“for people who would recognize”: Schücking, “First Texas Symposium,” 48.
“Give a little spice to life”: Schücking, “First Texas Symposium,” 48.
“Nobody knows”: Schücking, “First Texas Symposium,” 49.
“Texanized”: Schücking, “First Texas Symposium,” 49.
“Particularly valuable”: Schücking, “First Texas Symposium,” 48–49.
“We fixed that”: Schücking, “First Texas Symposium,” 50.
“Relativity was the sleeping beauty”: Renn, roundtable discussion, “Recollections of the Relativistic Astrophysics Revolution,” 27th Texas Symposium, Dallas, 11 December 2013.
welcomed the conferees: Hawking and Israel, Three Hundred Years of Gravitation, 245.
synchronize our watches: Schücking, “First Texas Symposium,” 50.
“Many of those”: Green, “Dallas Conference,” 80.
nine quasars: Green, “Dallas Conference,” 84.
“magnificent cultural ornaments”: Robinson, Schild, and Schücking, Quasi-Stellar Sources, 470.
“Among the problems”: Robinson, Schild, and Schücking, Quasi-Stellar Sources, v.
Thousands of pockets: Green, “Dallas Conference,” 82.
“We ignore”: Robinson, Schild, and Schücking, Quasi-Stellar Sources, 17.
Hoyle and Fowler went on: Robinson, Schild, and Schücking, Quasi-Stellar Sources, 27.
That meant the quasar: Green, “Dallas Conference,” 83.
a third of a light-year: Chiu, “Gravitational Collapse,” 26.
only a few light-years wide: Green, “Dallas Conference,” 83.
Freeman Dyson emphasized this point: Green, “Dallas Conference,” 84.
Zel’dovich and Novikov … and Salpeter: see Zel’dovich and Novikov, “Gravitational Collapse,” and Salpeter, “Accretion of Interstellar Matter.”
gas clouds raining down: Robinson, Schild, and Schücking, Quasi-Stellar Sources, 437.
Kerr’s presentation: Schücking, “First Texas Symposium,” 50.
“in majestic isolation”: Gamow, Gravity, 135.
“A new and very able”: APS, Wheeler Papers, box 18, Misner folder 1, Wheeler to Kenneth Case, 17 January 1964.
Robert Pound and Glen Rebka finally measured: Pound and Rebka, “Apparent Weight of Photons.”
“was so bad”: Kerr, after-dinner talk, Kerr Conference, Potsdam, Germany, 4 July 2013; see http://www.kerr-conference.org/content/videoclip-archive.
his dissertation considered: Melia, Cracking the Einstein Code, 64.
“The next few weeks”: Melia, Cracking the Einstein Code, 70.
“I wanted to find”: Interview with Kerr, 12 December 2013.
“Alfred, it’s spinning”: Melia, Cracking the Einstein Code, 75; further description of this moment is also found in Kerr, “Discovering the Kerr and Kerr-Schild Metrics,” 19.
“frame dragging”: see Lense and Thirring, “On the Influence of the Proper Rotation.”
“Cutting through”: Melia, Cracking the Einstein Code, 75.
“I do not remember”: Kerr, “Discovering the Kerr and Kerr-Schild Metrics,” 21.
quickly offered: Melia, Cracking the Einstein Code, 76.
His final paper: Kerr, “Gravitational Field of a Spinning Mass.”
bathe its campus tower: Kerr, Kerr Conference, Potsdam, Germany, 4 July 2013.
“lead balloon”: Kerr, “The Kerr Solution at the First Texas Symposium 1963,” 27th Texas Symposium, 11 December 2013.
“explain the large energies”: Kerr, “Gravitational Field of a Spinning Mass,” 99.
Achilles Papapetrou: Thorne, Black Holes and Time Warps, 342.
two surfaces defined: Interview with Kerr, 12 December 2013.
Penrose fully demonstrated: Penrose, “Gravitational Collapse.”
Stephen Hawking, Brandon Carter, and David Robinson: see Hawking, “Black Holes in General Relativity”; Carter, “Axisymmetric Black Hole”; and Robinson, “Uniqueness of the Kerr Black Hole.”
“the most shattering experience”: Chandrasekhar, Truth and Beauty, 54.
Siraj’s men incarcerated: Wolpert, New History of India, 179.
“Well, after I used that phrase”: Bartusiak, Einstein’s Unfinished Symphony, 62.
their existence remained a well-kept secret: Interview with Joseph Taylor, 11 December 2013.
The pulsar conference: e-mail communication with Stephen Maran, 27 May 2014.
Wheeler’s name: see Brancazio and Cameron, Supernovae and Their Remnants.
What is indisputable: Wheeler, “Our Universe,” 8–9.
“gravitational collapse”: Rosenfeld, “What Are Quasi-Stellars?,” 11.
Rosenfeld is sure: phone interview with Rosenfeld, 2012.
“space may be peppered”: Ewing, “’Black Holes’ in Space,” 39.
“To the astonished audience”: a letter dated 25 May 2009 describing Chiu’s knowledge on the origin of the term black hole was sent by Chiu to Physics Today. It was not published, but Chiu kindly provided a copy.
His sons recall: an e-mail from John Dicke to Loyola University physicist Martin McHugh, with the kind permission of both to use it.
“He simply started”: Thorne, Black Holes and Time Warps, 256.
an expression so exotic: For examples, see Kafka, “Possible Sources of Gravitational Radiation,” 134, and Sullivan, “Pulsations from Space.”
“He accused me”: Wheeler and Ford, Geons, Black Holes, 297.
“Thus black hole seems the ideal name”: Wheeler and Ford, Geons, Black Holes, 297.
“The advent of the term”: Wheeler, Journey into Gravity, 211.
Chapter 10: Medieval Torture Rack
“There is a Chinese proverb”: e-mail communication with Hong-Yee Chiu, 3 January 2014.
“a notable migration”: Alexander, “Science Rediscovers Gravity,” 101.
“Particle physics was in a mess”: e-mail communication with Alan Lightman, 21 June 2014.
Black holes were proclaimed: Bartusiak, “Celestial Zoo,” 108.
“Of all the concepts”: Sullivan, “Probing the Mystery.”
“black-hole disposal units”: “Those Baffling Black Holes.”
“black holes are out of sight”: “Those Baffling Black Holes.”
“noodlized”: Wheeler, Cosmic Catastrophes, 182.
“mass without matter”: Wheeler, “Lesson of the Black Hole,” 25.
the mass of five billion suns: Wheeler, “Lesson of the Black Hole,” 33.
“On first approach”: Wheeler, “Lesson of the Black Hole,” 25.
“As long as this viewpoint prevailed”: Price and Thorne, “Introduction: The Membrane Paradigm,” 2.
Chapter 11: Whereas Stephen Hawking Has Such a Large Investment in General Relativity and Black Holes and Desires an Insurance Policy
“There is about as little hope”: Wheeler, “Superdense Star,” 195.
If that companion emits no light: Zel’dovich and Guseynov, “Collapsed Stars in Binaries.”
“not because they ‘wish’”: Zel’dovich and Guseynov, “Collapsed Stars in Binaries,” 840.
Working with astronomer Virginia Trimble, Kip Thorne: Thorne Black Holes and Time Warps, 306–7.
announce itself by the glow: Zel’dovich and Novikov, “Gravitational Collapse.”
“[This] proposed method of searching”: Zel’dovich and Novikov, “Gravitational Collapse.”
light of a full Moon: Tucker and Giacconi, X-Ray Universe, 42.
three large Geiger counters: Giacconi et al., “Evidence for X Rays,” 439.
“trying to get support”: AIP, Richard Hirsh interview with Riccardo Giacconi, 12 July 1976.
worried their instrument: Tucker and Giacconi, X-Ray Universe, 43.
“The discovery of pulsars”: Thorne, “Nonspherical Gravitational Collapse,” 191.
“X-Ray Scanning Satellite”: Sullivan, “X-Ray Scanning Satellite.”
radio and optical astronomers: see Wade a
nd Hjellming, “Position and Identification,” and Bolton, “Identification of Cygnus X-1.”
orbital measurements: Bolton, “Dimensions of the Binary System.”
“Whereas Stephen Hawking”: Hawking and Israel, Three Hundred Years of Gravitation, 249.
“Late one night”: Thorne, Black Holes and Time Warps, 315.
the higher the bulge mass: Irion, “Quasar in Every Galaxy?” 42.
form a doughnutlike ring: Lynden-Bell, “Galactic Nuclei.”
“The gas gauge says ‘empty’”: Bartusiak, Thursday’s Universe, 163.
Chapter 12: Black Holes Ain’t So Black
Hawking himself: Ferguson, Stephen Hawking, 30.
“One evening”: Hawking, Brief History of Time, 99.
“There was no precise definition”: Hawking, Brief History of Time, 99.
The session devoted: Hajicek, “Fifth Texas Symposium,” 178.
entropy was zero: Hawking and Israel, Three Hundred Years of Gravitation, 262.
“I drew comfort”: Bekenstein, “Black Hole Thermodynamics,” 28.
“I suspect”: APS, Wheeler Papers, box 4, Bekenstein folder, Bekenstein to Wheeler, 25 September 1973.
“Such an identification”: Bekenstein, “Black Holes and Entropy,” 2338.
“unambiguously zero”: Hawking and Israel, Three Hundred Years of Gravitation, 262.
“I was motivated”: Hawking, Brief History of Time, 104.
all black holes—spinning or not: Hawking, Brief History of Time, 104–5.
“Black holes ain’t so black”: Hawking, Brief History of Time, 99.
“Black Hole Explosions?”: Hawking, “Black Hole Explosions?”
one million megaton hydrogen bombs: Hawking, “Black Hole Explosions?” 30.
“aroused strong opposition”: Hawking and Israel, Three Hundred Years of Gravitation, 265.
“Sorry, Stephen”: Boslough, Stephen Hawking’s Universe, 70.
“I was probably the most pleased”: Bekenstein, “Black Hole Thermodynamics,” 28.
less than a millionth of a degree: Wheeler, Journey into Gravity, 222.
Some recent models even suggest: see Marolf and Polchinski, “Gauge-Gravity Duality.”
Wheeler held out the hope: Wheeler and Ford, Geons, Black Holes, 229.
“the core of a black hole”: Wheeler and Ford, Geons, Black Holes, 295.
Chapter 13: Epilogue
LIGO: the history of gravitational-wave astronomy and the development of LIGO can be found in Bartusiak, Einstein’s Unfinished Symphony.
Einstein first wrote: Einstein, “Näherungsweise Integration,” and “Über Gravitationswellen.”
The rate of their orbital decay: a full discussion of the Hulse-Taylor binary can be found in Taylor, “Binary Pulsars.”
“We didn’t know that neutron stars”: Joseph Taylor, Plenary Presentation I, 27th Texas Symposium, Dallas, 9 December 2013.
“All the science fiction I need is right out there in front of us”: Conniff, “Johnny Wheeler’s Space Odyssey.”
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