“I, Pvt Lincoln Kirstein”: Franz Schulze, Philip Johnson: Life and Work, 164.
43 His salon included W. H. Auden … “tolerance, sympathy, and kindness”: Author’s interview with Paul Cadmus, October 29, 1992.
44 “On nights off I” … “several times after”: Author’s interview with Murray Gitlin, February 26, 1993.
45 “If you went in”: Author’s interview with William Wynkoop, June 3, 1993.
“We were in a building” … “living in New York”: Author’s interview with Roy Strickland, June 3, 1993.
46 “In those days you”: Recorded interview with Jules Elphant, SAGE Archive.
“I was aghast”: Author’s interview with “Stephen Reynolds,” September 24, 1992.
“A lot of my ‘gay life’”: Author’s interview with Paul Cadmus, October 29, 1992.
“There was a tolerance” … “good battalion to be in”: Before Stonewall (documentary).
47 “an extraordinary aspect” … “civilian life”: Allan Bérubé, Coming Out Under Fire, 46, 50.
48 “the stigmatization of homosexuals”: Ibid., 138–39.
“confirmed pervert” … court-martialed and imprisoned: Ibid., 143–44, 147.
“gone down” … “have done to you”: Author’s interviews with Stanley Posthorn, May 24, 1993; and March 28, 1994.
49 When the army moved toward … homosexuals were sick: Allan Bérubé, Coming Out Under Fire, 152, 148.
“in various military jobs”: Ibid., 170–72.
50 “This study was the first”: Ibid., 277–78. For the full text of these reports, see Gays in Uniform: The Pentagon s Secret Reports, ed. Kate Dyer.
“topped the average”: Newsweek, June 9, 1947.
“is unrelated to job performance”: ed. Kate Dyer, Gays in Uniform: The Pentagon’s Secret Reports, ix.
“It was the most depressing”: Author’s interview with “Stephen Reynolds,” September 24, 1992.
51 In 1945, they founded … “never lived together”: Recorded interview with Jules Elphant, SAGE Archive.
52 In 1947, America was shocked: New York Times, January 17, 1947; February 11, 1949; September 1, 1947; and February 18, 1949.
53 But just weeks after: John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities, 34.
“religious background”: Alfred C. Kinsey, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, 3–4.
“no aspect of human biology”: Dr. Alan Gregg, ibid., v.
“To each individual”: Ibid.
54 The questionnaire about homosexual: Ibid., 623–25.
“You started out shy”: Author’s interview with Otis Bigelow, April 28, 1994.
“gentle and quiet”: Author’s interview with Paul Cadmus, May 20, 1995.
55 famous zero-to-six: Alfred C. Kinsey, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, 650–51.
“In view of the data”: Ibid., 659–60.
56 “The judge who is considering”: Ibid., 664–65.
“Homosexuality was thought”: Before Stonewall (documentary). Rusk biographical details: New York Times, November 5, 1989.
“end results”: Ibid., January 4, 1948.
57 “we have the right” … “behavior of each human being”: Ibid.
“degradation in American”: John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities, 36.
“Lawrence Kubie was the prominent”: Allan Bérubé, Coming Out Under Fire, 19.
“stuck a scalpel into”: Time, June 14, 1948.
“The statistics based on the”: New York Times, June 5, 1948.
“He was a celebrity”: Author’s interview with “James Atcheson,” October 1, 1992.
“The implication that because”: New York Times, June 5, 1948.
58 “Kubie ruined Tennessee”: Author’s interview with Arthur Laurents, June 14, 1995.
“All the so-called”: Author’s interview with “Nicholas Simmons,” October 11, 1996.
“most of the sexual”: Time, June 14, 1948, and New York Times, June 5, 1948.
“By revealing that millions”: John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities, 37.
59 “even a member of Congress”: Vidal, The City and the Pillar, 150–152, and ibid. “You’d sit in the commissary”: Author’s interview with Gore Vidal, January 14, 1994.
Laurents had a four-year: Author’s interview with Arthur Laurents, June 14, 1995.
“The studios didn’t care”: Ibid.
“You know, you’re Farley’s”: Arthur Laurents interviewed by Larry Kramer in The Advocate, May 16, 1995.
“Hitch wanted Cary Grant”: Author’s interview with Arthur Laurents, June 14, 1995.
“I don’t think the censors”: The Celluloid Closet (documentary).
60 “It didn’t matter whether”: Author’s interview with Arthur Laurents, June 14, 1995.
“I will not only not” … “But I did it anyway”: Author’s interview with Gore Vidal, January 14, 1994.
“A frightening glimpse”: New York Times Book Review, January 11, 1948.
“The fact that it was a” … “this particular act”: Author’s interview with Gore Vidal, January 14, 1994.
61 “You spoiled it with”: Gore Vidal, “Some Memories,” United States, 1139.
“certainly one of the best” … “collective morale”: Gore Vidal papers at the University of Wisconsin at Madison.
II: THE FIFTIES
65 “In that era of general”: David Halberstam, The Fifties, x.
“Undergraduates seemed uniformly”: Martin Duberman, Cures, 2.
“We are not living”: Humphrey Burton, Leonard Bernstein, 229.
“The fifties was”: Author’s interview with Gore Vidal, January 14, 1994.
66 “No picture shall be” … “he immediately complied”: Gerald Gardner, The Censorship Papers, xv, xx, 122, 207–10, 215.
67 “I Love Lucy” … suffer from morning sickness: Halberstam, The Fifties, 196–201.
“utter anomaly”: George Chauncey, Jr., lecture at the Museum of the City of New York, June 22, 1995.
68 “Half of the nicest girls”: David Halberstam, The Fifties, 201.
69 “homosexual panic”: New York Post; July 10, 1950.
The Washington Post reported: Ibid., July 13, 1950.
According to Washington insiders: Ibid., July 15, 1950.
“At no point, whether”: Ibid., July 14, 1950.
70 “spousal”: Richard Gid Powers, Secrecy and Power, 171, 173.
“killer fruit”: Truman Capote, Answered Prayers, 8.
“No one argues the question”: New York Post, July 22, 1950.
“More drastically than anything”: Ibid., July 12, 1950.
Hoover may have been too … “got to be born”: Ibid., July 18, 1950.
71 “low, low, low general” … “this sort of thing”: Author’s interview with Benjamin C. Bradlee, April 6, 1995.
“the compulsive” … “their sex habits”: New York Post, July 22, 1950.
72 Some of his friends believe: Victor Navasky, Naming Names, 75, 304.
“While other witnesses denounced”: New York Times, May 6, 1953.
“so compliant”: Navasky, Naming Names, 75, 304.
“He wasn’t threatened” … “blacklist destroyed Hollywood”: Author’s interview with Arthur Laurents, June 14, 1995.
73 “something which tormented” … “saved my life”: James Baldwin: The Price of the Ticket (documentary).
“I’d been a boy preacher” … Cole was “horrified”: Ibid, and New York Times, December 2, 1987.
74 “primary issue”: New York Post, July 21, 1950.
“a preliminary sampling”: Ibid., July 20, 1950.
“homosexual angle”: John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities, 41–42.
“pervert problem”: New York Post; July 17, 1950.
“[Maryland Democratic Senator]” … “homo who was jealous”: Drew Pearson, Drew Pearson: Diaries, 1949–1959, 188–89, 190, 192.
75 “The portrait
of the Wisconsin”: New York Post, July 21, 1950.
“one of the boys”: David Halberstam, The Fifties, 54.
“there was a lot of time”: Author’s interview with Benjamin C. Bradlee, April 6, 1995.
“wreck the Army”: New York Times, August 3, 1986.
“real heart”: Neil Miller, Out of the Past, 269–71.
76 “shamefully cut down” … “himself had practiced”: Ibid.
“Bonnie, Bonnie and Clyde”: New York Times, August 3, 1986.
“Anybody who knows me”: Nicholas von Hoffman, Citizen Cohn, 132.
77 “The only thing I really”: Author’s interview with Gore Vidal, January 14, 1994.
“In Schine’s case”: Author’s interview with “Bill Gillman,” November 10, 1994.
“thrilling moments” … “a gay restaurant?”: Author’s interview with Ethan Geto, July 1, 1995.
“did not acquire” … “very busy man”: Author’s interview with “Bill Gillman,” November 10, 1994.
78 “Roy was a lot of” … “growing up with him”: Author’s interview with Stanley Friedman, November 30, 1994.
79 “Homosexuals and other sex”: “Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government: U.S. Senate document No. 241, December 15, 1950,” quoted in Donald Webster Cory, The Homosexual in America, 272–77.
“sex perversion”: Ibid., 276–77.
“Homosexuality became an epidemic”: Lee Mortimer, Washington Confidential Today, 110–19; and Jack Lait and Lee Mortimer, U.S.A. Confidential, quoted in John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities, 43–44.
80 “sexual perversion”: John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities, 43–44
“U.S. Agency Box Score”: New York Times, July 3, 1953; and February 24, 1954. Joseph Alsop, the scion … his death in 1989: The facts for the Alsop account are taken from the Washington Post, April 13, 1995. It is also discussed in Joe Alsop’s Cold War, by Edwin Yoder, Jr.; Molehunt, by David Wise; and a doctoral thesis, “Joseph Alsop and American Foreign Policy,” by Leann Grabavoy Almquist.
82 “Perverts Called Government”: New York Times, April 19, 1950; May 22., 1950; and September 17, 1950.
“psychiatric case histories”: Coronet, September 1950.
“wide leather motorcycle” … “normal Saturday crowds”: New York Times, August 1, 1954
83 At the end of the decade: George Chauncey, Jr., lecture at the Museum of the City of New York, June 22, 1995.
“In those days it”: Author’s interview with “Sam Baron,” December 12, 1991.
“The hustlers were mostly”: Author’s interview with Jack Dowling, May 5, 1993
women were legally required: Author’s interview with Sandy Kern, June 29, 1993.
84 “When a dead man”: Author’s interview with Joe Schoener, 1978.
“I always felt ugly” … “I loved it”: Author’s interview with Sandy Kern, June 29, 1993.
86 “We knew we were outside” … “place that was illegal”: Before Stonewall (documentary).
“sex is beautiful” … “woman again, or a man”: Author’s interview with Sandy Kern, June 29, 1993.
89 “scientists, businessmen”: Donald Webster Cory, The Homosexual in America, 161–62.
“homosexual creativity”: Ibid., 161.
“a gay man who got married”: Author’s interview with Arthur Laurents, June 14, 1995.
“The idea of family”: Author’s interview with Stephen Sondheim, August 1, 1995.
90 “Jerry R. called today”: Humphrey Burton, Leonard Bernstein, 187.
“I didn’t want to write”: Author’s interview with Arthur Laurents, June 14, 1995.
“so-called Americans”: Craig Zadan, Sondheim & Co., 14–15.
Laurents recruited Sondheim: Author’s interview with Arthur Laurents, June 14, 1995.
“We thought the same way”: Craig Zadan, Sondheim & Co., 15–16; and New York Times, October 21, 1990.
“Something’s coming, it may”: Humphrey Burton, Leonard Bernstein, 274–75.
91 “I remember all my collaborations”: Ibid., 275.
“Originally, Robbins wanted only”: Author’s interview with Arthur Laurents, January 1, 1997.
“I twisted syllables”: Craig Zadan, Sondheim & Co., 20–21.
“Jerry continues to be”: Humphrey Burton, Leonard Bernstein, 270.
“The idea was”: Ibid., 275.
“I thought it would run”: Author’s interview with Arthur Laurents, June 14, 1995.
“It’s such a shame”: Craig Zadan, Sondheim & Co., 26.
92 “We thought at that point”: Ibid., 17.
Harold Prince was in Boston: Ibid.
Their gamble seemed worthwhile: Humphrey Burton, Leonard Bernstein, 273.
“Despite the triumphant”: Ibid, and Craig Zadan, Sondheim & Co., 25.
“It was extremely generous,” Author’s interview with Stephen Sondheim, August 1, 1995.
“The next day I went”: Author’s interview with Arthur Laurents, June 14, 1995.
93 “The purity of the music”: Ibid.
The actor Alan Helms: Alan Helms, Young Man from the Provinces, 98.
In 1996, it was one: New York Times, March 26, 1996.
“It was never an issue”: Author’s interview with Murray Gitlin, February 26, 1993.
“There is one sensibility”: Letter from Arthur Laurents to the author, August 21, 1995.
“boy-girl stuff: Author’s interview with Gore Vidal, January 14, 1994.
“If you think that’s”: Author’s interview with Sondheim, August 1, 1995.
94 “What we did was”: Craig Zadan, Sondheim & Co., 26.
“The radioactive fallout”: Quoted in Humphrey Burton, Leonard Bernstein, 276.
“It was a big hit” … “The picture failed for me”: Craig Zadan, Sondheim & Co., 26–30.
95 “It was a rare sort”: Quoted in Gore Vidal, United States, 447. From an essay first published in New York Review of Books, June 13, 1985.
Michael Butler was the … “good arrangement for us”: Author’s interview with Michael Butler, March 10, 1996.
96 “there are no homosexual”: Author’s interview with Gore Vidal, January 14, 1994.
“What we can discuss”: Edmund White, States of Desire, 259.
“any discussion of a group’s”: New York Times Magazine, June 16, 1991.
“you got very good” … “impersonating a gay man”: The Celluloid Closet (documentary).
97 “At one point”: Gore Vidal, United States, 443–44.
“so convinced of being”: City Poet, 229, and What Did I Do: The Unauthorized Autobiography ofLarmy Rivers, with Arnold Weinstein, 228, 230, 232, 234.
98 “I wouldn’t go to bed”: Author’s interview with Gore Vidal, January 14, 1994.
“repairing the three of us”: Jack Kerouac, The Subterraneans, 53—54.
“It is hard now”: Vidal, United States, 1136.
99 “So why all the fuss?”: New York Review of Books, June 13, 1985.
“’Cause I was in love”: Allen Young, Gay Sunshine Interview with Allen Ginsberg, 4.
“Neal [Cassady]”: Ibid., 3, 4, 6.
“He had mixed feelings”: Ibid., 7.
100 “That was eliminated”: Ibid., 3–7.
“It took an enormous amount”: Before Stonewall (documentary).
“In the forties”: Ibid.
“We thought that we”: The Celluloid Closet (documentary).
“There was a series”: Before Stonewall (documentary).
102 “I loved the Puerto Ricans”: Author’s interview with Franklin Macfie, May 12, 1993.
“just had to become” … “loved to have fun”: Author’s interview with Murray Gitlin, February 26, 1993.
104 “I was twenty-one” … “the next fifteen years”: Author’s interview with Roy Aarons, December 12, 1991.
106 There was another famous cluster: Brad Gooch, City Poet, 194–96.
“Gay life
was secretive” … “could talk to people”: Author’s interview with Jack Dowling, May 5, 1993.
107 “14th Street is drunken,”: Frank O’Hara, “Homosexuality,”
After his adventures in the … “everybody bowed”: Author’s interview with “Stephen Reynolds,” September 24, 1992.
110 “Truman lifted his cape”: Author’s interview with Paul Cadmus, May 20, 1995.
“He was so funny”: Author’s interview with “Stephen Reynolds,” September 24, 1992.
111 “officially came out” … “moved a mountain”: Author’s interview with Franklin Macfie, May 12, 1993.
115 “sort of a village atheist” … “very cute country boy”: Author’s interview with Walter Clemons, November 9, 1992.
118 “I have noticed that straight men”: Author’s interview with Arthur Laurents, June 14, 1995.
“They would fix me up” … men had disappeared: Author’s interview with Walter Clemons, November 9, 1992.
119 “It was vividly exciting” … “legs I’ve ever seen!”: Ibid.
120 “a room with a lot”: Author’s interview with Murray Gitlin, February 26, 1993.
“It was before I”: Author’s interview with Walter Clemons, November 9, 1992, and James Spada, Streisand, 68.
121 “One day this girl”: Arthur Laurents interviewed by Larry Kramer in The Advocate, May 16, 1995.
“It took me all day” … “wouldn’t believe it”: Author’s interview with Jack Dowling, May 5, 1993.
123 “We didn’t know” … “achievements of the homosexual minority”: Before Stonewall (documentary), and John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities, 59–66.
gay friends: Los Angeles Times Magazine, June 10, 1990.
“She never treated”: New York Times, November 22., 1996.
124 “Curiosity and empathy”: Los Angeles Times Magazine, June 10, 1990.
“Every clinical psychologist”: Eric Marcus, Making History, 24.
“gay men can be”: Ibid., 24–25.
Although it would be: New York Times, November 22, 1996.
In the seventies: Ibid.
“how terrible’: Author’s interview with William Wynkoop, June 3, 1993.
125 It was published under the: Author’s interview with Brandt Aymar, May 1, 1995.
The offending books: Ibid.
“It was well accepted”: Ibid.
“American life as”: Donald Webster Cory, The Homosexual in America, xiii.
The Gay Metropolis Page 49