Stroop, Jürgen (SS-Gruppenführer): born September 26, 1895, in Detmold. Served in the infantry in the Great War and joined the Nazis in 1932. Rose steadily through the SS ranks and served in several SSPF functions in Poland prior to the uprising in 1943. Captured in 1945, he was executed in Warsaw in 1952.
Tensfeld, Willy (SS-Obergruppenführer): born November 27, 1893, in Schleswig-Holstein. He served in the navy from 1909 to 1923 as a sailor, in the U-Boat service, and in the Freikorps. He joined the SS on September 1, 1931, and the party in November 1931. SSPF Upper Italy until 1945.
Trotha, Lothar von (general of infantry): born July 3, 1848, in Magdeburg, studied at Gymnasium and the University of Berlin. Between 1865 and 1871 von Trotha’s career developed from officer cadet to battalion adjutant with the 47th Infantry Regiment. He joined the military expedition to China. He came home to become commander of the 16th Infantry Division in Trier. He took command of the expedition to German South-West Africa on May 16, 1904. On May 21, 1906, he was placed in reserve. He died in retirement, in Bonn, in 1920.5
Warlimont, Walter (general of artillery): born in 1894, in Westphalia. Operations officer (Ia) of the operational orders department (Wehrmachtführungsstab or WFSt.) of the OKW, carrying out planning behind strategies and operations.
Winkelmann, Otto (Generalleutnant der Polizei und SS-Obergruppenführer): born in 1894, studied law, and became a professional soldier. He became a police officer with the Schutzpolizei. He joined the Nazi Party in 1932 and the SS in 1938. He joined Daluege’s Hauptamt Ordnungspolizei, responsible for the command group. He became HSSPF Hungary until transferred to police operations in southern Europe; he died in 1977.6
Wolff, Karl (SS-Oberstgruppenführer): born in Darmstadt in May 1900. In April 1917, he became a Leutnant from September 1918 (having been a cadet for a year), in the 116th Hessian Life Guards. At the end of the war, he served in the Hessian Freikorps in 1919. He joined the SS and Nazi Party in 1931, becoming Himmler’s personal adjutant.
Wünnenberg, Alfred (SS-Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant der Ordnungspolizei): born in 1891 in Saarburg, in the Lorraine region. Alfred Wünnenberg took over the Ordnungspolizei in 1943 when Daluege was forced to retire.
Zelewski, Emil von: uncle of Bach-Zelewski. The Schutztruppe commander in Tanzania, he was killed in 1891 at the Battle of Rugaro, by members of the HeHe tribe. A memorial for him was erected by Carl Peters, but he was always remembered for his disastrous performance in the battle that led to his death.7
Zenner, Carl (SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Polizei): born in 1899. A veteran of the First World War and the Freikorps. Former Aachen president of police became SSPF Weissruthenien until May 1942. Ended the war in SS requisitioning. Received a five-year sentence in 1945 and a fifteen-year sentence in 1961.8
APPENDIX 4:
THE MIXED FORTUNES OF FORMER
BANDENKAMPFVERBÄNDE IN 19651
Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski: serving a life sentence in Landsberg prison.
Friedrich Beck: SS-Sturmbannführer, commander Bandenkampfschule; in 1965 Polizeirat in Darmstadt.
Erich Haasche: former Gendarmerie Hauptmann, in Lutsk and Warsaw uprising; in 1965, police director in Lower Saxony.
August Hanner: commander of the III Battalion, Police Regiment “Todt” and commander of 105th Schutzmannschaft Battalion; in 1965, Polizeirat Hamburg.
Ludwig Hödel: SS-Untersturmführer in Bandeneinsatz, Hauptmann in 3rd SS-Police Regiment; director of the Bavarian Border Police.
Kurt Huhn: Hauptmann, company commander in 14th SS-Police Regiment; in 1965, police official, group commander of U.S. sector in West Berlin.
Helmut Kiehne: Oberleutnant der Schupo, mounted police section BdO Ukraine, conducting Bandeneinsatz; in 1965, chief police commissioner, Hamburg.
Hermann Kraiker: Major der Schupo, Kampfgruppe Prützmann; in 1965, police official in Bochum, Ruhr.
Hubert Marbach: company commander of an SD-Einsatzgruppen and member of the 2nd SS-Police Regiment; in 1965, director of the Landespolizei school in Bonn.
Paulus Meier: mass-murder operations while battalion commander, 9th Police Battalion and II Battalion, 14th SS-Police Regiment; in 1965, Polizeirat Bonn.
Konstantin Neher: Gendarmerie Hauptmann in the 30th Waffen-SS Grenadier Division; in 1965, director of Landespolizei District Commissar, Württemberg.
Herbert Poethke: SS-Hauptsturmführer and Oberleutnant der Schupo, Einsatzkommando in the east; in 1965, Polizeioberkommissar in Mönchengladbach.
Karl Pötke: Hauptmann der Schupo, Einsatzkommando, commander II Battalion, 16th SS-Police Regiment; in 1965, director of Schupo (Ia) in Hamburg.
Heinz Reinefarth: HSSPF Warthe, Warsaw uprising; in 1965, mayor of Westerland/Sylt.
Friedrich Röhl: BdO Riga, Hauptmann der Gendarmerie; in 1965, director of the Landespolizeischule Rheinland-Pfalz.
Christian Steeger: 27th SS-Police Regiment and III Battalion, 15th SS-Police Regiment; in 1965, senior police official in Linz.
Werner Terrèe: Leutnant der Schupo, II Battalion 2nd SS-Police Regiment in Bialystok; in 1965, director of a police section in the district of Osnabrück.
Otto Winkelmann: director of the Hauptamt Ordnungspolizei, HSSPF Hungary; in 1965, retired police official on a full pension.
NOTES
Preface
1. Woodruff D. Smith, The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).
2. Fritz Fischer, Germany’s Aims in the First World War (New York: Norton, 1967). See also Oleh S. Fedyshyn, Germany’s Drive to the East and the Ukrainian Revolution 1917–1918 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1971).
3. Frank Ebeling, Geopolitik: Karl Haushofer und seine Raumwissenschaft 1919— 1945 (Berlin: Akad-Verlag, 1994); and David T. Murphy, The Heroic Earth: Geopolitical Thought in Weimar Germany 1918–1933 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University, 1997).
4. Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris (London: Allen Lane, 1998), 249.
5. Adolf Hitler, trans. Ralph Manheim, Mein Kampf, Intro. D. C. Watt (London: Pimlico, 1992), 598.
6. Brockhaus’Konverations—Lexicon (Leipzig: Brockhaus Verlag, 1908), 338–9.
7. Uwe Danker, “Bandits and the State: Robbers and the Authorities in the Holy Roman Empire in the Late Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries,” in Richard J. Evans, The German Underworld: Deviants and Outcasts in German History (London: Routledge, 1988), 75–107.
8. Victor Klemperer, LTI [Lingua, Tertii, Imperii]: Notizbuch eines Philologen (Leipzig: Reclam, 1985), 168–70; Martin Brady (trans.), The Language of the Third Reich (London: Continuum, 2002), 172–3; and Josephus, trans. G. A. Williamson, The Jewish War (London: Penguin, 1978). According to the librarians of the Augustus Bibliothek, in Wolfenbüttel, the book first entered the German university system in Lübeck (1475) and was later translated into German.
9. Alfred Andersch, Der Vater eines Mörders (Zurich: Diogenes, 1980), 38.
10. Heinrich Clementz, Geschichte des Judischen Krieges, (1900), republished (Fourier Verlag, Wiesbaden, 1997).
11. Table Talk, 253.
12. Martin Van Creveld, On Future War (London: Brassey’s, 1991), 129.
13. Richard Overy, Interrogations: Inside the Minds of the Nazi Elite (London: Allen Lane, 2002), 482 and 486.
14. Der Grosse Brockhaus, Handbuch des Wissens (Leipzig, Brockhaus, 1929), 273.
15. Philip W. Blood, “Bandenbekämpfung, Nazi Occupation Security in Eastern Europe and Soviet Russia, 1942–45,” (PhD diss., Cranfield University, 2001).
16. Philip W. Blood, “Kurt Daluege and the Militarisation of the Ordnungspolizei,” in Gerrard Oram (ed.), Conflict and Legality: Policing Mid-Twentieth Century Europe (London, Francis Boutle, 2003).
Chapter 1: Security Warfare
1. Harold D. Lasswell, “The Garrison States,” American Journal of Sociology 46, (1941), 455–68; and “The Garrison-State Hypothesis Today,” in Samuel P. Huntington (ed.), Changing Patterns of Military
Politics (New York: Free Press, 1962), 51–70.
2. Gordon A. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army 1640–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1955), 52–3.
3. Hans-Ulrich Wehler, The German Empire 1871–1918 (Warwickshire: Berg, 1985), 57–8.
4. Alfred Vagts, A History of Militarism: Civilian and Military (Toronto: Meridian, 1959), 382.
5. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 252–3.
6. Jeffrey Verhey, The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilisation in Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
7. John Shy, “Jomini,” in Peter Paret (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 143–85.
8. Michael Howard, War in European History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), 96.
9. Crane Brinton, Gordon A. Craig, and Felix Gilbert, “Jomini,” in Edward Mead Earle (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971), 77–92.
10. Edwin A. Pratt, The Rise of Rail Power, In War and Conquest (London: P. S. King, 1915); and Martin van Creveld, Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
11. Albert von Boguslawski, Der kleine Krieg und seine Bedeutung für die Gegenwart (Berlin: Luckardt, 1881). The lectures presented to the German Military Society in Posen in 1880.
12. Lonsdale Hale, “Partisan warfare,” Journal of the Royal United Services Institute 30 (1885), 135–64.
13. Ibid., 137.
14. Francis Lieber, “Guerrilla Parties Considered with Reference to the Laws and Usages of War,” was written at the request of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck (August 1862). For a broader study of Lieber and his work, see Richard Shelly Hartigan, Lieber’s Code and the Law of War (Chicago: Precedent, 1983).
15. Ian F. W. Beckett, Encyclopaedia of Guerrilla Warfare (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 1999), ix.
16. J. H. Morgan, The War Book of the German General Staff: Being “The Usages of War on Land,” Issued by the Great General Staff of the German Army (New York: McBride, Nast, 1915).
17. Ernst Fraenkel, Military Occupation and the Rule of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1944).
18. Morgan, The German War Book, 64.
19. Manfred Botzenhart, “French Prisoners of War in Germany, 1870–71,” in Stig Förster and Jörg Nagler (eds.), On the Road to Total War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 588.
20. Geoffrey Best, Humanity in Warfare, (London: Routledge, 1980), 194.
21. Alon Confino, The Nation as a Local Metaphor: Württemberg, Imperial Germany and National Memory, 1871–1918 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1997).
22. Theodor Lindner, Der Krieg gegen Frankreich (Berlin: Asher, 1895), 42.
23. Ibid., 77.
24. Ibid., 43.
25. Mark Stoneman, “The Bavarian Army and French Civilians in the War of 1870–1871: A Cultural Interpretation,” War in History 8 (2001), 271–93.
26. Lindner, Der Krieg gegen Frankreich, 102–15.
27. Ibid., 113–15.
28. Ibid., 30–1.
29. Robert T. Foley, Alfred von Schlieffen’s Military Writings (London: Frank Cass, 2003), 219–26.
30. Gunther E. Rothenberg, “Moltke, Schlieffen and the Doctrine of Strategic Envelopment,” in Paret (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy, 313–15.
31. Telford Taylor, Sword and Swastika: Generals and Nazis in the Third Reich (New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1995), 12.
32. Foley, Alfred von Schlieffen’s Military Writings, xv.
33. Wehler, The German Empire, 148–52, reference to the “modern Cannae.”
34. Volker Berghahn, Imperial Germany 1871–1914: Economy, Society, Culture and Politics (Oxford: Berghahn, 1994), 88–9.
35. “Peter Purzelbaum” and H. C. von Zobeltitz (eds.), Das Alte Heer: Erinnerungen an die Dienstzeit bei allen Waffen (Berlin: Heinrich Beenken, 1931).
36. Foley, Alfred von Schlieffen’s Military Writings, 208–218.
37. Christopher Dandeker, “The Bureaucratisation of Force,” in Lawrence Freedman (ed.), War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 118–23.
38. Justus Hashagen, Das Rheinland und die Französische Herrschaft (Bonn: Hanstein, 1908).
39. Michael Howard, The Franco–Prussian War (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1961), 377–8.
40. Creveld, Supplying War, 75–108.
41. “Instruktion, betreffend das etappen-und eisenbahnwesen und die obere leitung des feld-intendantur – feld sanitäts-, militär-telegraphen-und feld-post wesens im kriege [sic]” (Berlin, 1872), trans. Wilbraham Lennox, trans. Donatus O’Brien, Prussian Etappen Regulations (London: W. Lennox, 1875).
42. Rudolf Thierfelder, Die Verwaltung der besetzten französischen Gebiete 1870/73, (Darmstadt: Wittich, 1943), 9–13.
43. Michael Rowe, “German Civil Administrators and the Politics of the Napoleonic State in the Department of the Roer, 1798–1815,” Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, Ph.D. diss., 1996, 344–57.
44. Refer to Thierfelder, Die Verwaltung.
45. Dieter Fricke, Bismarcks Prätorianer: Die Berliner politische Polizei im Kampf gegen die Deutsche Arbeiterbewegung (1871–1898) (Berlin: DDR, 1962), 23.
46. NARA, RG319, IRR, Wilhelm Krichbaum (Chef der GFP) and Franz Groshek (GFP director) Geheime Feldpolizei (1947).
47. Fricke, Bismarcks Prätorianer, 24–5.
48. BA MA, RW 5/v, series of Kriegsministerium Papers from the office of Generalmajor z. V. Gempp; Geheimer Nachrichtendienst und Spionageabwehr des Heeres, book 654 (hereafter referred to as the Gempp papers).
49. Ibid, 118–31.
50. Arne Perras, Carl Peters and German Imperialism 1856–1918 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 129. Zelewski allegedly desecrated a mosque when he marched inside with his boots on wearing his hunting dogs.
51. Jan-Bart Gewalt, “Learning to Wage and Win Wars in Africa: A Provisional History of German Military Activity in Congo, Tanzania, China and Namibia,” African Studies Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands, ASC Working Paper No. 60, 2005.
52. Perras, Carl Peters, 201; Kirsten Zirkel, “Military Power in German Colonial Policy: The Schutztruppen and Their Leaders in East and South-West Africa, 1888–1918,” in David Killingray and David Omissi (eds.), Guardians of Empire: The Armed Forces of the Colonial Powers c.1700–1964 (Manchester: Palgrave, 2000), 91–113; and Mann, Mikono ya damu: “Hands of Blood.”
53. Walter Goerlitz, trans. Brian Battershaw, History of the German General Staff, 1657–1945 (New York: Praeger, 1957), 125.
54. Gerd Fesser, “Pardon wird nicht gegeben!” Die Zeit Nr. 31, July 27, 2000, 17.
55. Josef Krumbach, Franz Ritter von Epp: Ein Leben für Deutschland (Munich: Brunnen, 1938), 175.
56. Ibid., 169.
57. Max Menzels, Dienstunterricht des deutschen Infanteristen (Berlin: R.Eisenschmidt, 1913), xxvi.
58. Gerhardus Pool, Samuel Maherero (Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan, 1991), 269, 272–4.
59. Kurd Schwabe, Der Krieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1904–1906 (Berlin: Weller, 1907), 372.
60. Ibid., 306.
61. Helmut Bley, Namibia under German Rule (Hamburg: LIT, 1996).
62. Horst Drechsler, “Let us die fighting”: The Struggle of the Herero and Nama against German Imperialism (London: Zed Press, 1980); and “The Hereros of South-West Africa (Namibia),” in Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1990), 242.
63. Tilman Dedering, “A Certain Rigorous Treatment of All Parts of the Nation, The Annihilation of the Herero in German South-West Africa, 1904,” in Mark Levene and Penny Robert, The Massacre in History (New York: Berghahn, 1999), 223–46.
64. Ibid., 215–18.
65. Schwabe, Der Krieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika, 374.
66. Ibid., 375.
67. Menzels, Dienstunterrich
t des deutschen Infanteristen, xxvi.
68. Schwabe, Der Krieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika, 376.
69. Menzels, Dienstunterricht des deutschen Infanteristen, xxvii-xvi.
70. Patricia Hayes, Jeremy Silvester, Marion Wallace, and Wolfram Hartmann (eds.), Namibia under South African Rule: Mobility and Containment, 1915–46 (Abington, Oxon: James Currey, 1998), 17.
71. Hayes et al. (eds.), Namibia under South African Rule, 60–7.
72. Jürgen Zimmerer, Deutsche Herrschaft Über Afrikaner: Staatlicher Machanspruch und Wirklichkeit im kolonialen Namibia (Münster: LIT, 2001).
73. Bley, Namibia under German Rule, 163.
74. Schwabe, Der Krieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika, 36.
75. Gesine Krüger, Kriegsbewältigung und Geschichtsbewuβitsein: Realität, Deutung und Verarbeitung des deutschen Kolonialkriegs in Namibia 1904 bis 1907 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999), 62–3.
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