gravitons, (i), (ii)
gravity: and binary stars, (i), (ii); and black holes, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi); and event horizon, (i), (ii), (iii); and general relativity, (i), (ii), (iii); and geocentric universe, (i); gravity waves, (i), (ii); and heliocentric universe, (i); Robert Hooke’s rules for, (i); and light, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); and neutron stars, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); Newton’s studies of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii); and novae, (i); and orbital wobble, (i), (ii); and quantum mechanics, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); and quasars, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); and space-time, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); and stellar cores’ mass, (i), (ii); and supernovae, (i); and time, (i), (ii), (iii); and white dwarfs, (i). See also gravitational collapse
Gravity Research Foundation, (i), (ii)
Green, Richard, (i)
Grossman, Marcel, (i), (ii)
Gursky, Herbert, (i)
Guseynov, Oktay, (i)
Halley, Edmond, (i), (ii)
Halley’s comet, (i), (ii)
Hamburg Observatory, (i)
Harrison, B. Kent, (i)
Harvard College Observatory, (i)
Hawking, Stephen: bet with Kip Thorne, (i); on Big Bang, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); and black hole entropy, (i); and black hole properties, (i), (ii); and black hole radiation, (i), (ii); and black hole rotation, (i), (ii); Gravity Research Foundation essay of, (i); photograph of, (i)
Hawking radiation, (i), (ii)
Heisenberg, Werner, (i)
helium, (i), (ii), (iii)
Herschel, William, (i), (ii)
Hipparchus, (i)
Hooke, Robert, (i), (ii), (iii)n
Hoskin, Michael, (i)
Hoyle, Fred, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Hubble, Edwin, (i)
Hulse, Russell, (i)
hydrogen, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Infeld, Leopold, (i)
The Internal Constitution of the Stars (Eddington), (i)
inverse square law, (i), (ii), (iii)
iron, (i), (ii)
Israel, Werner, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Jansky, Karl, (i), (ii)
Jansky Very Large Array, (i)
Jeans, James, (i)
Kaiser, David, (i), (ii), (iii)
Kapitsa, Pyotr, (i)
Kennedy, John F., (i)
Kepler, Johannes, (i), (ii), (iii)
Kerr, Roy, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Khalatnikov, Isaak, (i), (ii)
Königsberg Observatory, (i)
Kruskal, Martin, (i)
Landau, Lev: and gravitational collapse, (i), (ii), (iii); and neutron stars, (i); photograph of, (i); and stars’ “neutronic cores,” (i), (ii); and stellar energy, (i); and white dwarfs, (i)
Laplace, Pierre-Simon de, (i)
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), (i), (ii)
Lawrence, Ernest, (i)
length, and dimensionality, (i)
Lense, Josef, (i)
Lick Observatory, (i)
Lifschitz, Evgeny, (i), (ii), (iii)
light: and black holes, (i), (ii); and event horizon, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); and gravity, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); and quasars, (i); and radio astronomy, (i); and space-time, (i), (ii). See also speed of light
Lightman, Alan, (i)
Lodge, Oliver, (i)
loop quantum gravity, (i), (ii)
luminosity, (i), (ii), (iii)
Lundmark, Knut, (i)
Lynden-Bell, Donald, (i)
magnesium, (i)
magnetic fields, (i), (ii), (iii)
magnetism, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Manhattan Project, (i), (ii)
MANIAC (computer), (i)
Marshall, Lauriston, (i)
mass: and black holes, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi); and curvature of space-time, (i), (ii), (iii); estimation of stars,’ (i); and event horizon, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); and gravity, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); and gravity waves, (i); and neutron stars, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); and quasars, (i), (ii); of Sirius B, (i); and speed of light, (i); of stellar cores, (i), (ii); and supernovae, (i); and superstars, (i); and white dwarfs, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes (Chandrasekhar), (i)
mathematics: and astronomy, (i), (ii); and general relativity, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)n; and neutron stars, (i); and Newton’s gravity studies, (i), (ii); and special relativity, (i)
Maxwell, James Clerk, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n
McCormmach, Russell, (i)
Melia, Fulvio, (i), (ii)
Mercury (planet), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Michell, John, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Milky Way galaxy: and binary stars, (i); and black holes, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); and quasars, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); radio waves from center of, (i), (ii)
Miller, Arthur, (i)
Milne, Edward, (i)
Minkowski, Hermann, (i), (ii)
Misner, Charles, (i)
Moon, and Newton’s gravity studies, (i), (ii), (iii)
Mount Wilson Observatory, (i), (ii)
neon, (i)
neutrinos, (i), (ii)
neutrons: discovery of, (i); and novae, (i); in stellar cores, (i)
neutron stars: and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, (i), (ii); and Hong-Yee Chiu, (i); and gravitational redshift, (i), (ii); and gravity, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); and gravity waves, (i), (ii), (iii); improved detection of, (i); and Lev Landau, (i); and mass, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); and J. Robert Oppenheimer, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); radiation emitted from, (i), (ii); and supernovae, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); and telescopes, (i); and Richard Tolman, (i); and John Archibald Wheeler, (i); X-rays emitted by, (i)
Newton, Isaac: and Roger Babson, (i); conception of space, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); conception of time, (i), (ii); gravity studies of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii); and nature of light, (i)
novae, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Novikov, Igor, (i), (ii), (iii)
nuclear fission, (i), (ii)
nuclear forces: and black holes, (i); and neutron stars, (i), (ii), (iii); and novae, (i); and quantum mechanics, (i); and quasars, (i); and radio galaxies, (i), (ii); and stellar energy, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Öpik, Ernst, (i)
Oppenheimer, J. Robert: and black holes, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); and gravitational collapse, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi)n; and neutron stars, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); photograph of, (i); and quantum mechanics, (i), (ii); and singularities, (i), (ii); as teacher of theoretical physics, (i); and Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics, (i); and Kip Thorne, (i), (ii)
Osada, Kentaro, (i)
Owens Valley Radio Observatory, (i)
oxygen, (i), (ii)
Palomar Mountain telescope, (i), (ii)
Paolini, Frank, (i)
Papapetrou, Achilles, (i)
particle physics, (i), (ii), (iii)
particles: emitted from black holes, (i), (ii); light as, (i)
Pauli, Wolfgang, (i)
Penrose, Roger, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Newton), (i), (ii), (iii)
photoelectric effect, (i)
photons, (i)
Planck, Max, (i)
planetary motion: and astronomers’ fixation on the solar system, (i); Mercury, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); Newton’s rules for, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv). See also gravity
plasma beams, (i), (ii), (iii)
Plato, (i)
Porter, Cole, (i)
Potsdam Astrophysical Observator
y, (i)
Pound, Robert, (i)
precession, (i)
Price, Richard, (i)
Priestley, Joseph, (i)
Procyon, (i)
protons, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
pulsars, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v). See also neutron stars
quantum gravity, (i), (ii), (iii)
quantum mechanics: astronomers’ training in, (i); and black holes, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); and general relativity, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); and gravity, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); and J. Robert Oppenheimer, (i), (ii); and singularities, (i), (ii); and white dwarfs, (i), (ii), (iii)
quasars: and accretion disks, (i), (ii); and black holes, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); distance from Earth, (i); energy radiating from, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); at galaxies’ centers, (i); and gravity, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); image of, (i); spectroscopic analysis of, (i); as term, (i); and Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics, (i), (ii), (iii)
quasi-stellar objects (QSO). See quasars
quasi-stellar radio sources (QSRS). See quasars
radar, (i)
radio astronomy: and cosmic static, (i); and Cygnus X-1, (i); and gravity waves, (i); optical astronomer’s reluctance to embrace, (i); and quasars, (i), (ii); and radio telescopes, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); and supernovae, (i)
radio galaxies, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
radio pulsars. See pulsars
Reber, Grote, (i)
Rebka, Glen, (i)
redshift, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Rees, Martin, (i)
relativity. See general theory of relativity; special theory of relativity; unified theory of relativity
Renn, Jürgen, (i)
Riemann, Bernhard, (i)
Rindler, Wolfgang, (i)
Robinson, David, (i)
Robinson, Ivor, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Rosenfeld, Albert, (i)
Rossi, Bruno, (i)
rotation: and black holes, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); and gravitational collapse, (i), (ii)
Royal Society of London, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Russell, Henry Norris, (i), (ii)
Sakharov, Andrei, (i)
Salpeter, Edwin, (i), (ii), (iii)
Sampson, Ralph, (i)
Sandage, Allan, (i)
Sargent, Wallace, (i)
Schild, Alfred, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Schmidt, Maarten, (i), (ii)
Schopenhauer, Arthur, (i)n
Schücking, Engelbert, (i), (ii)
Schwarzschild, Karl: and general relativity equation solutions, (i), (ii)n; photograph of, (i); and singularities, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Schwarzschild, Martin, (i)
Schwarzschild singularities, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Schwarzschild sphere. See event horizon
Sco X-1, (i)
Serber, Robert, (i)
silicon, (i)
singularities: and Albert Einstein, (i); and event horizon, (i), (ii), (iii); and gravitational collapse, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); and neutron stars, (i); and J. Robert Oppenheimer, (i), (ii); and quantum mechanics, (i), (ii); and Karl Schwarzschild, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); and stellar irregularities, (i); and John Archibald Wheeler, (i)
Siraj ud-Daulah (Nawab of Bengal), (i)
Sirius and Sirius B, (i), (ii)
Snyder, Hartland, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
solar X-rays, (i), (ii)
space, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
space-time: and black holes, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); curvature of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); and Albert Einstein, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii); and event horizon, (i); and frame dragging, (i); and gravity, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); and mass, (i), (ii); and neutron stars, (i); and quantum mechanics, (i); and space, (i), (ii), (iii); and stellar collapse, (i); and time, (i), (ii)
special theory of relativity: astronomers’ training in, (i); and Albert Einstein, (i); and mathematics, (i); and quantum mechanics, (i); and velocity, (i); and white dwarfs, (i), (ii)
spectra of stars, (i), (ii)
speed of light: and ether theory, (i); and event horizon, (i), (ii); as fundamental constant in nature, (i); and gravity, (i), (ii); and gravity waves, (i); and mass, (i); and observations of binary stars, (i); and plasma beams, (i); and time, (i); and white dwarfs, (i)
spherical coordinates, (i)
spin: and black holes, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); and electrons, (i), (ii)
Stalin, Joseph, (i)
Starobinsky, Alexei, (i)
stars: analysis of internal structures of, (i), (ii), (iii); bending of light from, (i), (ii); binary star systems, (i); and curvature of space-time, (i); density of, (i); heat/luminosity relationship, (i); Hipparchus’s catalog of, (i); Sirius and Sirius B, (i), (ii); structure of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); Wolf-Rayet stars, (i). See also gravitational collapse; and specific stars and star types
Star Trek (television show), (i)
stellar collapse. See gravitational collapse
stellar winds, (i), (ii), (iii)
Stoner, Edmund, (i), (ii)
sulfur, (i)
Sullivan, A. M., (i)
Sullivan, Walter, (i)
Sullivan, Woodruff, (i)
superfluidity, (i)
supermassive black holes, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
supernovae: and Walter Baade, (i); Goddard Institute meeting on, (i); and gravity, (i); and gravity waves, (i), (ii); and neutron stars, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); and quasars, (i); and radio astronomy, (i); X-ray emissions from, (i)
superstars, (i)
superstring theory, (i)
Taylor, John, (i)
Taylor, Joseph, (i)
telescopes: 18th-century improvements to, (i); gravity wave observatories, (i); and neutron stars, (i); and optical spectrums of quasars, (i); photographic plates for, (i); radio telescopes, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); and search for Sirius B, (i). See also radio astronomy; X-ray astronomy
Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics: agenda of, (i); and black hole as term, (i), (ii); fiftieth anniversary of, (i); and general relativity, (i), (ii); and gravitational collapse, (i); Stephen Hawking’s presentation at, (i); Roy Kerr’s presentation at, (i), (ii); naming of, (i); organization of, (i), (ii); participants of, (i)
Thirring, Hans, (i)
Thorne, Kip: and black holes, (i), (ii), (iii); on Albert Einstein, (i); and general relativity, (i); on Evgeny Lifshitz, (i); and J. Robert Oppenheimer, (i), (ii); and radio galaxies, (i); and John Archibald Wheeler, (i), (ii); on Yakov Zel’dovich, (i)
3C 273 quasar, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
tides, (i)
time: and black holes, (i); and event horizon, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); and gravitational fields, (i), (ii), (iii); and space-time concept, (i), (ii). See also space-time
Tolman, Richard, (i), (ii)
torsion balance, (i)
Trautman, Andrzej, (i)
Trimble, Virginia, (i)
Uhuru (X-ray satellite), (i), (ii)
unified theory of relativity, (i), (ii)
uranium-235, (i)
uranium-239, (i)
V1500 Cygni, (i)
velocity: and special relativity, (i). See also speed of light
Very Large Array, (i)
Volkoff, George, (i)
von Zach, Franz Xaver, (i)
Wakano, Masami, (i)
waves, light as, (i), (ii)
Welther, Barbara, (i)
Westfall, Richard, (i), (ii)
Wheeler, John Archibald: and Jacob Bekenstein, (i); and black holes, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x); education of, (i); and general relativity, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); and gravitational collapse, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); photograph
of, (i); and singularities, (i); on space-time, (i)
White, Richard, (i)
white dwarfs: as binary stars, (i); and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); and mass, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x); and novae, (i), (ii). See also Sirius and Sirius B
Winstein, Carolee, (i)
Wolf-Rayet stars, (i)
Woolsthorpe Manor, England, and Newton’s gravity studies, (i)
World War I, (i), (ii), (iii)
World War II, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
X-ray astronomy, (i)
X-rays: from atomic bombs, (i); from Cygnus X-1, (i), (ii); detectors for, (i), (ii); emitted by black holes, (i), (ii); from Sco X-1, (i); from supernovae, (i)
Yerkes Observatory, (i)
Zel’dovich, Yakov: and binary stars, (i); and black holes, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); and gravitational collapse, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); photograph of, (i); and quasars, (i), (ii), (iii)
Znajek, Roman, (i)
Zwicky, Fritz: academic versatility of, (i); and gravitational collapse, (i); and neutron stars, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); photograph of, (i); and supernovae, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)n
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