by Ken Follett
On Wings Of Eagles (1990)
Ken Follett
When two of his American employees were held hostage in a heavily guarded prison fortress in Iran, one man took matters into his own hands: American businessman H. Ross Perot. His team consisted of a group of volunteers from the executive ranks of his corporation, hand-picked and trained by a retired Green Beret officer. To free the imprisoned Americans, they would face incalculable odds on a mission that only true heroes would have dared…
“Superb… Ken Follett’s fans may be reluctant to see him return to fiction.” - The New York Times Book Review
“A marvelous, rare, terrific read…as exciting as a novel.” - USA Today
ON WINGS OF EAGLES
The inspiring true story of one man's patriotic spirit--and his heroic mission to save his countrymen.
When two of his American employees were held hostage in a heavily guarded prison fortress in Iran, one man took matters into his own hands: American businessman H. Ross Perot. His team consisted of a group of volunteers from the executive ranks of his corporation, handpicked and trained by a retired Green Beret officer. To free the imprisoned Americans, they would face incalculable odds on a mission that only true heroes would have dared....
Only H. Ross Perot could make it happen.
Only Ken Follett could tell the tale.
"Superb.... Ken Follett's fans may be reluctant to see him return to fiction."
--The New York Times Book Review
"A marvelous, rare, terrific read ... as exciting as a novel."
--USA Today
"Ken Follett has combined the best of his journalistic skills and his flair for crackling fiction into a nonfiction work that's sure to be read.... This is one time when the mad dogs of the world were soundly defeated by the indomitable Yankee spirit and derring-do.... ON WINGS OF EAGLES SOARS."
--The Kansas City Star
"A FIRST-RATE BESTSELLER ... STIRRING, PROVOCATIVE, as meticulously detailed and as thrilling as Follett's fictional creations."
--The Houston Post
"EXCELLENT.... Fifteen American executives led by a feisty ex-army colonel on a hair-raising mission.... No Hollywood scriptwriter could match this adventure."
--The Cincinnati Enquirer
"RICH IN ATMOSPHERE, CHARACTER, AND DIALOGUE.... Follett is a pro's pro.... If this is not a major motion picture, somebody should kick Hollywood back to life."
--New York Daily News
"A REAL-LIFE THRILLER THAT LEAVES FICTION IN THE DUST."
--Arizona Daily Star
"ADVENTURE, SUSPENSE, AND DESPERATION ... AS EXCITING AND COMMANDING AS HIS NOVELS."
--The Nashville Banner
"A REMARKABLE ADVENTURE."
--Los Angeles Times
"FOLLETT AT HIS MOST SPELLBINDING."
--Boston Herald
"A GRIPPING THRILLER."
--Newsday
"AN EXTRAORDINARY STORY ... GRIPPING."
--The Associated Press
"A REMARKABLE TELLING OF A REAL-LIFE THRILLER.... Follett takes a hundred loose ends and false trails and weaves them into a book that flows like the best of well-made fantasies."
--Business Week
"IMPRESSIVE SUSPENSE AND EXCITEMENT."
--Publishers Weekly
CAST OF CHARACTERS
DALLAS___________________________
Ross Perot, Chairman of the Board, Electronic Data Systems Corporation, Dallas, Texas
Merv Stauffer, Perot's right-hand man
T. J. Marquez, a vice-president of EDS
Tom Walter,chief financial officer of EDS
Mitch Hart, a former president of EDS who had good connections in the Democratic party
Tom Luce, founder of the Dallas law firm Hughes & Hill
Bill Gayden, president of EDS World, a subsidiary of EDS
Mort Meyerson, a vice-president of EDS
TEHRAN________________________
Paul Chiapparone, Country Manager, EDS Corporation Iran; Ruthie Chiapparone, his wife
Bill Gaylord, Paul's deputy; Emily Gaylord, Bill's wife
Lloyd Briggs, Paul's Number 3
Rich Gallagher, Paul's administrative assistant; Cathy Gallagher, Rich's wife; Buffy, Cathy's poodle
Paul Bucha, formerly Country Manager of EDS Corporation Iran, latterly based in Paris
Bob Young, Country Manager for EDS in Kuwait
John Howell, lawyer with Hughes & Hill
Keane Taylor, manager of the Bank Omran project
THE TEAM
Lt. Col. Arthur D. "Bull" Simons, in command
Jay Coburn, second-in-command
Ron Davis, point
Ralph Boulware, shotgun
Joe Poche, driver
Glenn Jackson, driver
Pat Sculley, flank
Jim Schwebach, flank and explosives
THE IRANIANS
Abolhasan, Lloyd Briggs's deputy and the most senior Iranian employee
Majid, assistant to Jay Coburn; Fara, Majid's daughter
Gholam, personnel/purchasing officer under Jay Coburn
Hosain Dadgar, examining magistrate
AT THE U.S. EMBASSY
William Sullivan, Ambassador
Charles Naas, Minister Counselor, Sullivan's deputy
Lou Goelz, Consul General
Bob Sorenson, Embassy official
Ali Jordan, Iranian employed by the Embassy
Barry Rosen, press attache
ISTANBUL_______________________________
"Mr. Fish," resourceful travel agent
Ilsman, employee of MIT, the Turkish intelligence agency
"Charlie Brown," interpreter
WASHINGTON_____________________________
Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Advisor
Cyrus Vance, Secretary of State
David Newsom, Undersecretary at the State Department
Henry Precht, head of the Iran Desk at the State Department
Mark Ginsberg, White House--State Department liaison
Admiral Tom Moorer, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
PREFACE
This is a true story about a group of people who, accused of crimes they did not commit, decided to make their own justice.
When the adventure was over there was a court case, and they were cleared of all charges. The case is not part of my story, but because it established their innocence I have included details of the court's Findings and Judgment as an appendix to this book.
In telling the story I have taken two small liberties with the truth.
Several people are referred to by pseudonyms or nicknames, usually to protect them from the revenge of the government of Iran. The false names are: Majid, Fara, Abolhasan, Mr. Fish, Deep Throat, Rashid, the Cycle Man, Mehdi, Malek, Gholam, Seyyed, and Charlie Brown. All other names are real.
Secondly, in recalling conversations that took place three or four years ago, people rarely remember the exact words used; furthermore, real-life conversation, with its gestures and interruptions and unfinished sentences, often makes no sense when it is written down. So the dialogue in this book is both reconstructed and edited. However, every reconstructed conversation has been shown to at least one of the participants for correction or approval.
With those two qualifications, I believe every word of what follows is true. This is not a "fictionalization" or a "nonfiction novel." I have not invented anything. What you are about to read is what really happened.
I bare you on eagles' wings, and brought you unto myself.
--EXODUS 19:4
ONE
1______
It all started on December 5, 1978.
Jay Coburn, Director of Personnel f
or EDS Corporation Iran, sat in his office in uptown Tehran with a lot on his mind.
The office was in a three-story concrete building known as Bucharest (because it was in an alley off Bucharest Street). Coburn was on the second floor, in a room large by American standards. It had a parquet floor, a smart wood executive desk, and a picture of the Shah on the wall. He sat with his back to the window. Through the glass door he could see into the open-plan office where his staff sat at typewriters and telephones. The glass door had curtains, but Coburn never closed them.
It was cold. It was always cold: thousands of Iranians were on strike, the city's power supply was intermittent, and the heating was off for several hours most days.
Coburn was a tall, broad-shouldered man, five feet eleven inches and two hundred pounds. His red-brown hair was cut businessman-short and carefully combed, with a part. Although he was only thirty-two, he looked nearer to forty. On closer examination his youth showed in his attractive, open face and ready smile; but he had an air of early maturity, the look of a man who grew up too fast.
All his life he had shouldered responsibility: as a boy, working in his father's flower shop; at the age of twenty, as a helicopter pilot in Vietnam; as a young husband and father; and now, as Personnel Director, holding in his hands the safety of 131 American employees and their 220 dependents in a city where mob violence ruled the streets.
Today, like every day, he was making phone calls around Tehran trying to find out where the fighting was, where it would break out next, and what the prospects were for the next few days.
He called the U.S. Embassy at least once a day. The Embassy had an information room that was manned twenty-four hours a day. Americans would call in from different areas of the city to report demonstrations and riots, and the Embassy would spread the news that this district or that was to be avoided. But for advance information and advice Coburn found the Embassy close to useless. At weekly briefings, which he attended faithfully, he would always be told that Americans should stay indoors as much as possible and keep away from crowds at all costs, but that the Shah was in control and evacuation was not recommended at this time. Coburn understood their problem--if the U.S. Embassy said the Shah was tottering, the Shah would surely fall--but they were so cautious they hardly gave out any information at all. Disenchanted with the Embassy, the American business community in Tehran had set up its own information network. The biggest U.S. corporation in town was Bell Helicopter, whose Iran operation was run by a retired major general, Robert N. Mackinnon. Mackinnon had a first-class intelligence service and he shared everything. Coburn also knew a couple of intelligence officers in the U.S. military and he called them.
Today the city was relatively quiet: There were no major demonstrations. The last outbreak of serious trouble had been three days earlier, on December 2, the first day of the general strike, when seven hundred people had been reported killed in street fighting. According to Coburn's sources the lull could be expected to continue until December 10, the Muslim holy day of Ashura.
Coburn was worried about Ashura. The Muslim winter holiday was not a bit like Christmas. A day of fasting and mourning for the death of the Prophet's grandson Husayn, its keynote was remorse. There would be massive street processions, during which the more devout believers would flog themselves. In that atmosphere hysteria and violence could erupt fast.
This year, Coburn feared, the violence might be directed against Americans.
A series of nasty incidents had convinced him that anti-American feeling was growing rapidly. A card had been pushed through his door saying: "If you value your life and possessions, get out of Iran." Friends of his had received similar postcards. Spray-can artists had painted "Americans live here" on the wall of his house. The bus that took his children to the Tehran American School had been rocked by a crowd of demonstrators. Other EDS employees had been yelled at in the streets and had their cars damaged. One scary afternoon Iranians at the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare--EDS's biggest customer--had gone on the rampage, smashing windows and burning pictures of the Shah, while EDS executives in the building barricaded themselves inside an office until the mob went away.
In some ways the most sinister development was the change in the attitude of Coburn's landlord.
Like most Americans in Tehran, Coburn rented half of a two-family home: he and his wife and children lived upstairs, and the landlord's family lived on the ground floor. When the Coburns had arrived, in March of that year, the landlord had taken them under his wing. The two families had become friendly. Coburn and the landlord discussed religion: the landlord gave him an English translation of the Koran, and the landlord's daughter would read to her father out of Coburn's Bible. They all went on weekend trips to the countryside together. Scott, Coburn's seven-year-old son, played soccer in the street with the landlord's boys. One weekend the Coburns had the rare privilege of attending a Muslim wedding. It had been fascinating. Men and women had been segregated all day, so Coburn and Scott went with the men, Coburn's wife Liz and their three daughters went with the women, and Coburn never got to see the bride at all.
After the summer, things had gradually changed. The weekend trips stopped. The landlord's sons were forbidden to play with Scott in the street. Eventually all contact between the two families ceased even within the confines of the house and its courtyard, and the children would be reprimanded for just speaking to Coburn's family.
The landlord had not suddenly started hating Americans. One evening he had proved that he still cared for the Coburns. There had been a shooting incident in the street: one of his sons had been out after curfew, and soldiers had fired at the boy as he ran home and scrambled over the courtyard wall. Coburn and Liz had watched the whole thing from their upstairs verandah, and Liz had been scared. The landlord had come up to tell them what had happened and to reassure them that all was well. But he clearly felt that for the safety of his family he could not be seen to be friendly with Americans: he knew which way the wind was blowing. For Coburn it was yet another bad sign.
Now, Coburn heard on the grapevine, there was wild talk in the mosques and bazaars of a holy war against Americans beginning on Ashura. It was five days away, yet the Americans in Tehran were surprisingly calm.
Coburn remembered when the curfew had been introduced: it had not even interfered with the monthly EDS poker game. He and his fellow gamblers had simply brought their wives and children, turned it into a slumber party, and stayed until morning. They had got used to the sound of gunfire. Most of the heavy fighting was in the older, southern sector where the bazaar was, and in the area around the University; but everyone heard shots from time to time. After the first few occasions they had became curiously indifferent to it. Whoever was speaking would pause, then continue when the shooting stopped, just as he might in the States when a jet aircraft passed overhead. It was as if they could not imagine that shots might be aimed at them.
Coburn was not blase about gunfire. He had been shot at rather a lot during his young life. In Vietnam he had piloted both helicopter gunships, in support of ground operations, and troop/supply-carrying ships, landing and taking off in battlefields. He had killed people, and he had seen men die. In those days the army gave an Air Medal for every twenty-five hours of combat flying: Coburn had come home with thirty-nine of them. He also got two Distinguished Flying Crosses, a Silver Star, and a bullet in the calf--the most vulnerable part of a helicopter pilot. He had learned, during that year, that he could handle himself pretty well in action, when there was so much to do and no time to be frightened; but every time he returned from a mission, when it was all over and he could think about what he had done, his knees would shake.
In a strange way he was grateful for the experience. He had grown up fast, and it had given him an edge over his contemporaries in business life. It had also given him a healthy respect for the sound of gunfire.
But most of his colleagues did not feel that way, nor did their wives. Whenever evacuation was
discussed they resisted the idea. They had time, work, and pride invested in EDS Corporation Iran, and they did not want to walk away from it. Their wives had turned the rented apartments into real homes, and they were making plans for Christmas. The children had their schools, their friends, their bicycles, and their pets. Surely, they were telling themselves, if we just lie low and hang on, the trouble will blow over.
Coburn had tried to persuade Liz to take the kids back to the States, not just for their safety, but because the time might come when he would have to evacuate some 350 people all at once, and he would need to give that job his complete undivided attention, without being distracted by private anxiety for his own family. Liz had refused to go.
He sighed when he thought of Liz. She was funny and feisty and everyone enjoyed her company, but she was not a good corporate wife. EDS demanded a lot from its executives: if you needed to work all night to get the job done, you worked all night. Liz resented that. Back in the States, working as a recruiter, Coburn had often been away from home Monday to Friday, traveling all over the country, and she had hated it. She was happy in Tehran because he was home every night. If he was going to stay here, she said, so was she. The children liked it here, too. It was the first time they had lived outside the United States, and they were intrigued by the different language and culture of Iran. Kim, the eldest at eleven, was too full of confidence to get worried. Kristi, the eight-year-old, was somewhat anxious, but then she was the emotional one, always the quickest to overreact. Both Scott, seven, and Kelly, the baby at four, were too young to comprehend the danger.