Therapy ‘Cures’ Boy of Blood Disease That Affects Millions,” New Scientist, March 1, 2017.
52. Antonio Regalado, “Grail’s $1 Billion Bet on the Perfect Cancer Test,” MIT Technology Review, June 5, 2017, www.technologyreview.com/s/607944/grails-1-billion-bet-on-the-perfect-cancer-test/ (accessed April 6, 2018).
FURTHER READING
Bivins, Roberta, and John V. Pickston, eds. Medicine, Madness and Social History: Essays in Honour of Roy Porter. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Bogdanov, Georgi. Red Star: The First Bolshevik Utopia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984.
Carney, Scott. The Red Market: On the Trail of the World’s Organ Brokers, Bone Thieves, Blood Farmers, and Child Traffickers. New York: William Morrow, 2011.
Charbonneau, Johanne, and André Smith, eds. Giving Blood: The Institutional Making of Altruism. New York: Routledge, 2016.
Coles, K. A., R. Bauer, Z. Nunes, and C. L. Peterson, eds. The Cultural Politics of Blood, 1500–1900. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
Cooper, Christopher. Blood: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Edin, Kathryn J., and H. Luke Shaefer. $2.00 a Day: Living on Almost Nothing in America. Boston: Mariner Books, 2016.
Hayes, Bill. Five Quarts: A Personal and Natural History of Blood. New York: Ballantine Books, 2005.
Healey, Kieran. Last Best Gifts: Altruism and the Market for Human Blood and Organs. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2006.
Hill, Lawrence. Blood: A Biography of the Stuff of Life. Toronto: Oneworld, 2014.
Houppert, Karen. The Curse: Confronting the Last Unmentionable Taboo: Menstruation. London: Profile Books, 2012.
Keynes, Geoffrey. Oxford Medical Publications: Blood Transfusion. South Yarra, Victoria: Leopold Classic Library, 2015.
Kirk, Robert G. W., and Neil Pemberton. Leech. London: Reaktion Books, 2013.
Krementsov, Nikolai. A Martian Stranded on Earth: Alexander Bogdanov, Blood Transfusions, and Proletarian Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.
Lederer, Susan E. Flesh and Blood: Organ Transplantation and Blood Transfusion in Twentieth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Miller, Jonathan. The Body in Question. London: Jonathan Cape, 1979.
Palfreeman, Linda. Spain Bleeds: The Development of Battlefield Blood Transfusion During the Civil War. Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 2016.
Parsons, Vic. Bad Blood: The Tragedy of the Canadian Tainted Blood Scandal. Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995.
Picard, André. The Gift of Death: Confronting Canada’s Tainted Blood Tragedy. Toronto: HarperCollins Canada, 1995.
Rose, E. M. The Murder of William of Norwich: The Origins of the Blood Libel in Medieval Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
Seeman, Bernard. The River of Life. London: Lowe & Brydone, 1962.
Starr, Douglas. Blood: An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce. New York: Harper Perennial, 2002.
Stein, Elissa, and Susan Kim. Flow: The Cultural Story of Menstruation. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2009.
Steinberg, Jonny. Three Letter Plague: A Young Man’s Journey Through a Great Epidemic. London: Vintage Books, 2008.
Sugg, Richard. Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires: The History of Corpse Medicine from the Renaissance to the Victorians. London: Routledge, 2016.
Swanson, Kara W. Banking on the Body: The Market in Blood, Milk and Sperm in Modern America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.
Tierno, Philip M. The Secret Life of Germs: What They Are, Why We Need Them, and How We Can Protect Ourselves Against Them. New York: Atria Books, 2003.
Titmuss, Richard. The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy. London: Allen & Unwin, 1970.
Tucker, Holly. Blood Work: A Tale of Medicine and Murder in the Scientific Revolution. London: W.W. Norton, 2012.
INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
A blood group
AB blood group
ABO blood group
Achmat, Zackie
ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union)
ActionAid
Acton, George
Acts of the Apostles
Addison, W.
Adele
adolescents with HIV
advertising for menstrual products
Adweek
Aeromonas hydrophila
Aeson
Afghanistan
Africa
belief in vampires in
blood donation in
deaths from trauma in
education of girls in, menstruation and
HIV/AIDS in
see also Khayelitsha
African Americans, blood segregation and
African National Congress (ANC)
AIDS. See HIV/AIDS
Ainu people
al-Jabor, Khalid
Alberta
Alexander, Emperor (of Russia)
Alexei, Tsarevich
Alexipharmica
Allen, J. Garrott
Allied Market Research
Alzheimer’s disease
Ambrosia
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
American Medical Association
American Medical Journal
American Red Cross
American Society of Hematology
amputated ears
Anaemias, The (Vaughan)
ANC (African National Congress)
Ancient Order of Druids
ancient Romans
Anderson, John