Heinrich B., and A. Kammer. “Activation of the fibrillar muscles in the bumblebee during warm-up, stabilization of thoracic temperatures and flight.” J. Exp. Biol. 58: 677-688 (1973).
Hunt, G. “Manufacture and use of hook-tools by New Caledonian crows.” Nature 379: 249-251 (1996).
Herrenstein, R. J., D. H. Loveland, and C. Cable. “Natural concept in pigeons.” J. Exptl. Phychol: Animal Behavior Processes 2: 285-302 (1976).
Pepperberg, I. “Cognition in the African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus): Further evidence of comprehension of categories and labels.” J. Comp. Psychol. 104, 41-52 (1990).
Payne K., and R. Payne. “Large scale changes over nineteen years in songs of humpback whales in Bermuda.” Z. Tierpsychol. 68: 89-114 (1985).
Seely, T. D. Honeybee Ecology. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1985).
Smolker, R., A. Richards, R. Connor, J. Mann, and P. Bergeron. “Sponge carrying by dolphins (Delphinidae, Tursiops sp): Foraging specialization involving tool use?” Ethology 103, 454-465 (1997).
von Frisch, K. The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1967).
Some of the published anecdotes of the strange things ravens do:
Bailey, D. “Snow bathing of ravens.” Ont. Birds 11: 1 (1993).
Barnes, J. “Raven rolling on ground to avoid peregrine.” Brit. Birds 79: 252 (1986).
Bradley, C. C. “Play behavior in northern ravens.” Passenger Pigeon 40: 493-495 (1978).
Connor, R. N., Chamberlain, D. R., and Lucid, V. J. “Some aerial flight maneuvers of the common ravens in Virginia.” The Raven 44: 49 (1973).
Davis, T. A. W. “Raven covering eggs.” Nature, Wales 14: 142 (1975).
Elliot, R. D. “Hanging behavior in common ravens.” The Auk 94: 777-778 (1977).
Evershed, S. “Ravens flying upside-down.” Nature 126: 956-957 (1930).
Ewins, P. J. “Ravens foot-paddling.” Brit. Birds 82: 31 (1989).
Gwinner, E. “Beobachtungen über Nestbau und Brutpflege des Kolkraben (Corvus corax) in Gefangenschaft.” J. Orn. 103: 146-177 (1965).
Hewson, R. “Social flying in ravens.” Brit. Birds 50: 432-434 (1963).
Hooper, D. F. “Ravens snow bathing!” Blue Jay 44(2): 124 (1986).
Hopkins, D. A. “Snow bathing of common ravens.” Conn. Warbler 7: 13 (1987).
Jaeger, E. C. “Aerial bathing of ravens.” Condor 54: 246 (1963).
Janes, S. W. “The apparent use of rocks by a raven in nest defense.” Condor 78: 409 (1976).
Jefferson, B. “Evidence of pair bonding between common raven (Corvus corax) and American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos).” Ont. Birds 9: 45-48 (1991).
Moffett, A. T. “Ravens sliding in snow.” Brit. Birds 77: 321-322 (1984).
Montevecchi, W. A. “Corvids using objects to displace gulls from nests.” Condor 80: 349 (1978).
Owen, J. H. “Raven carrying food in foot.” Brit. Birds 43: 55-56 (1950).
Stoj, M. “A case of ravens carrying their nestlings away from the nest.” Notatk. Ornitol. 30: 106-107 (1989).
Tåning, A. V. “Ravens flying upside-down.” Nature 127: 856 (1931).
Van Vuren, D. “Aerobatic rolls by ravens on Santa Cruz Island, California.” The Auk 101: 620-621 (1984).
CHAPTER 1
For a study about begging behavior:
Rodriguez-Girones, M. A., P. A. Cotton, and A. Kacelnik. “The evolution of begging: signalling and sibling competition.” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 93: 14637-14641 (1996).
For a study about counting by ravens:
Koeler, Otto. “Zahl-versuche an einem Kolkraben and Vergleichversuche an Menschen.” Zeitschnift für Tierpsychologie 5: 575-712 (1943).
CHAPTER 2
Publications exploring raven recruitment behavior at the Maine study site:
Heinrich, B. “Foodsharing in the Raven Corvus corax.” In The Ecology of Social Behavior, C. N. Slobodchikoff, ed. (San Diego: Academic Press, 1988).
Heinrich, B. “Winter foraging at carcasses by three sympatric corvids, with emphasis on recruitment by the raven, Corvus corax.” Behav. Ecol. & Scoiobiol. 23: 141-156 (1988).
Heinrich, B. Ravens in Winter. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989).
Heinrich, B. “Does the early raven get (and show) the meat.” The Auk 111: 764-769 (1994).
Heinrich, B., and J. M. Marzluff. “Do common ravens yell because they want to attract others?” Behav. Ecol. & Sociobiol. 28: 13-21 (1991).
Heinrich, B., J. M. Marzluff, and C. S. Marzluff. “Ravens are attracted to the appeasement calls of discoverers when they are attacked at defended food.” The Auk 110: 247-254 (1993).
Heinrich, B., and J. M. Marzluff. “How ravens share.” American Scientist 83: 342-349 (1995).
Marzluff, J. M., and B. Heinrich. “Foraging by common ravens in the presence and absence of territory holders: an experimental analysis of social foraging.” Anim. Behav. 42: 755-770 (1991).
Marzluff, J. M., B. Heinrich, and C. S. Marzluff. “Roosts are mobile information centers.” Animal Behaviour 51: 89-103 (1996).
Parker, P. G., T. A. Waite, B. Heinrich, and J. M. Marzluff. “Do common ravens share food bonanzas with kin? DNA fingerprinting evidence.” Animal Behaviour 48: 1085-1093 (1994).
CHAPTERS 4 AND 5
For reports of early and late nesting by ravens:
Brückmann, U. “Hohe und späte Kolkrabenbrut in Graubünden.” Orn. Beob. 74: 209 (1977).
Hauri, R. “Horstbau beim Kolkraben im Herbst.” Orn. Beob. 65: 28-29 (1968).
Hauri, R. “Aussergewöhnlich frühe Brut des Kolkraben.” Orn. Beob. 67: 63 (1970).
Hyatt, J. H. “Ravens nest in October.” Brit. Birds 39: 83-84 (1946).
Mearns, R., and B. Mearns. “Successful autumn nesting of ravens.” Scott. Birds 15: 179 (1989).
Sieber, H. “Frübruten des Kolkraben.” Falke 15: 31 (1968).
For a summary of food and feeding habits of ravens:
Ratcliffe, R. D. The Raven (pp. 75-96). (London: T & AS Poyser, 1997).
General references:
Avery, M. L., et al. “Aversive conditioning to reduce raven predation on California Least tern eggs.” Colonial Waterbirds 18: 131-138 (1977).
Heinrich, B. “Neophilia and exploration in juvenile common ravens, Corvus corax.” Anim. Behav. 50: 695-704 (1995).
Sutton, G. M. Birds in the Wilderness. (New York: MacMillan, 1936).
Note: Konrad Lorenz’s raven Roa appears in his classic book, King Solomon’s Ring (New York: T. Crowell Co., 1952).
CHAPTERS 6 AND 7
For an extensive review of raven movements, and territorialism and population regulation:
Ratcliffe, D. The Raven (pp. 118-126, and pp. 196-216). (London: T & AD Poyser Ltd. 1997).
For studies on raven population in Schleswig-Holstein:
Grünkorn, T. “Untersuchungen zum Bestand zur Bestandsentwicklung und zur Habitatswahl des Kolkraben in Schleswig-Holstein.” Thesis, Institut Haustierkunde, Univ. Kiel, 1991.
Looft, V. “Zur Ökologie und Siedlungsdichte des Kolkraben.” Corax 1: 1-9 (1965).
Looft, V. “Die Bestandsentwicklung des Kolkraben in Schleswig-Holstein.” Corax 9: 227-232 (1983).
General references:
Bruggers, D. J. “The Behavior and Ecology of the Common Raven in Northeastern Minnesota.” Thesis, Univ. of Minnesota, 1988.
Ewins, P. J., J. N. Dymond, and M. Marquiss. “The distribution, breeding and diet of Raven Corvus corax in Shetland.” Birds Study 33: 110-116 (1986).
Gothe, J. “Zur Ausbreitung und zum Fortpflanzungsverhalten des Kolkraben (Corvus corax L.) unter besonderer Berücksichtigurg der Verhältnisse in Mecklenburg” (pp. 63-129). In Beiträge zur Kenntnis Deutscher Vögel, H. Schildmacher. (Jena, Fisher, 1961).
Gwinner, E. “Untersuchungen über das Ausdrucks-und Sozialverhalten des Kolkraben (Corvus corax L.).” Z. Tierpsychol. 21: 657-748 (1964).
Lister, R. “Unusual winter movements of common ravens
and Clark’s nutcrackers.” Canadian Field Naturalist 97: 325-326 (1973).
Lorenz, K. “Die Paarbildung beim Kolkraben.” Z. Tierpsychol. 3: 278-292 (1940).
CHAPTERS 10 AND 11
For review of cooperation among animals:
Dugatkin, Lee A. Cooperation Among Animals: An Evolutionary Perspective. (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1997).
Predation by ravens:
Allan, T., and S. Allan. “Common raven attacks ruffed grouse.” Jack Pine Warbler 64: 43-44 (1986).
Elkins, N. “Raven catching rockdove in the air.” Brit. Birds 57: 302 (1964).
Heinrich, B. Ravens in Winter (pp. 48-57). (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989).
Hewson, R. “Scavenging and predation upon sheep and lambs in west Scotland.” Journ. Appl. Ecol. 21: 843-868 (1964).
Jensen, J. K. “Ravens attack fulmars in the air.” Dan. Ornithol. Foren. Tidsskr. 85: 181 (1991).
Klickla, J., and K. Winker. “Observations of ravens preying on adult kittiwakes.” Condor 93: 755-757 (1991).
Lydersen, C., and T. G. Smith. “Avian predation on ringed seal, Phoca hispida, pups.” Polar Biol. 9: 489-490.
Maccarone, A. D. “Predation by common ravens on cliff-nesting black-legged kittiwakes on Baccalieu Island, Newfoundland.” Colonial Waterbirds 15: 253-256 (1992).
Maser, C. “Predation by common ravens on feral rock doves.” Wilson Bulletin 87: 552-553 (1975).
Montevecchi, W. A. “Predator-prey interactions between ravens and kittiwakes.” Z. Tierpsychol. 49: 136-141 (1979).
Ostbye, R. “Raven attacking reindeer.” Fauna, Oslo. 22: 265-266 (1969).
Parmelee, D. F., and J. M. Parmelee. “Ravens observed killing roosting kittiwakes.” Condor 90: 952 (1998).
Sanders, B. A. “Some observations of the common raven as a predator.” Chat 40: 96-97 (1976).
Schmidt-Koenig, K., and R. Prinzinger. “Raven Corvus corax strikes flying pigeon.” Vogelwelt 133: 98 (1992).
Tella, J. L., I. Torre, and T. Ballesteros. “High consumption rate of black-legged kittiwakes by common ravens in a Norwegian seabird colony.” Colonial Waterbirds 18: 231-233.
CHAPTER 12
For review of brood parasitism:
Rothstein, S. I. “A model system for coevolution: avian brood parasitism.” Annu. Rev. Ecol. & Syst. 21: 481-508 (1990).
For review of recognition systems:
Sherman, P. W., H. K. Reeve, and D. W. Pfennig. “Recognition Systems” (pp. 69-96). In Behavioral Ecology, 4th ed., J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies, eds. (Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 1997).
CHAPTER 13
Possible olfaction in ravens:
Harriman, A. E., and R. H. Berger. “Olfactory acuity in the common raven (Corvus corax).” Phys. Behav. 36: 257-262 (1986).
Taylor, W. P. “Note on the sense of smell in the golden eagle and certain other birds.” Condor 25: 28 (1923).
CHAPTER 14
Farrell, R. K., and S. D. Johnston. “Identification of laboratory animals: freeze-marking.” Lab. Anim. Sci. 23: 107-110 (1973).
Sherman, P. W., H. K. Roeve, and D. W. Pfennig. “Recognition Systems” (pp. 69-96). In Behavioral Ecology, 4th ed., J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies, eds. (Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 1997).
CHAPTER 15
For reports of ravens nesting near eagles and falcons:
Ratcliffe D. The Raven (pp. 127-138). (London: T & AD Poyser, 1997).
For studies on ravens nesting in urban environments:
Campbell, B., and G. E. S. Turner. “Ravens breeding on city buildings.” Brit. Birds 69: 229-230 (1976).
Hauri, R. “Der Kolrabe als Brutvogel am Berner Bundesshaus.” Orn. Beob. 90: 299-301 (1993).
Jefferson, B. “Observations of common raven in metropolitan Toronto.” Ontario Birds 7: 15-20 (1989).
Knight, R. L. “Responses of nesting ravens to people in areas of different human densities.” Condor 86: 345-346 (1986).
Meek, E. R. “Raven breeding on city buildings.” Brit. Birds 69: 316 (1976).
Ortlieb, R. “Stadtbrut des Kolkraben (Corvus corax) in Ravensburg.” Anz. Orn. Ges. Bayern. 10: 186-187 1971).
Ulrich, H. “Brutversuch des Kolkraben (Corvus corax) im Stadtebeit von Berlin (West).” Orn. Ber. Berlin (West). 8: 167 (1983).
White, C. M., and Tanner-White, M. “Use of interstate highway overpasses and billboards for nesting by the common raven (Corvus corax).” Great Basin Nat. 48: 64-67 (1988).
General references:
Kilham, L. “Sustained robbing of American crows by common ravens at a feeding station.” J. Field Ornithol. 56: 425-426 (1985).
Marzluff, J. M. “Foraging relationships between corvids and golden eagles: mutual parasitism?” Journal Raptor Research 28: 60 (1994).
Nero, R. W. “Red fox-common raven interaction.” Blue Jay 51: 177-178 (1993).
Williamson, F. S. L., and Rausch, R. “Interspecific relations between goshawks and ravens.” Condor 58: 165 (1956).
CHAPTER 16
For an overview of vocal communication in birds other than ravens:
Kroodsma, D. E., and E. H. Miller. Ecology and Communication in Birds. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press, 1996).
For our own work on communication in ravens:
Heinrich, B. “Winter foraging at carcasses by three sympatric corvids, with emphasis on recruitment by the raven, Corvus corax.” Behav. Ecol. & Scoiobiol. 23: 141-156 (1988).
Heinrich, B. “Does the early raven get (and show) the meat?” The Auk 111(3): 764-769 (1994).
Heinrich, B., and J. M. Marzluff. “Do common ravens yell because they want to attract others?” Behav. Ecol. & Sociobiol. 28: 13-21 (1991).
Heinrich, B., J. M. Marzluff, and C. S. Marzluff. “Ravens are attracted to the appeasement calls of discoverers when they are attacked at defended food.” The Auk 110: 247-254 (1993).
Marzluff, J. B., and B. Heinrich. “Foraging by common ravens in the presence and absence of territory holders: an experimental analysis of social foraging.” Anim. Behav. 42: 755-770 (1991).
General reference:
Zahavi, A., and Zahavi, A. The Handicap Principle. (New York: Oxford University Press).
For various previous publications on raven communication:
B. Heinrich. Ravens in Winter (pp. 246-252). (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989).
CHAPTER 17
For mouth color as related to maturation and dominance in ravens:
Heinrich, B., and J. M. Marzluff. “Age and mouth color in common ravens, Corvus corax.” The Condor 94: 549-550 (1992).
Heinrich, B. “When is the common raven black?” Wilson Bulletin 106: 571-572 (1994).
For status, stress, aggressiveness, and hormones in birds:
Hegner, R. E., and J. C. Wingfield. “Social status and circulating level of hormones in flocks of house sparrows,” Passer domesticus. Ethology 76: 1-14 (1987).
Schlinger, B. A. “Plasma androgens and aggressiveness in captive winter white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicallis).” Hormones and Behavior 21: 203-210 (1987).
Wingfield, J. C. “Modulation of the adrenocortical response to stress in birds.” In Perspectives in Comparative Endocrinology, K. G. Davey, R. E. Peter, S. S. Tobe, eds. (Ottawa: Nat. Res. Council, 1994).
For review of dominance and feeding behavior:
Heinrich, B. “Dominance and weight changes in the common raven, Corvus corax.” Anim. Behav. 48: 1463-1465 (1994).
For review of dominance displays:
Gwinner, E. “Untersuchungen über den Ausdrucks-und Sozialverhalten des Kolkraben (Corvus corax L.).” Z. Tierpsychol. 21: 657-748 (1964).
CHAPTER 18
General references:
Dathe, H. “Kolkrabe (Corvus corax) auf Schweinen.” Orn. Mitt. 16: 16 (1964).
Heinrich, B. “Neophilia and exploration in juvenile common ravens, Corvus corax.” Anim. Behav. 50: 695-704 (1995).
Heinrich, B. “Why do ravens fear their food?” The Condor 90; 950-952 (1988).
Heinrich, B., J.
M. Marzluff, and W. Adams. “Fear and food recognition in naive common ravens.” The Auk 112: 499-503 (1996).
Steinbacher, J. “Weitere Beobachtung von Kolkraben auf Schweinen.” Orn. Mitt. 16: 147-148 (1964).
Wüst, W. “Kolkrabe auf dem Rücken eines weidenden Pferdes.” Orn. Mitt. 10: 32 (1958).
CHAPTER 19
For a detailed report and background information on the Yellowstone Wolf Project:
Smith, D. W. “Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report, 1997.” (Wyoming, YCR-NR-98-2, 1998).
CHAPTER 20
General references:
Allen, D. L. A. Wolves of Minong: Their Vital Role in a Wild Community. (Boston: Houghton-Mufflin, 1979).
Brandenburg, J. Brother Wolf: A Forgotten Promise. (Minocqua, WI: North World Press, 1993).
Harrington, F. H. “Ravens attracted to wolf howling.” Condor 80: 236-237 (1978).
Heinrich, B. Ravens in Winter (pp. 55-56). (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989).
Lopez, B. H. Of Wolves and Men. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1978).
Magish, D. P., and A. H. Harris. “Fossil ravens from the Plestocene of Dry Cave, Eddy County, New Mexico.” Condor 78: 399-404 (1976).
Mech, L. D. The Wolf: the Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species (New York: Natural History Press, 1970).
Peacock, D. Grizzly Years (p. 106). (New York: Henry Holt, 1990).
Peterson, R. O. The Wolves of Isle Royale: A Broken Silence. (Minocqua, WI: Willow Creek Press, 1995).
Ratcliffe, D. The Raven (pp. 7-26). (London: T & AS Poyser, 1997).
CHAPTER 21
General reference:
Heinrich, B. Ravens in Winter (pp. 251-252). (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989).
Freuchen, P., and F. Salomonsen. The Arctic Year. (London: Jonathan Cape, 1960).
CHAPTER 22
For general results of the raven-caching experiments and references to previous work on other corvids:
Heinrich B., and J. W. Pepper. “Influence of competitors on caching behavior in the common raven, Corvus corax.” Anim. Behav. 56: 1083-1090 (1998).
Mind of the Raven: Investigations and Adventures With Wolf-Birds Page 41