Trading with the Enemy

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Trading with the Enemy Page 19

by Philip Leigh


  Barney, Hiram, 95

  Barss, S. F., 85

  Bates, Edward, 20, 65

  battle of Chancellorsville, 18, 97

  battle of Chickamauga, 108–109

  battle of Shiloh, 60

  Beaufort Harbor, map of, 33

  Bee, Hamilton, 49

  Bell, John, 12

  Belmont, August, 10, 145

  Benavides, Santos, 110

  Black Ball Line, 10–11

  “Bleeding Kansas”, 11–12

  blockade runners

  Abraham Lincoln and, 89–90

  CSS Robert E. Lee and, 87

  manufacture of, 84–85

  probability of capture and, 90

  Rhett Butler and, 142

  routes of, 83

  success rate and, 91

  weapons and, 86

  Bonaparte, Louis-Napoléon, 21, 103, 106, 108, 110

  “The Boston Toast”, 8

  Boston and Worcester Railroad, 37

  Boston Board of Trade, 19

  Boston Brahmins, 8–9

  Boston Manufacturing Company, 8

  Boston Post, “Bleeding Kansas” and, 12

  Bragg, Braxton, 102, 108–109

  Brazos Island, 110

  bribery, xvi, 22–23, 26, 70, 78–79, 88, 139, 142, 146, 146

  British Foreign Office, 50

  Broadwell, William A., 114–115

  Browning, Orville, 21, 65, 133–134, 146

  Brown, John, 31

  Buchanan, James, 53

  Buell, Don Carlos, 59–60

  Bullard, Lauriston, Massachusetts dependence on cotton and, 1

  Bureau of Ordnance, 16

  Butler, Andrew, 98, 122, 146

  Butler, Benjamin, x, xiv–xv, 24, 34, 54, 60, 62, 68–74, 76–77, 94, 97–100, 111, 121, 133

  Butler, Rhett, 142

  Butler, William, 119, 133, 146

  B. Weir & Company, 85

  Canby, Edward R. S., 65, 90, 122, 128–129, 137, 144–145

  Cape Fear River, 82

  Casey, Samuel, 119, 122–123, 146

  C. A. Weed & Company, 122

  Chandler, William, 136

  Chandler, Zachariah, 60, 64

  Charles River, 8

  Chase, Kate, 52–53

  Chase, Salmon P., 21, 23–25, 27, 34, 38, 59, 67, 71, 88, 94–96

  Cheap Cotton by Free Labor (Atkinson), 31

  Chesapeake Bay, 87, 91

  Chicago Daily Times, secession and, xii

  Chowan River, 99

  Cinco de Mayo, 46

  Citicorp, 52

  Confederate Congress, trade with the United States and, 15–16, 19

  Confederate Treasury Agency, 115

  Congressional Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 123

  Conkling, Roscoe, 54

  Constitutional Union Party, 12

  Cooper, Samuel, 60

  Cortina, Juan, 109–110

  Corwin, Thomas, 46, 132–133

  cotton economy

  cotton prices per pound in New York and Liverpool, 13

  cultivation of cotton and, 3

  decline in cotton production and, 13

  declining cotton cloth prices and, 8

  domestic intersectional trade and, 6

  extra fees and, 137

  industrial use of cotton and, 7

  industry value and, 4

  “King Cotton Diplomacy”, 1, 12–13

  major buyers and, 5

  New York's exports and, 11

  number of bales shipped during Civil War and, 143

  price of cotton and, 2

  Red River cotton and, 110–125

  secession, xii, 2, 15, 53, 56, 65, 94, 132

  slavery, xii, 1, 5, 9, 11–12, 27, 31, 37, 76, 105, 111, 147

  states expansion and, 5

  swindles and, 136, 138

  tariffs and, xiii, 4, 6, 46, 55, 105, 109, 142

  Whigs and, 9, 11–12

  Cotton Whigs, 11–12

  Coulter, Merton, xvi, 20, 25, 63–64, 136

  Crimean War, 28

  CSS Alabama, 81, 88

  Css Clarence, ix

  CSS Hunley, 82

  CSS Shenandoah, 81

  CSS Virginia, 93

  Curtis, Samuel, 60, 65

  Dana, Charles, 63, 146

  Dana, Napoleon, 109, 130

  Davis, Jefferson, xiii, 17, 47, 76, 101–102, 105–106, 108, 113, 115, 124, 134, 137

  de Montijo, Eugenie, 46

  Denison, George, 24, 71–72

  Dennison, William, 146

  Dent, Lewis, 78

  Dismal Swamp Canal, 91, 99

  Dix, John, 10, 53, 94–97, 99

  Donahue, James, 51

  Douglas, Stephen, 133

  Dowling, Richard, 109

  Draper, Simon, 131, 136

  Ella Warley, 53

  Ellery, George, 129–130

  E. Parkman, Brooks, & Company, 133

  Erie Canal, 11

  Everett, Edward, 12

  Eyck, John Ten, 144

  Farragut, David, 60, 68, 89–90

  Fay, Jr., Richard S., 68, 70

  federal plantations, 76–80, Federal Trade with the Confederate States, cotton estimates and, 143

  Fessenden, William P., 25, 27, 128–129

  Fillmore, Millard, 10, 132

  First Battle of Bull Run, ix, 22, 52, 101

  First Confiscation Act, 26–27

  Florida, commerce raiders and, 29

  Ford, John S. “Rip”, 47

  Ford, “Rip”, 110

  Foreign Enlistments Act, 29

  Fort Brown, 51

  Fort Fisher, 82, 91, 99

  Fort Pulaski, 89

  Fort Sumter, x, xiv, 15–16, 53, 81–82

  France

  capture of Mexico City and, 104

  Maximilian I and, 106

  Napoleon III and, 103, 105

  US concerns over invasion of Mexico and, 107

  Frémont, John C., 94

  French Revolution, 21

  Futrell, Robert, 62, 143

  Garrison, William Lloyd, 9

  G. C. Harvey, trading firms and, 85

  General Order Number 11, 63

  George Arnold & Company, 118

  Gideonites, 34, 36, 39

  Goldsborough, Louis, 95

  Gordon, George H., 100

  Gorgas, Josiah, 16

  Grant, Ulysses, xi, 56, 60–63, 74, 76–78, 91, 99–100, 102, 108, 119, 128, 134, 146

  Great Britain

  cotton imports and, 3

  packet ships and, 10–11

  textile industries and, 96

  textile manufacturing equipment of, 7–8

  warehoused cotton and, 14

  world's biggest cotton consumer and, 12

  Greely, Horace, 76

  gross national product, increase in, 141

  Halleck, Henry, 22, 60, 62–63, 75, 96, 110, 112

  Hamilton, Andrew Jackson, 90, 133

  Hamlin, Hannibal, 131

  Hammond, John, “King Cotton” speech and, 11–12

  Hanna, Alfred, 49

  Hanna, Kathryn, 49

  Hapsburg, Ferdinand Maximilian, 104–106, 108, 110

  Hapsburg, Franz Joseph, 104–105

  Harrington, George, 133

  Harris, William C., 65, 145–146

  Hart, Albert Bushnell, 24

  Hart, Simeon, 113

  Hearn, Chester, 70

  Helena (Arkansas), trade and, 65–67

  Henry, Robert Selph, 135

  Herron, Francis, 110

  Hildreth, Fisher, 68, 98–100

  Holmes, Theophilus, 102

  Hooker, Joseph, 18

  Hook, W. B., 59

  House Commerce Committee, abuses of trading stations and, 25

  Hoyt, Harris, 52

  Hoyt, Sprague & Company, 53

  Hunter, David, 35

  Hurlbut, Stephen, 64, 128–129

  Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall”, 18

  Jewish tr
aders, General Order Number 11, 63

  Johnson, Andrew, 52, 54, 131, 137–138

  Johnson, Ludwell, 63, 66–67, 69, 98, 146

  Johnston, George, 98

  Johnston, Joseph, 17

  Jones, John B., 67, 107

  Juarez, Benito, 43, 46, 104, 132

  Kansas-Nebraska Act, 11

  Keith, Alexander, 85

  Kellogg, William, 67, 146

  Kerby, Robert, 49, 112–113

  “King Cotton Diplomacy”, 1, 12–13

  King Ranch, 56, 147

  King, Richard, 147

  Knox, Thomas W., 78

  Lake Pontchartrain, 72

  Lamon, Robert, 130

  Lamon, Ward Hill, 2, 91, 130

  Lane, George, 133

  Lathers, Richard, 10

  Lawrence, Amos Adams, 9, 11, 14

  Lawton, Alexander, 16

  Lebergott, Stanley, 142–143

  Lee, Robert E., xv, 18, 80, 84, 87, 91, 97–99, 109, 124, 135

  Lee, Samuel, 95–96

  Lieber Code, 121

  Lincoln, Abraham

  assassination of, 54, 100

  as Whig capitalist and, 145

  blockade of Southern ports and, 15–16

  blockade runners and, 89–90

  blockades of Confederacy's coastal states and, 81

  blocking international commerce to Southern states and, 28

  commerce at Norfolk and, 97

  cotton shortage in Europe and, 20

  European cotton famine and, 71

  federal military presence in Texas and, 108

  Fergus Penniston and, 131

  first inaugural address and, xii, 141

  Hugh McCulloch and, 135

  James Singleton and, 134

  Jefferson Davis and, 137

  letter to General Canby and, 129

  Lieber Code and, 121

  Lorenzo Thomas and, 76

  Maximilian I and, 106

  nomination for second term and, 107–108

  presidential nominating convention and, 116

  Purchasing Act (1864) and, 127–128

  replacing Butler with General Banks and, 74

  Salmon P. Chase and, 23–24

  Samuel Casey and, 119

  Samuel Curtis and, 65

  second auction of land and, 38

  tax commissioners and, 27

  Thomas Teasdale and, 136

  trade policy and, 15

  Treasury Department implementation rules and, 25

  White House conversations and, 22

  William Kellogg and, 146

  London Globe, Maximilian I and, 106

  Longstreet, James, 18, 97

  Lord Lyons, 84

  Louisiana State Bank, 118

  Lowell, Francis Cabot, 7–8

  Lyons, Richard, 28

  Magruder, James, 113–114

  Maritime Law, 28

  Massachusetts

  America's textile industry and, 4

  as proslavery community and, 1

  Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, 37

  Matamoros

  British Foreign Office and, 50

  Charles Stillman and, 51

  increase in transportation costs and, 56

  Juan Cortina and, 109

  legal circumvention advantages and, x

  legal loopholes and, 41

  loading wagons and, 49

  trade characteristics and, 47–49

  William Sprague and, 52

  Matamoros Morning Call, publishing in English and, 48

  Maximilian, Ferdinand, 46

  Maximilian I, 105–106, 108, 110

  McArthur, John, 74

  McClellan, George, 67, 93

  McCulloch, Hugh, 135

  McDougall, James, 107

  McKee, Andrew W., 118–120, 122

  McKee, J. H., 118–120, 122

  McPherson, James, 145

  Meigs, Montgomery, 69

  Mellen, William P., 136

  Memphis, trade and, 60–65

  Mexican-American War, 41, 101, 103, 106

  Mexico

  map of US border and, 44–45

  politics of, 43, 46–47

  Mississippi & Missouri Railroad, 94

  Mississippi River, xv, 41, 49, 55–56, 58–61, 66, 70, 74–76, 78, 80, 90, 111, 115

  Mississippi State Orphans Home, 136–137

  Mitchel, Ormsby, 59–60

  Monroe Doctrine, 103

  Moore, John, 90–91

  Morris Island, 82

  Morton, Oliver P., 55–56

  Murphy, Isaac, 116

  Murrah, Pendleton, 114–115

  Myers, Abraham, 16

  Napoleon III, 21, 46, 103, 105–106, 108, 110

  Napoleon III and Mexico (Hanna), 49

  National City Bank, x, 52

  New England

  “The Boston Toast” and, 8

  Boston Brahmins and, 8

  cotton aristocracy and, 9

  cotton textile industry and, 7–8, 142

  free-labor ethics and, 36

  importing European manufactures and, 8

  slavery and, 9

  New Orleans

  Butler's arrival in, 70

  surrender of, 68

  trade and, 67–74

  New York Chamber of Commerce, 131

  New York Commercial Advertiser, Southerners need for money and, 21

  New York Herald

  acquisition of cotton in Northern states and, 21

  “Bleeding Kansas” and, 12

  Gotham shippers and contraband trade, 49

  New York Times

  colonization of Texas and, 55

  Texas cotton production and, 111

  New York Tribune

  Horace Greely and, 76

  stealing cotton and, 138

  Nicolay, John, 131

  Noble, Samuel, 130

  Northrop, Lucius, 16–17, 19

  O'Connor, Thomas, 20

  Ochs, Julius, xi

  Ohio River, xi, xiii, 55, 59, 133, 141

  Ouachita River, 111

  Owsley, Frank, 91

  Panic of 1857, 11

  Paris Declaration of Maritime Law (1856), 81, 93, 97

  Patterson, James, 130

  Penniston, Fergus, 131

  Peterhoff, 57

  Philbrick, Edward, 36–38, 40

  Pickett, John, 132

  Pierce, Edward L., 34

  Polk, James K., 64

  Polk, Leonidas, 102, 108

  Porter, David Dixon, 66–68, 116, 119–123

  Port Hudson, 56, 65, 77, 101–102

  Port Royal experiment, 32–40

  Portsmouth, 42

  Powell, Lawrence, 39

  Prescott, Charles, 53

  Preston, William, 108

  Proclamation of Neutrality, 29

  Purchasing Act (1864), 25–26, 126–129, 133

  Quintero, Jose, 47

  Randolph, George, 17

  Rappahannock River, 18

  Read, Henry, 68

  Red River, 75, 110–112, 116–119, 122, 125

  Rees, Daniel, 132

  Reid, Whitelaw, 138

  Reign of Terror, 21

  Revenue Act of 1861, 27, 35

  Reynolds, William, 34

  Rhett, Robert, 9

  Rhodes, James Ford, 24, 144

  Rio Grande River, x, 41–43, 46–48, 50, 56, 58, 109–110, 113–114, 147

  Risley, Hanson, 130–131, 134

  Risley, Olive, 130

  Roberts, Sellew, 144

  Rosecrans, William, 62, 109

  Rose, Willie Lee, 34

  Russell, John, 28

  Sabine Pass, 109

  San Antonio News, Kirby Smith and, 124

  Saxton, Rufus, 35, 38

  Scott, Thomas, 91

  Sea Islands, xiv, 32, 35–37, 39

  secession, xii, 2, 15, 53, 56, 65, 94, 132

  Second Confiscation Act, 26–27, 73

  Second French Republic, 103


  Seddon, James, 17, 64

  Seward, Fred, 85

  Seward, William H., 11, 21, 23, 28, 50, 62, 71, 87–88, 90, 93, 96, 106–107, 130

  Shenandoah, commerce raiders and, 29

  Shepley, George, 70, 72, 98, 100, 118

  Sherman, John, x

  Sherman, Thomas, 32

  Sherman, William T., xi, 60, 62–64, 116, 131–132

  Sickles, Daniel, 64

  Singleton, James, 134, 146

  slavery, xii, 1, 5, 9, 11–12, 27, 31, 37, 76, 105, 111, 147

  Slidell, John, 105

  Smith, A. J., 116

  Smith, Edmund Kirby, xv

  anti-Bragg cabal and, 102

  authorizing impressment and, 114

  dictatorial powers and, 101

  E. Parkman, Brooks, & Company and, 133

  headquarters at Shreveport and, 110, 116

  lack of weapons for soldiers and, 113

  Mexican-American War and, 101

  selling cotton to sustain armies and, 42, 123–124

  Texas Military Cotton Board and, 124

  Trans-Mississippi Cotton Bureau and, 90, 112, 114–115, 119

  University of Nashville and, 125

  Smith, Michael Thomas, 123

  South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, 86

  Sprague, William, 24, 34, 52–54, 60, 80

  Stanton, Edwin, 20, 53–55, 62–64, 69, 94–97, 106, 128, 146

  Stanton, Henry B., 88

  The Star of the West, 53

  Steele, Frederick, 116, 122

  Stevenson, John, 118

  Stillman, Charles, x, 50–52

  St. John, Isaac, 16

  St. Louis Republican, Memphis railroads and cotton shipments, 62

  Sumner, Charles, 69

  Surdam, David, 60

  Swett, Leonard, 130

  swindles, 136

  tariffs, xiii, 4, 6, 46, 55, 105, 109, 142

  Taylor, Richard, 19, 122

  Teasdale, Thomas, 136–137

  Tenure of Office Act, 54

  Texas Military Cotton Board, 124

  Texas State Military Board, 114–115

  textiles, xii, 3–4, 7, 52, 142

  Thayer, Eli, xiv

  Thayer, John M., 108

  Thomas, Henry, 78

  Thomas, Lorenzo, 76–78

  Tilden, Samuel J., 10

  Trade With the Rebellious States, House report and, 135

  Trans-Mississippi Confederacy, 42, 58

  Trans-Mississippi Cotton Bureau, 112, 114–115, 119

  Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), 41

  Treaty of Paris (1856), 28

  Twain, Mark, 132

  Union Committee of Fifteen, 9

  Union Pacific Railroad, 94

  United Daughters of the Confederacy, xi

  United States Government Revenues and Spending (1860–1865), 142

  University of Nashville, 125

  University of the South, 125

  US Congress

  Confiscation Acts and, 26–27

  endemic corruption of intersectional trade and, 125

  impressment law and, 18

  Purchasing Act and, 25–26

  Revenue Act of 1861 and, 27, 35

  Second Confiscation Act, 73

  Senate-House investigation of trade and, 134–135

  trade policy and, 20, 25

  US currency, fluctuation of, 14

 

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