273 Control entire, fixed prices, rewarded: Nelli, 174.
273 Eventually sell: Mark H. Haller, “Bootleggers as Businessmen: From City Slums to City Builders,” in Kyvig, Law, 145. Birth certificates: No two sources—including FBI records and Zwillman’s own biographer—seem to agree on a date of birth.
273 Anti-KKK: David Goldberg, 136. Sweet but, while serving: “Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture,” http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net, entry for Madden.
274 Rotary Club: Bergreen, 269. Give the public: CT, 12/6/27. Customers, not victims: Haller, “Urban,” 619.
274 Buckner believed: Senate Lobby 1930, 4166. What honest: Senate Judiciary 1926, 649–52. Automobiles: Joseph Epstein, “Browsing in Gangland,” Commentary, 1/72, 46–55.
275 Now engaged: Memorial Records, 275–76. Diverting: Cincinnati Enquirer, 2/28/25.
275 Promissory: Langley, 237. Pork barrel, managed to deposit, release of a million: Sexton, 110; Dorothy M. Brown, 68.
275 Seattle bootleggers: Clark, Deliver, 162; Marrus, 98. Racketville: Philadelphia Record, 10/21/28, 1. Rendering: NYT, 9/3/28, 10.
276 Business pays: Bergreen, 128.
276 It did increase: Gary M. Anderson, “Bureaucratic Incentives and the Transition from Taxes to Prohibition,” in Shughart, 154. Newspapers began: Flexner, 73. Sewage: Sinclair, 313. Yale funeral: NYT, 7/6/28.
277 Pull it out double: Stanley Walker, 106–9. Few dry papers (fn): Heckman, 87, 95–96.
277 One hundred dollars each: Everett Allen, 176. Gar Wood: Fostle, 154.
277 Thanks, Charlie: Everett Allen, x–xi. Knew the officers: OrH, Federal Writers’ Project, Library of Congress: subject identified only as “Callano.”
277 John Dwight episode: Boston Globe, 4/7, 4/9, 4/17, 4/24, and 5/23/23, all p. 1; also David Arnold, “Bodies Told Tale of Torture at Sea,” Boston Globe, 7/31/96.
278 Go-through, match halves: Willoughby, 35–36, 58–59. Altered unbelievably: NYT, 12/14/24, XX, 1.
278 Fleet of fifty-five, show of force: Canney, 3. Practical attack: Wheeler, “Liquor in International Trade,” Walnut, 151. Four thousand new: Wheeler to Louis C. Cramton, 10/12/25, Louis C. Cramton Papers, B1. According to Canney, there were four thousand Guardsmen when Prohibition began; Wheeler mentions eight thousand, following the expansion of the force. Incorruptible: Wayne B. Wheeler, “The Romance of Rum Row,” The Forum, 1/25. Seized three: Spinelli, 96. Great Offensive: Canney, 8.
279 Through Ontario: RCCE, Harry Low testimony, 16,522; Marrus, 132. Windsor market: Sam Bronfman to Harry Hatch, 11/16/32, SMC. Only bidders: Moray, 243. Underwriter: Willoughby: 57.
279 Thirty-six dollars, I would not have shot: Calder, 107–12. Elks Lodge: Time, 5/21/28.
280 Dutch Schultz: Newsletter, Unqua Corinthian Yacht Club, 8/93, noted as “reprinted from Antique Wooden Boat magazine,” collection of Fred Scopinich Jr. Larger scale: Van de Water, 300.
280 Levees breached: Barry, Rising, 276.
280 Machine guns: NYT, 6/2/25, 3. Seizing from hijackers, cigarette: Aronow, 85–86. CG-911: Southern Boating, 2/98, 99–100.
281 ASL opposed: NYT, 5/17/16, 12. Stone’s wines: wine labels in Harlan Fiske Stone Papers, B87. Inflicted: Alpheus Mason, Stone, 733. Holmes’s prayer: Holmes to Lady Leslie Scott, 12/24/27, in Oliver Wendell Holmes Papers, cited by Post. McReynolds (fn): Harriet Ford Griswold, “Justices of the Supreme Court I Have Known,” Quarterly Newsletter of the Supreme Court Historical Society, 1987, Issue 4.
282: Beer-swilled: American Issue, 4/24/04. Busch friend, offered: Hernon and Ganey, 81. Unenforceable: Henry B. Joy quoting Taft speech circa 1919, House Judiciary 1930, 151.
282 Willing to govern: Ladies’ Home Journal, 5/19, 78. Brushed aside: Kyvig, Explicit, 275–76. Manly S. Sullivan (fn): NYT, 5/17/27, 31.
283 Twenty separate, Cyclopedia: Murchison, 48, 83–84. Kirby cartoon: New York World, 8/31/21, reprinted in United States Brewers’ Association, Year Book, 1921. Training classes: Clyde McElmore to Harry M. Dengler, Clyde McElmore Papers, 1/23/31.
283 When a drunk: Coletta, 62. In Chicago: Miller, 302. Writing to Horace: William Howard Taft to Horace Taft, 3/1/25, quoted in Post, 120.
284 Most active centers: Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 160 (1925).
284 Good bootlegger: Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 5/16/31.
284 Quick, avoided sordid: Clark, Dry, 161, 166. Social purpose: Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 5/16/31.
285 Constituted code: Willlebrandt, 232, 234. Arctic Club, personal property: Clark, Dry, 207, 184.
285 Catch cold, seen Doc: Metcalfe, 48, 45.
285 Considered unethical: Post, 134–35. Thoroughly disapproved, outside counsel: Willebrandt, 232.
285 Can it be: Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438 at 474 (1928).
286 Only dissenting: Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967). Let alone: Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, concurring opinion by Justice Potter Stewart.
286 Feared by the dry, we do not: NYT, 6/4/28, N3.
287 Greatest obstacle: Robert Toms, quoted in Engelmann, Intemperance, 130. No obligation, legalized murder: NYT, 12/30/26, 1. Inexcusable: NYT, 12/31/26, 1. Why put poison: NYT, 1/4/27, 1.
287 Any man who takes: NYT, 4/24/27, 1. $11 apiece: ticket stub, Robin Wheeler Papers.
288 Caterwauling, spunky: New York World, 4/24/27, 1. Pie or cake, might be a good thing, stop complaining: NYT, 4/24/27, 1.
Chapter Eighteen: The Phony Referendum
289 Fifty-five-square-mile: Burk, 42.
289 Key platform: NYT, 10/17/26, 4. Easier, more dignified: Sabin to Wadsworth, 8/26/26, JWWP, B19.
290 First active: ANB. One of the largest: Southampton Press, 7/22/20. Description of Bayberry Land: Mary Cummings, “Southampton Village: The Premier Resort,” http://www.hamptonsview.com; also “Bayberry Land: Rest and Refuge in Southampton,” “special gallery” on Town of Southampton website. Fellow Republicans: While other sources place this event in 1916, the generally reliable Southampton Press dates it to 1919.
290 Sixteen boards: Wolfskill, 37–39. Sabin home life: Interviews with Sabin’s granddaughters, Pauline Sabin Willis and Sheila Cochran.
291 Fashionable rich: Ladies’ Home Journal, 3/23, quoted in Carter, Another, 88. Luxury-loving: Taft to Charles H. Strong, quoted in Post, 90–91. Best and most, punishment is asked, no conception: Durant, title page, 34.
291 Cheney: Irénée du Pont to William H. Stayton, 3/20/29, in Irénée du Pont Papers, Series J, F122. Shiftless workman, mighty good: Lewis, 115–16. If only: Samuel Crowther, “Where Prohibition Is a Success,” Ladies’ Home Journal, 2/30, 9. Although this article appeared under Crowther’s own name, he had early ghosted Ford’s autobiography and worked with him on several other occasions.
292 Boeing: Clark, Dry, 172.
292 In sympathy: Wheeler to ASL state superintendents, 3/15/27, reprinted in New York American, 7/15/27, 1. Persuaded Mellon: NYT, 1/1/27, 1. Fearing: NYT, 7/25/27; also Wheeler to Louis C. Cramton, 6/4/27, in Louis C. Cramton Papers. Certain prospective: NYT, 6/26/27, XX, 6.
292 On a Pullman: Columbus Dispatch, date unclear, report on Wheeler funeral. Wheedling: San Francisco Examiner, 2/1/27. Majority who: CGG, 11/1/26, 13. Rather strenuous: Wheeler to Viscount Astor, 5/23/27, Robin Wheeler Papers.
293 Leaders of the party, well-recognized, unwarranted: NYT, 6/25/27, 15. Somewhat milder, trouble him (fn): NYT, 2/13/27, 21.
293 Homes for Christian: http://www.littlepointsable.org/id66.htm. Salary: Odegard, 207; Steuart, 292. Kept the family: interview, Christopher W. Wheeler. Steady stream: Steuart, 292.
294 Large drum: NYT, 8/15/27, 19.
294 Calmness: Steuart, 293.
294 Enlarged heart: Lloyd D. Verity, MD, to Henry Hyde Russell, 9/6/27, TPP/Russell.
294 Greatest loss: American Issue, 10/30/26. Reporters raced, spent 1927: OrH, COHP: Wadsworth, 345, 358–59. Is hypocrisy: NYT, 1/25/27, 1. Vital: William H. Stayton to Pierre S. du Pont et al., 11/1/27, PSdPP, F1023, B1417.
295
Fanatical: Heckman, 7. Eschewing, recruiting, names private: Stayton to John J. Raskob, 10/2/19 and 12/5/19, JJRP, F2168. Suits, ties: Kyvig, Repealing, 42.
295 Some of the best: NYT, 4/7/22, 1. Fumbling effort: Heckman, 281.
295 Men invited: William H. Stayton to Pierre S. du Pont et al., 11/1/27, PSdPP, F1023, B1417. Leadership had passed: Merz, 215.
296 Largest single, ranking: Dobyns, 9. Greater than it is: Senate Lobby 1930, William H. Stayton testimony, 4245.
296 Exceptionally wealthy: IRS Form 1040 for 1922, in PSdPP, File 670, B1115, F1925. Du Pont generally: ANB, DAB.
297 Dad: Chandler and Salsbury, 16. Daddy: Irénée du Pont to Pierre S. du Pont, 2/25/20, Irénée du Pont Papers, F240, B63.
297 Annual production: ANB. Increase sixteen-fold: Kennedy, over, 139.
297 Increased donations: Craig, 252–53. Detested: See correspondence between du Pont and Fred S. Smith, 1/19/24, quoted in Dighe. Unfair competition: Burk, 79.
297 Into his own pocket: Burk, 27. Eighty-six new: Time, 1/31/27, 22.
298 Some chance, somewhat positive: du Pont to Arthur Little, 1/7/27, quoted in Craig, 258; Craig, 252–53. Reports from managers: Burk, 26. Same request: Stayton made this assertion in an interview in Life [original version], 7/24/31, 15. Opening wedge: letter of 10/16/26, quoted in Craig, 250.
298 This cancer: Curran, 320. Special fund: Burk, 45. Getting back: du Pont to Julian Codman, 1/3/28, PSdPP, B1023, F1417.
299 Half the state’s: AAPA Minutes, meeting of 8/2/28, in PSdPP, B1486, F1023–1031. To Those Living: du Pont to staff, 2/10/28, in Irénée du Pont Papers, Series J, F122.
299 Men who direct: William H. Stayton to Noel B. Martin, 2/10/30, quoted in Senate Lobby 1930, 4241.
299 Letter to Smith: du Pont to Smith, 3/19/28, in PSdPP, B1417. F1023.
300 His puppets, Brown’s soul: quoted in Columbus Dispatch, 9/11/27. Leonidas: reprinted in American Issue, 9/27/27, 8.
300 Financial tap shut: Raymond Fosdick to Howard Hyde Russell, 11/18/25, RAC, B43, F473. Offended: Fosdick to Rockefeller, 3/19/25, RAC, B43, F473. Kresge: Jimerson et al., 254–56. Called for legislation: Dabney, 296. Family problems: NYT, 7/5/27, 5.
301 Kresge scandal: NYT, 8/25/27, 3; 12/17/27. Matrimonial difficulties: Sen. John J. Blaine, Senate Lobby 1930, 4375. Home wrecker: NYT, 12/24/28, 36.
301 Uncomplimentary light: Steuart to Cherrington, 5/11/28, in TPP/Cherrington, R66.
301 Signs of weakness: Codman to du Pont, 12/27/27, PSdPP, F1023, B1417. Peewees: American Mercury, 12/32, 385.
302 Wadsworth: Wadsworth to G. C. Hinckley, 3/2/27, JWWP, B19. Einstein: Einstein, 258. World: 12/3/26. Norris: Lowitt, 324. Doubtless: Addams, Second Twenty, 255. Olmstead’s: Clark, Dry, 214–15. Wetter than: Allsop, 129. Smith: Douglas Bukowski, “Big Bill Thompson: The ‘Model’ Politician,” in Green and Holl, 71. Michaelson: Bukowski, Big Bill, 231.
303 Portrait, left behind, salary: Allsop, 360–61, 374–75; Bukowski, Big Bill, 254. Collected from Capone: Frank J. Loesch of Chicago Crime Commission, cited in Lindberg, 143.
303 Nearly every rabbi: Marni Davis, 240–41.
304 Hoover: Burner, Hoover, 218–19.
304 Honest effort: Democratic platform, 1928.
304 Four to eight daily: Nation, 11/30/27. Insane: Burner, Hoover, 218.
305 I would rather see: Murray, 103rd, 278. Nigger president: Myers, 270.
305 Voted for Coolidge: NYT, 7/15/28, XX, 5. Papist plot: See Williams, generally, 242 et seq.
305 Raskob, generally; investment advice; chamberlain: Biographical Note, Hagley Library, http://www.hagleyorg/raskob/. Donated one million: NYT, 7/15/28, XX, 5.
306 Annex Mexico: NYT, 1/24/28, 1. Headquarters, RCA stock: Burk, 51–53. Vassal state: Lichtman, 58–59.
306 $690,000: Burk, 53. Spectacular raids: Though Willebrandt downplayed her role in these raids, the testimony of Maurice Campbell, the federal Prohibition administrator for New York, persuasively suggests otherwise. See especially WP, 9/24/30, 1.
307 Willebrandt Ohio speech: LD, 9/29/18, 14.
307 Cleared by Burke: Willebrandt, 11–12. Burning crosses: Dorothy M. Brown, 161. Vote against Jesus: Burner, Politics, 203–4. Treasonable: NYT, 9/21/28.
308 Afraid to come out: Brown, 163.
308 Great experiment: NYT, 8/12/28. Hoover’s statement was immediately truncated by commentators into the straight declaration that Prohibition was “a noble experiment”; it has been similarly abbreviated ever since. Exultant McBride: LD, 11/24/28, 14–15. Driest Congress, forty-three governors: Dobyns, 39.
308 Phony referendum: Lichtman, 92. Montana, Massachusetts, other results: Kyvig, Repealing, 116–17; Burk, 56.
309 Ten largest: Slosson, 121–22.
309 Political machine, party: Boorstin, 255.
Chapter Nineteen: Outrageous Excess
313 Simpler acquisition: Invoice, 12?/12/28, JJRP, F1917.
313 I am not, simple pleasures: Collier’s, 3/5/32. Mostly Halls: Philadelphia Bulletin, 9/24/28, 40. Entire floor: OrH, COHP, Eddie Dowling, p. 104.
314 Dry martinis: Order form aboard SS Europa, 5/3/31, JJRP, F2795. Sold openly: Raskob to Walter Butler, 2/27/24, JJRP, F2295. Forget between: Raskob to Butler, 2/27/25, F317. Sharing: Raskob correspondence with Herbert Witherspoon, autumn 1926, in JJRP, F2501. Floating speakeasies: Richard James, archivist, Hagley Library.
314 Stored in lockers: Raskob to Chrysler, 9/27/28, JJRP. Gleaming foot rail: Advertisement reproduced in Lerner, dissertation, 213. Ship their goods: Charles Berns, in Kobler, 229. Pendennis raid: Louisville Courier-Journal, 8/10/30, 1; 8/11/30, 1; 8/12/30, 2.
314 Wadsworth complained: Wadsworth to Lincoln Andrews, 7/24/25, JWWP, B19. Monthly cost: e-mail from Richard James, Hagley Library. Under three presidents: Leuchtenberg, Perils, 98. Neighbors might: Beebe, 288.
315 I Change: Outlook, 6/13/28, 254. Some histories, apparently drawing on an article that appeared in Time in 1932, say that Sabin was motivated to come out as a public dry in response to a statement made by Ella Boole, head of the WCTU, at a congressional hearing. According to this version, Boole declared, “I represent the women of America!” which led Sabin to say to herself, “Well, lady, here’s one woman you don’t represent.” But Boole never said those words at a congressional hearing, and there’s no evidence that Sabin ever attended a hearing at which Boole testified. Sabin did once tell a congressional panel, “I am here to refute the contention made by dry organizations, that all the women of America favor national prohibition,” but that was in 1930, two years after she went public with her opposition to Prohibition. See House Judiciary 1930, 41. Other vital matters: NYT, 6/8/28, 35. Wives of financiers: Press release, 9/12/28, in Herbert Hoover Papers, F: Campaign and Transition/Campaign Literature/Subject—Mrs. Charles H. Sabin. Humanitarian: NYT, 9/6/28, 5.
316 No name, platform: Sabin letter to the editor, NYT, 1/12/44.
316 Ignominiously: Clark, Deliver, 192. Wet sidewalks: Dabney, 187–88.
316 Even if it: Cannon, “Spend Whatever Is Needed,” in Durant, 111.
317 Legislation Cannon devised: Clark, Deliver, 194–95.
317 Casual, commercial: NYT, 3/3/29, 1.
317 Most menacing: Clark, Deliver, 196. Follow the breath: New York Journal, 4/3/29.
318 Terroristic, Fish: CT, 4/3/29, 3. Greenville: CT, 3/30/29, 2. Dozens of papers: Ernest Gordon, Wrecking, 124. DeKing case: CT, 3/29/29, 1; 3/30/29, 2; 10/27/29, B1.
319 Etta Mae Miller, bellboy, Wilson: Time, 1/14/29. If law is wrong: Calder, 106.
320 Some jurisdictions: Willebrandt, 170. In attempting: Clark, Deliver, 195.
320 Professional managers, remove: Calder, 2–3; 225–26. Breakdown, army: Hoover to Attorney General William D. Mitchell, 6/5/29, quoted in Calder, 86.
320 Indiscriminate: Detroit Yachting Association, quoted in Philip Mason, 147. Fifteen hundred boats: Nation, 9/4/29, 242. 365 stolen, Jewish Navy: Engelmann, Intemperance, 114, 144.
321 War: Outlook, 7/4/29, 507. Forces amass: NYT, 6/2
3/29, XX, 4. Best advertised: Internal Revenue Service memorandum, agent W. C. Hodgins et al. to agent-in-charge of Chicago office, 7/8/31, http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-utl/file-1-letter-dated-07081931-in-re-alphonse-capone.pdf.
321 Public service: CT, 12/6/27. When I sell: Boorstin, 84. My offense: Heimel, 57.
321 Snorky: Miller, 303. Sulka: Kobler, 14. Shavetail: Alva Johnston, “The Future of Racketeering,” Vanity Fair, 4/31, 50.
Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition Page 59