26Stokes, The Devonshire House Circle, pp. 45–47.
27BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, Nov. 28, 1763.
28Epperstone Manor (formerly a residence of Lady Juliana Howe, see chapter 1) was torn down and rebuilt in the nineteenth century. It is now a Police Training School. http://henryhuskinson.weebly.com/ For William’s residence there as MP, see BNA: Caledonian Mercury, April 4, 1768.
29BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, May 1 [1763], manuscript marked “1762”; July 7 and Aug. 18, 1763; July 28, 1765.
30James Thomas Flexner, America’s Old Masters (New York, 1939; this ed., New York, 1967), p. 54; LLMC, vol. 2, p. 321.
31BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, Friday 1762.
32Gruber, p. 57fn.
33David Hackett Fischer, Washington’s Crossing (Oxford, 2004), p. 69.
34Alan McNairn, Behold the Hero: General Wolfe and the Arts in the Eighteenth Century (Kingston and Montreal, 1997), p. 137; Marquess of Sligo, “Some Notes on the Death of Wolfe,” Canadian Historical Review, vol. 3 (Sept. 1922), p. 278.
35Daniel K. Richter, “Johnson, Sir William, first baronet (1715?–1774),” ODNB Online [accessed March 3, 2016]; McNairn, Behold the Hero, pp. 137–38.
36Nicholas B. Wainwright, George Croghan: Wilderness Diplomat (Chapel Hill, NC, 1959), pp. 136–37.
37See, for example, Fintan O’Toole, White Savage: William Johnson and the Invention of America (London, 2005), pp. 114–15, 124, 173, 188, and elsewhere.
38James Austin Holden, “New Historical Light on the Real Burial Place of George Augustus Lord Viscount Howe, 1758,” Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association, vol. 10 (1911), pp. 270–75.
39BNA: Derby Mercury, Nov. 23, 1764.
40For William’s movements to and from his regiments in Ireland during this period, see BNA: Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, Feb. 9, 1764; Derby Mercury, Aug. 3, Nov. 2 and 23, 1764.
41Cite from M. E. A. Dawson and G. S. H. Fox-Strangways, eds., The Life and Letters of Lady Sarah Lennox, 1745-1826 (2 vols., London, 1902), vol. I, p. 238.
42Brian Fitzgerald, Lady Louisa Conolly, 1743-1821: An Anglo-Irish Biography (London and New York, 1950), p. 38.
43BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, May 9, 1765.
44A. P. W. Malcomson, “The Fall of the House of Conolly, 1758-1803,” in Allan Blackstock and Eoin Magennis, eds., Politics and Political Culture in Britain and Ireland, 1750-1850: Essays in Tribute to Peter Jupp (Belfast, 2007), p. 111.
45Malcomson, “The Fall of the House of Conolly,” pp. 108, 109, 110, 112, cite from p. 108; H. M. Stephens, “Conolly, Thomas (1738–1803),” rev. by A. T. Q. Stewart, ODNB Online [accessed July 6, 2020].
46Fitzgerald, Lady Louisa Conolly, pp. 43–44, 56.
47Stella Tillyard, Aristocrats: Caroline, Emily, Louisa and Sarah Lennox 1740-1832 (London, 1994; paperback ed. London, 1995), p. 109; Fitzgerald, Lady Louisa Conolly, pp. 33, 34.
48Alison Gilbert Olson, The Radical Duke: Career and Correspondence of Charles Lennox, third Duke of Richmond (Oxford, 1961), p. 2.
49BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, Oct. 11, 1764; University of Southampton, Special Collections, Broadlands Archives, Papers of Henry Temple, second Viscount Palmerston, BR 11/3/7, Caroline Howe to Lord Palmerston, Hanslope Oct. 18 [1764].
50https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/howe-hon-thomas-1728-71 [accessed Nov. 29, 2019].
51A Register of Ships Employed in the Service of the Hon. the United East India Company, from the Union of the two Companies in 1707, to the Year 1760 (London, 1800), p. 21.
52Anderson, Crucible of War, p. 417; Dreaper, Pitt’s “Gallant Conqueror,” pp. 45–47, 52, 55, 57.
53Howard T. Fry, Alexander Dalrymple and the Expansion of British Trade (Routledge, 1970), p. 88.
54LEC, vol. II, p. 123.
55BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, Sept. 3, 1763.
56Fry, Alexander Dalrymple and the Expansion of British Trade, pp. 24–25, 29–30, 226; James Dreaper, “Draper, Sir William (1721–1787),” ODNB Online [accessed July 6, 2020].
57BNA: Caledonian Mercury, March 12, 1766.
58H. V. Bowen, “Privilege and Profit: Commanders of East Indiamen as Private Traders, Entrepreneurs and Smugglers, 1760-1813,” International Journal of Maritime History, vol. 19 (2007), pp. 65, 84–85. I am grateful to Dr. Margaret Makepeace, Lead Curator of the East India Company Records in the British Library, for the information regarding the seriousness of Thomas Howe’s offenses, and his reinstatement in 1770. [BL, India Office Records/E/4/619, pp. 73–75, and IOR/E/4/620, pp. 2–3].
59Cite from LLMC, vol. 2, p. 227.
60Namier and Brooke, The History of Parliament, vol. 1, pp. 344–45; “The borough of Northampton: Introduction,” in A History of the County of Northampton: Volume 3, ed. William Page (London, 1930), pp. 1–26. British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/northants/vol3/pp1-26 [accessed Sept. 1, 2020].
61BL, The Cavendish Diary, Egerton MSS 215-63, 3711, MS No. 229, pp. 17–19. I am grateful to Professor P. D. G. Thomas for providing me with his notes of references to the Howes in the Cavendish diary.
62Huw Bowen, “The East India Company and Military Recruitment in Britain, 1763-71,” Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, vol. 59 (1986), pp. 85, 87fn; cite from W. S. Taylor and J. H. Pringle, eds., Correspondence of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham (4 vols., London, 1838–40), vol. 4, p. 104.
63BNA: The Scots Magazine, Dec. 1, 1760. Richard Howe is also listed as Lord of the Bedchamber to the Duke of York in The Court and City Register of 1762, p. 105. I am indebted to Robert Bucholz and Sarah Deas of the Database of Court Officers Project (Loyola University of Chicago) for providing this second reference to Lord Howe’s appointment.
64WCL-KP, Box 9, Vol. 9:19: George III to Richard Lord Viscount Howe and Sir William Howe, “Orders and Instructions May 6, 1776.”
65Stella Tillyard, A Royal Affair: George III and his Troublesome Siblings (London, 2006), pp. 41, 44, 47–49, 61, 63, 70.
66BL-AP, 75616, CH/LS, May 20, 1780.
67Cited in E. H. Chalus, “Amelia, Princess (1711–1786),” ODNB Online [accessed July 7, 2020].
68Thomson, Memoirs of Viscountess Sundon, vol. I, p. 146.
69Horace Walpole, “Reminiscences, written in 1788,” in The Works of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford (5 vols., London, 1798), vol. 4, p. 284.
70Browning, The Duke of Newcastle, p. 62; John Van der Kiste, The Georgian Princesses (Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2000; paperback ed., 2002), p. 72.
71Constance Russell, Three Generations of Fascinating Women (2nd ed., London, New York and Bombay, 1905), p. 40fn.
72Kenneth J. Panton, Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy (Lanham (MD), Toronto, Plymouth, UK, 2011), p. 45.
73BL-AP, 75610, Caroline Howe to Lady Spencer, Jan. 20 and Aug. 16, 1764.
74BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, [Wed.] Aug. 1759; Aug. 31, 1759. On Harleyford Manor, see Mark Girouard, Life in the English Country House: A Social and Architectural History (New Haven and London, 1978), pp. 199, 211; on West Wycombe House, see Simon Jenkins, England’s Thousand Best Houses (London, 2003), pp. 41–42.
75BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, Thurs, Sept. 1759; Oct. 1759; Sunday 1759. Internal contents date the final letter to December. Dale, History of the Belvoir Hunt, p. 47.
76Baird, Mistress of the House, pp. 30, 31; Amanda Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (New York, 1998), p. 24; Bernard Bailyn, The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson (Cambridge, MA, 1974), p. 372; Girouard, Life in the English Country House, p. 204; cite from Foreman, p. 203.
77BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, Nov. 11, 1762; Nov. 28, 1763; 75611, CH/LS, 4 Tues. [1767?].
78Trumbach, The Rise of the Egalitarian Family, pp. 154, 167.
79LLMC, vol. 4, p. 428.
80BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, April 24 [1763]; Dec. 31, 1763.
81Trumbach, The Rise of the Egalitarian Family, pp. 167–68, 169.
82BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Oct. 29, 1778; 75611, CH/LS, Sept. 22, 1772.
83Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, pp. 70, 180.<
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84BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, Oct. 24 [1763] (manuscript marked “1762”).
85Colvin, History of the Society of Dilettanti, pp. 16, 83, 217; A. F. Pollard, “Villiers, Thomas, first earl of Clarendon (1709–1786),” rev. R. D. E. Eagles, ODNB Online [accessed July 7, 2020].
86CPE, vol. 5, pp. 130–31.
Six: Caroline and Company
1Donna T. Andrew, “Spencer, (Margaret) Georgiana, Countess Spencer (1737–1814),” ODNB Online [accessed July 13, 2020].
2See, for example, Amanda Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire; Janet Gleeson, Privilege and Scandal: The Remarkable Life of Harriet Spencer, Sister of Georgiana (New York, 2006); Earl of Bessborough, ed., Georgiana: Extracts from the Correspondence of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (London, 1955).
3BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, Dec. 31, 1763; 75611, CH/LS, Sept. 1 [1771], dated 1770 on ms; Sept. 16 [1771]; Friday AM Oct. 1771.
4BL-AP, 75611, CH/LS, Friday AM [1767?]; LS/CH, Southampton [Oct. 1771].
5Institute of Historical Research, Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Royal Households, Princess Caroline 1714-27, http://www.history.ac.uk/publications/office/caroline [accessed Feb. 24, 2016]; Philip Woodfine, “Poyntz, Stephen (bap. 1685, d. 1750),” ODNB Online [accessed Feb. 24, 2016].
6Arthur Collins, A Supplement to the Four Volumes of the Peerage of England: Containing a Succession of the Peers from 1740 (2 vols., London, 1750), vol. 2, p. 5.
7Stokes, The Devonshire House Circle, p. 38; Carola Hicks, Improper Pursuits: The Scandalous Life of Lady Di Beauclerk (London, Basingstoke, and Oxford, 2001), p. 60, cite from Improper Pursuits, p. 60.
8Stokes, The Devonshire House Circle, p. 43; Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, pp. 4–5.
9Ibid., pp. 7–8; Stokes, The Devonshire House Circle, pp. 42, 43; Gleeson, Privilege and Scandal, p. 7.
10Betty Rizzo, Companions Without Vows: Relationships Among Eighteenth-Century British Women (Athens (GA) and London, 1994), p. 240.
11Ibid., p. 8.
12Cite from Gleeson, Privilege and Scandal, p. 7.
13BL-AP, 75617, CH/LS, June 1, 1780.
14Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, p. 4.
15Cite from Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, p. 11; BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, Dec. 5, 1761.
16BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, Jan. 16, 1780.
17BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, Hanslope, October 1759; Sept. 26, 1760; April 24 [1763] (manuscript marked “1762”); Nov. 28, 1763; Oct. 11, 1764; 75611, CH/LS, Friday Morning Oct. 1771.
18BL-AP, 75612, CH/LS, Dec. 20, 1774.
19Liza Picard, Dr. Johnson’s London: Life in London 1740-1770 (London, 2000; paperback ed. London, 2001), pp. 131, 207; Phyllis Deutsch, “Moral Trespass in Georgian London: Gaming, Gender, and Electoral Politics in the Age of George III,” The Historical Journal, vol. 39 (1996), p. 638.
20Georgina Battiscombe, The Spencers of Althorp (London, 1984), p. 79.
21BL-AP, 75617, CH/LS, Dec. 29, 1781; LS/CH, Bath, June 6, 1780.
22Deutsch, “Moral Trespass in Georgian London,” pp. 647–49, 650.
23Chalus, Elite Women in English Political Life, pp. 19, 23, 78; Anna Clark, Scandal: The Sexual Politics of the British Constitution (Princeton (NJ) and Oxford, 2004), pp. 10, 12, 217.
24Chalus, Elite Women in English Political Life, pp. 4, 7, 8, 13, 73, 77, 84.
25Battiscombe, The Spencers of Althorp, p. 75.
26Rizzo, Companions Without Vows, p. 256.
27For example, see BC: Middlesex Journal or Chronicle of Liberty, August 24–26, 1769; Whitehall Evening Post or London Intelligencer, Aug. 31–Sept. 2, 1769.
28Ian R. Christie, “William Pitt and American Taxation, 1766: A Problem of Parliamentary Reporting,” in Studies in Burke and His Time, vol. 17 (1976), pp. 167–79.
29Cite from Peter D. G. Thomas, Revolution in America: Britain and the Colonies, 1763-1776 (Cardiff, 1992), p. 21.
30Peter D. G. Thomas, George III: King and Politicians (Manchester and New York, 2002), pp. 24–25; Browning, The Duke of Newcastle, pp. 317, 320.
31Dickinson, Liberty and Property, p. 207.
32Hill, The Early Parties and Politics in Britain, pp. 105–6; cite from Browning, The Duke of Newcastle, p. 318.
33http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/howe-hon-william-1729-1814 [accessed July 14, 2020]. John Brooke asserts that no record exists, but William presented a petition from his Nottingham constituents in February 1775. See chapter 7, below.
34Syrett, p. 36.
35Gruber, pp. 49, 50, cite on p. 49; see also Syrett, pp. 33, 35; Knight, “Howe, Richard, Earl Howe (1726–1799).”
36BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, April 24 [1763], manuscript marked “1762.”
37Paul Langford, The First Rockingham Administration 1765-1766 (Oxford, 1973), pp. 10–13; Thomas, George III, p. 76.
38BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, Oct. 24 [1763], manuscript marked “1762.”
39Cited in Peter Durrant, “FitzRoy, Augustus Henry, third duke of Grafton (1735–1811),” ODNB Online [accessed Dec. 18, 2019].
40Trumbach, The Rise of the Egalitarian Family, p. 157; Susan C. Law, Through the Keyhole: Sex, Scandal and the Secret Life of the Country House (Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2015), pp. 129–35.
41William C. Lowe, “Liddell, Henry, first Baron Ravensworth (bap. 1708, d. 1784),” ODNB Online [accessed July 14, 2020].
42Trumbach, The Rise of the Egalitarian Family, p. 157.
43Law, Through the Keyhole, pp. 67, 68.
44BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, July 16, 1763; July 31, 1763; Dec. 31, 1763; LS/CH, Jan. 1764; Aug. 9 [1763], manuscript marked “1764.”
45Law, Through the Keyhole, p. 68; A. A. Hanham, “Parsons, Anne [Nancy] [married name Anne Maynard, Viscountess Maynard] (c. 1735–1814/15],” ODNB Online [accessed July 14, 2020].
46SRO(B), FitzRoy Papers, HA513/4/72, Duchess to Duke, St James’s Square, Dec. 20, 1764; Durrant, “FitzRoy, Augustus Henry, third duke of Grafton.”
47Law, Through the Keyhole, p. 68.
48BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, Sept. 10, 1764.
49Kilburn, “Fitzpatrick, Anne, countess of Upper Ossory [other married name Anne FitzRoy, duchess of Grafton] (1737/8–1804),” ODNB Online [accessed July 14, 2020].
50BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, Nov. 8, 1764.
51Lawrence Stone, Road to Divorce: England 1530-1987 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 336–37, 341; Durrant, “FitzRoy, Augustus Henry, third duke of Grafton”; Kilburn, “Fitzpatrick, Anne, countess of Upper Ossory.”
52Hanham, “Parsons, Anne [Nancy] [married name Anne Maynard, Viscountess Maynard].”
53BNA: Salisbury and Winchester Journal, June 26, 1780.
54BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, Aug. 2, 1764; 75611, CH/LS, Aug. 18, 1772; Oct. 22, 1772; Dec. 2, 1772.
55BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, Nov. 9, 1766.
56BL-AP, 75743, List of the original members of the Ladies’ Club, with notes of those who have attended, [1770?]. On Juliana Page’s agreement to use her influence on behalf of Lord Ossory, see 75611, CH/LS, March 12, 1767.
57I am indebted to Martin Price for the information on Hannah Read and her niece, also Hannah Read, and nephew William Thornton. Mr. Price has provided me with the following results of his private research: “Mrs. Howe was a witness at the signing of the Will of Hannah Read on 15 June 1776 and also a Codicil on 31 May 1777 (TNA: Prerogative Court of Canterbury, PROB 10/2890). Her Will shows that she held 3% Annuities in the East India Company, with the relevant Ledgers (British Library L/AG/14/5/267) and Stock Transfer Books (BL L/AG/14/5/294) of the East India Company giving the nominal value of this holding to be £900, and showing that the deceased Hannah Read was a servant of Mrs. Howe. The stock was bequeathed in equal portions to her niece, Hannah Read, shown in the Transfer Books in January 1783 as a servant of Lady Ossory’s, and to her nephew William Thornton, shown similarly as a servant of Lord Howe.”
58BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, July 7, 1763; July 16, 1763; Sept. 3, 1763; June 21, 1764.
59BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, Sept. 3, 1763.
&nbs
p; 60Langford, The First Rockingham Administration, p. 9; Durrant, “FitzRoy, Augustus Henry, third duke of Grafton.”
61Williams, Life of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, vol. II, p. 169.
62Syrett, pp. 27, 34–35; cite on p. 35.
63Correspondence of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, vol. 4, pp. 56, 249; BL-AP, 75612, CH/LS, Feb. 12, 1772.
64BC: Middlesex Journal or Chronicle of Liberty, Aug. 24–26, 1769; Whitehall Evening Post or London Intelligencer, Aug. 31–Sept. 2, 1769.
65BL-AP, 75611, LS/CH, Aug. 31, 1769; Sept. 5, 1769.
66Lady Spencer’s letters to Caroline Howe are in BL-AP, 75620; her diary is in BL-AP, vol. 309. Miscellaneous family papers of Lady Spencer, 1654–1814.
67LEC, vol. II, p. 44.
68BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, Aug. 16, 1761; April 11, 1762.
69BL-AP, 75612, CH/LS, Dec. 16, 1774; “Parishes: Hanslope with Castle Thorpe,” in A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 4, ed. William Page (London, 1927), pp. 348–62. British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/bucks/vol4/pp348-362 [accessed Sept. 1, 2020].
70Richard Garnier, “Grafton Street, Mayfair,” in The Georgian Group Journal, vol. XIII (2003), pp. 201, 215, 219, 223, 230, 231, 233, 253, 256; Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, eds., The London Encyclopedia (London, 1983; rev. ed. 1995), p. 329; HMC: The Manuscripts of the Earl of Dartmouth (3 vols., London, 1887, 1895, 1896), vol. II, p. 238. I am indebted to Martin Price for drawing my attention to the article by Richard Garnier.
71Lewis, Sacred to Female Patriotism, pp. 98–99.
72BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, Jan. 22, 1780.
73Spencer and Dobson, eds., Letters of David Garrick and Georgiana Countess Spencer 1759-1779, p. 134.
74Stokes, The Devonshire House Circle, pp. 49, 72, 84fn, 258, 259.
75BL-AP, 75615, CH/LS, April 19, 1780.
76Theresa Lewis, ed., Extracts of the Journal and Correspondence of Miss Berry, from the year 1783 to 1852 (3 vols., London, 1865), vol. I, p. 210.
77Sources for citations in order of appearance: BL-AP, 75615, CH/LS, April 18, 1780; April 17, 1780; 75610, CH/LS, Tues. a.m., 1762; 75631, CH/LS, April 2, 1787.
78Lewis Melville, ed., The Berry Papers: Being the Correspondence Hitherto Unpublished of Mary and Agnes Berry (1763–1852), (London and New York, 1914), p. 209.
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