5. Jill Smolowe, Paul Hofh einz, and Cristina Lamb, “Afghanistan Without a Look Back,” Time, February 20, 1989.
6. Pepe Escobar, “Backstage at the Theater of ‘Terror,’” Asia Times Online, February 27, 2009.
7. David Johnston, “Wilson the Warrior,” New York Times, May 25, 2003.
8. David Johnston, “Wilson the Warrior,” New York Times, May 25, 2003; Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, From the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), p. 185.
CHAPTER 27 Special Operations
1. Stephen Tanner, Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War Against the Taliban (New York: Da Capo Press, 2002), pp. 176–87.
2. Milton Bearden, “Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 80, no. 6 (November/December 2001).
3. Rumsfeld, “The President,” December 5, 2001.
4. Wolfowitz to Rumsfeld, “Using Special Forces on ‘Our Side’ of the Line,” September 23, 2001.
5. General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, American Soldier (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 281.
6. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), p. 139.
7. Rumsfeld to Bush, “Strategic Thoughts,” September 30, 2001.
8. Rumsfeld to Bush, “Strategic Thoughts,” September 30, 2001.
9. Rumsfeld to Bush, “Strategic Thoughts,” September 30, 2001.
10. Department of Defense Office of Public Affairs, “Fact Sheet: International Contributions to the War Against Terrorism,” June 7, 2002 (revised June 14, 2002).
11. Bob Woodward, Bush at War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002).
12. Milton Bearden, “Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 80, no. 6 (November/December 2001).
13. Rohrabacher, letter to Rumsfeld, September 26, 2001.
CHAPTER 28 Little Birds in a Nest
1. William Luti, Jim MacDougall, Mira Ricardel, Marc Thiessen, and John Craddock to Rumsfeld, [No Subject], undated.
2. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey,” October 6, 2001.
3. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey,” October 6, 2001.
4. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey,” October 6, 2001.
5. U.S. Defense Attaché Office Tashkent to Rumsfeld, Department of Defense cable, “Draft Report of DefSec Meeting with President Karimov,” October 5, 2001.
6. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey,” October 6, 2001.
7. Rumsfeld to Powell and Rice, “Uzbekistan,” October 7, 2001.
8. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Press Conference with President of Uzbekistan,” October 5, 2001.
9. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld En Route to Saudi Arabia,” October 2, 2001.
10. Rumsfeld, “Turkey,” December 28, 2001.
11. General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, American Soldier (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 285.
12. Rumsfeld to Feith, “Strategy,” October 30, 2001.
13. Department of Defense news transcript, “Rumsfeld and Myers briefing on Enduring Freedom,” October 7, 2001.
14. Lieutenant General Michael DeLong, USMC (Ret.), with Noah Lukeman, Inside CentCom: The Unvarnished Truth About the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p. 39.
15. Vice Admiral Giambastiani and Larry Di Rita, “Memorandum of 21 October Secure Conference Call with CinCent,” October 24, 2001.
16. Rumsfeld, “Taliban and the NGOs,” October 31, 2001.
17. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Remarks at Stakeout Outside ABC TV,” October 28, 2001; Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing—Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers,” October 29, 2001.
18. Rumsfeld to Myers et al., “What Will Be the Military Role in the War on Terrorism,” October 10, 2001.
19. Kathy Gannon, “Afghanistan’s Terrain a Challenge,” Associated Press, September 18, 2001.
20. Editorial, “The Quagmire Issue; U.S. Should Prepare for a Long Struggle,” Dallas Morning News, October 26, 2001.
21. Maureen Dowd, “Liberties; Can Bush Bushkazi?,” New York Times, October 28, 2001.
22. R. W. Apple, Jr., “A Military Quagmire Remembered: Afghanistan as Vietnam,” New York Times, October 31, 2001.
23. Rumsfeld to Larry Di Rita, “War on Terrorism,” September 23, 2001.
CHAPTER 29 Kabul Falls, Karzai Rises
1. Robin Moore, The Hunt for bin Laden: Task Force Dagger (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 28.
2. General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, American Soldier (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 303.
3. Lieutenant General Michael DeLong, USMC (Ret.), with Noah Lukeman, Inside CentCom: The Unvarnished Truth About the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p. 40.
4. Vernon Loeb and Susan B. Glasser, “Tajikistan Allows U.S. to Assess 3 Air Bases,” Washington Post, November 4, 2001.
5. Michael Wines, “Rumsfeld Visits Russia and Central Asia to Bolster Coalition,” New York Times, November 4, 2001.
6. Celia W. Dugger, “U.S. and India Map Path to Military Cooperation; More Arms Sales Are Seen,” New York Times, November 6, 2001.
7. Steven Lee Myers, “Clinton to Impose Penalties on India Over Atomic Tests,” New York Times, May 13, 1998.
8. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, “Phone Call from an Aircraft w/POTUS,” November 6, 2001.
9. Peter Rodman to Rumsfeld, “Why Time Is of the Essence in the Afghan Campaign,” October 12, 2001.
10. Michael R. Gordon, “Key Players Confer at U.N. on a Post-Taliban Regime,” New York Times, November 12, 2001.
11. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Kabul,” November 13, 2001.
12. Lieutenant General Michael DeLong, USMC (Ret.), with Noah Lukeman, Inside CentCom: The Unvarnished Truth About the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p. 53.
13. Thom Shanker, “Rumsfeld Pays Call on Troops and Afghans,” New York Times, December 17, 2001.
14. Department of Defense speech transcript, “Address to the Men and Women of Fort Bragg/Pope AFB,” November 21, 2001.
15. Rumsfeld to Tenet, “Ali,” December 20, 2001.
16. Rumsfeld, “Discuss w/Franks,” January 4, 2002.
17. Evan Th omas, “Into Th in Air,” Newsweek, September 3, 2007; Peter Bergen, “The Battle for Tora Bora,” The New Republic, December 22, 2009.
18. Gary Berntsen and Ralph Pezzullo, Jawbreaker: The Attack on bin Laden and Al-Qaeda: A Personal Account by the CIA’s Key Field Commander (New York: Crown, 2005).
19. Peter Rodman to Rumsfeld, “Further Report on Afghan Talks in Bonn,” November 27, 2001.
20. Thom Shanker, “Rumsfeld Pays Call on Troops and Afghans,” New York Times, December 17, 2001.
21. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Media Availability en route to Brussels,” December 17, 2001.
22. Vernon Loeb, “Rumsfeld: Mission Far From Over; Defense Secretary Meets Officials, U.S. Troops in Afghanistan,” Washington Post, December 17, 2001.
23. Vernon Loeb, “Rumsfeld: Mission Far From Over; Defense Secretary Meets Officials, U.S. Troops in Afghanistan,” Washington Post, December 17, 2001.
24. Dwight Jon Zimmerman and John D. Gresham, Beyond Hell and Back: How America’s Special Operations Forces Became the World’s Greatest Fighting Unit (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2007), p. 215.
25. Michael Ignatieff, “Nation-Building Lite,” New York Times Magazine, July 28, 2002; Simon Robinson, “Karzai’s Kabul: Fit for a King?,” Time, April 18, 2002.
26. Rumsfeld
to Bush et al., “US Role in Gardez Situation—or, more broadly, whether or not the US should intervene in Afghan vs. Afghan conflicts,” May 10, 2002.
27. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “US Role in Gardez Situation—or, more broadly, whether or not the US should intervene in Afghan vs. Afghan conflicts,” May 10, 2002.
28. Douglas J. Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), pp. 145–46.
29. Vernon Loeb, “Rumsfeld: Mission Far From Over; Defense Secretary Meets Officials, U.S. Troops in Afghanistan,” Washington Post, December 17, 2001.
PART TEN Saddam’s Miscalculation
1. George H. W. Bush, “Address to the Nation on the Invasion of Iraq,” January 16, 1991; Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, Prewar Status of Iraq’s Weapons of Mass Destruction, March 1991.
2. George H. W. Bush, “Address to the Nation on the Invasion of Iraq,” January 16, 1991.
3. Robert Gates, “The Gulf War: Oral History,” Frontline, PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996.
4. James Baker, “The Gulf War: Oral History,” Frontline, PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996.
5. Colin Powell, “The Gulf War: Oral History,” Frontline, PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996.
6. Elaine Sciolino, “Gore Says Bush’s Efforts to Befriend Iraqi Leader Led to Gulf War,” New York Times, September 30, 1992.
7. Margaret Thatcher, “The Gulf War: Oral History,” Frontline, PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996.
8. Colin Powell, “The Gulf War: Oral History, Part B,” Frontline, PBS, broadcast January 10, 1996.
CHAPTER 30 Out of the Box
1. Sarah Graham-Brown, “No-Fly Zones: Rhetoric and Real Intentions,” Middle East Report Online, February 20, 2001.
2. Charles Duelfer, “Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq’s WMD” (Duelfer Report), vol. III, September 30, 2004, pp. 2, 13, 38 (Biological section), pp. 90–91 (Chemical section).
3. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1194 (S/RES/1194), 3924th Meeting, September 9, 1998.
4. Rumsfeld et al., letter to Clinton, January 26, 1998.
5. Rumsfeld et al., letter to Clinton, January 26, 1998.
6. Madeleine K. Albright, press remarks following meeting with european Union, New York City, September 14, 2000.
7. Hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee, testimony of Charles Duelfer, Special Adviser to the Director of Central Intelligence for Iraqi Weapons of Mass Destruction, October 6, 2004; Charles Duelfer, “Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq’s WMD” (Duelfer Report), vol. I, September 30, 2004, p. 1 (Regime Strategic Intent section).
8. Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-For-Food Programme, Manipulation of the Oil-For-Food Programme by the Iraqi Regime, October 27, 2005.
9. Doug Wead, “Bush Completes Father’s Unfinished Business,” USA Today, June 15, 2003; “Is Bush Continuing His Dad’s Iraq Policy?” ABC News, February 16, 2001.
10. Hearing of the House Armed Services Committee, “United States Policy Toward Iraq,” testimony of General Richard Myers, September 18, 2002.
11. Jones to Hugh Shelton, “U.S. Military Responses in Iraq,” August 31, 2001; Rumsfeld to Jones, “Iraq,” September 10, 2001.
12. Rumsfeld to Rice et al., “Iraq,” July 27, 2001.
13. Saddam Hussein, conversation with SSA George L. Piro, Baghdad Operations Center, June 11, 2004 (Federal Bureau of Investigation).
14. George W. Bush, State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002.
15. Tenet, letter to Senator Bob Graham, October 7, 2002; Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing—Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Pace,” September 26, 2002.
16. James Woolsey, interviewed by Peter Jennings, “America Under Attack,” ABC News Special Report, September 11, 2001.
17. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Prewar Intelligence Assessments on Iraq (S. Rep. 108-301), 108th Cong., 2d sess., July 9, 2004, pp. 318–21; Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, “CHAPTER 6: Terrorist Organizations,” Country Reports on Terrorism 2008, April 30, 2009.
18. Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 2003, April 2004, p. 114.
19. Kevin M. Woods with James Lacey, Iraqi Perspectives Project: Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Documents, vol. I (redacted), Institute for Defense Analyses, November 2007, p. 18.
20. Kevin M. Woods James with James Lacey, Iraqi Perspectives Project: Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Documents, vol. I (redacted), Institute for Defense Analyses, November 2007, p. 18; Kevin M. Woods with Michael R. Pease, Mark E. Stout, Williamson Murray, and James G. Lacey, Iraqi Perspectives Project: A View of Operation Iraqi Freedom from Saddam’s Senior Leadership (Joint Center for Operational Analysis, U.S. Joint Forces Command, March 2006), p. 54.
21. OSD Policy, “Sovereignty and Anticipatory Self-Defense,” August 24, 2002.
22. OSD Policy, “Sovereignty and Anticipatory Self-Defense,” August 24, 2002.
23. Rumsfeld, “Saddam Hussein,” September 21, 2001.
CHAPTER 31 The Case for Regime Change
1. General Richard B. Myers, USAF (Ret.), with Malcolm McConnell, Eyes on the Horizon: Serving on the Front Lines of National Security (New York: Th reshold Editions, 2009), p. 215.
2. Lieutenant General William G. Pagonis with Jeffrey L. Cruikshank, Moving Mountains: Lessons in Leadership and Logistics from the Gulf War (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992), pp. 157–58; George C. Wilson, “The Logistics Behind a War on Iraq,” National Journal, vol. 34, issue 47/48, November 23, 2002.
3. Rumsfeld, “Assumptions,” October 18, 2002.
4. “Iraq Tested Missile to Carry A-Bomb, a U.N. Report Says,” New York Times, October 5, 1991.
5. Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States, intelligence side letter to Tenet, March 18, 1999, p. 3.
6. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, August 28, 2002.
7. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, August 28, 2002.
8. Central Intelligence Agency, “Key Judgments,” National Intelligence Estimate: Iraq’s Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction, October 2002.
9. James Graffand Bruce Crumley, “France Is Not a Pacifist Country,” Time, February 16, 2003.
10. Jeffrey Goldberg, “The Great Terror,” The New Yorker, March 25, 2002.
11. Rumsfeld, “WMD,” March 15, 2004.
12. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Remarks on ABC ‘This Week with George Stephanopoulos,’” March 30, 2003.
13. Rumsfeld to Clarke, “Arguments,” February 18, 2003.
14. Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 (Public Law 107–243), October 16, 2002.
15. Joseph Biden, interviewed by Tim Russert, Meet the Press, NBC News, August 4, 2002.
16. Hillary Rodham Clinton, statement, “Authorization of the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq,” 107th Cong., 2d sess., Congressional Record, vol. 148, no. 133, October 10, 2002, p. S10288.
17. John Kerry, statement, “Authorization of the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq—Continued,” 107th Cong., 2d sess., Congressional Record, vol. 148, no. 132, October 9, 2002, p. S10174.
18. Al Gore, “Iraq and the War on Terrorism,” The Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, California, September 23, 2002.
19. General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, American Soldier (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 394.
20. “Powell Says He Made Prewar Push for More Troops,” New York Times, April 30, 2006.
21. Rumsfeld, “Conversation with the President and Condi,” May 15, 2006.
22. “Offers of support for Phase I-III (48 countries),” May 13, 2003.
23. Lindsey Graham, interviewed by Bob Schieffer, Face the Nation, CBS News, August 9, 2009; David
Brooks, “Making the Surge Work,” New York Times, January 7, 2007.
24. Eliot A Cohen, Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime (New York: Free Press, 2002), pp. 185–88.
25. Rumsfeld, “Illustrative List of Recent Examples of French Opposition to the United States,” October 23, 2002.
26. Rumsfeld to Shultz, State Department cable, “Rumsfeld Mission: December 20 Meeting with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein,” December 21, 1983.
27. John Keegan, The Iraq War (New York: Vintage, 2005), p. 108.
28. Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-For-Food Programme, The Management of the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme, vol. 1, September 7, 2005, p. 2.
29. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1441 (S/Res/1441), 4644th Meeting, November 8, 2002.
30. Barbara Slavin and Bill Nichols, “U.S. Says Omissions Put Iraq in ‘Material Breach,’” USA Today, December 20, 2002.
31. Hans Blix, statement to the United Nations Security Council, January 27, 2003.
CHAPTER 32 A Failure of Diplomacy
1. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Briefs at the Foreign Press Center,” January 22, 2003.
2. “‘Old Europe’ Hits Back at Rumsfeld,” CNN, January 24, 2003.
3. Rumsfeld, “Europe,” February 18, 2003.
4. Statement of the Vilnius Group Countries, February 5, 2003.
5. John Kerry, speech, The Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, California, March 13, 2003; Dan Balz, “Kerry Assails Bush Over States’ Plight,” Washington Post, March 14, 2003.
6. Steven R. Weisman with Julia Preston, “Powell Will Press U.S. Case in Security Council Next Week,” New York Times, January 29, 2003.
7. Michiko Kakutani, “Under a Microscope, Bush and His Presidency,” New York Times, December 7, 2007; Bruce B. Auster, Mark Mazzetti, and Edward T. Pound, “Truth and Consequences: New Questions About U.S. Intelligence Regarding Iraq’s Weapons of Mass Terror,” U.S. News & World Report, June 1, 2003; Suzanne Goldenberg and Richard Norton-Taylor, “Powell’s Doubts Over CIA Intelligence on Iraq Prompted Him to Set Up Secret Review,” The Guardian; Karen DeYoung, Soldier: The Life of Colin Powell (New York: Knopf, 2006).
8. Micah Zenko, “Foregoing Limited Force: The George W. Bush Administration’s Decision Not to Attack Ansar al-Islam,” Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 32, no. 4, August 2009, p. 640.
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