NOTES
II. A BOY FROM SEVILLE. 1599–1621
1 Some of Cervantes’s best readers were in the Low Countries. Nineteen editions of his works were published in the Netherlands between 1607 and 1670. April 23 was also coincidentally Shakespeare’s birthday. The year 1618 was by the way when a dazzling comet was seen in European skies, for many a portentous omen; the Thirty Years War began, which devastated much of central Europe.
VI. THE GOOD RETREAT. MADRID. 1631–
1 Breisach was in Lorraine on the upper Rhine, not far from Switzerland, and formed a crucial link on the supply chain of the Army of Flanders (Palace, pp. 176–77; Parker, p. 46).
X. ROME AGAIN. 1649–50
1 In 1639 the cardinal-infante Ferdinand wrote from Brussels that he would be sending to Madrid a portrait of himself although it wasn’t yet ready, since “the painters here are more phlegmatic than Señor Velázquez.”
XI. ROME: VENUS OBSERVED. 1650–51
1 “Velázquez returned to Madrid in late June 1651, perhaps with The Rokeby Venus in his baggage” (Dawson W. Carr, Velázquez, National Gallery Publications, p. 46).
A NOTE ON MONEY
(SEE ALCALA-ZAMORRA, LA VIDA COTIDIANA, IN BIBLIOGRAPHY, BOOKS, BELOW)
A maravedi minted of copper was the smallest coin, the equivalent roughly of the British farthing, or less than what would be a U.S. cent.
One real (mixed silver and copper) was worth approximately 34 maravedis.
One ducat or ducado was the equivalent of 11 silver reales.
One gold escudo was worth 440 maravedis. Escudos meant “coats of arms” and they came in denominations of eight (hence “pieces of eight,” particularly in pirate lore), four, two, and one.
A doblones or doubloon was two escudos.
According to Kevin Ingram, “an average monthly rent for a property in Seville at the end of the sixteenth century was 20 reales.” (Boletín del Museo del Prado, XVII, 35, 1999, p. 84, n. 31.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
Alcala-Zamorra, J. N., ed. La Vida Cotidiana en la España de Velázquez (Daily Life in the Spain of Velázquez) (Madrid, 1994).
_____. Philip IV—the Man & the Kingdom (Madrid, 2005).
Aleman, Mateo. Guzmán de Alfarache (1599), tr. Edward Lowdell (London, 1883).
Alpers, Svetlana. The Vexations of Art (New Haven and London, 2005).
Bailey, Anthony. A Concise History of the Low Countries (New York, 1972).
_____. Vermeer: A View of Delft (New York and London, 2001).
Ballemans, Koen. Historische Canon van Breda (Breda, 2007).
Beaujean, Dieter. Diego Velázquez (Cologne, 2000).
Beruete, Aureliano de. Velázquez (Madrid, 1906).
Borton de Trevino, Elizabeth. I, Juan de Pareja (New York, 1965; Harmondsworth, 1968).
Braudel, Ferdinand. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (1949), two volumes, English translation (London, 1973).
Brenan, Gerald. The Literature of the Spanish People, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 1953).
Brown, Dale, and the editors of Time-Life Books. The World of Velázquez (Amsterdam and New York, 1969).
Brown, Jonathan. Velázquez, Painter and Courtier (New Haven and London, 1986).
Brown, Jonathan, and J. H. Elliott. A Palace for a King, new ed. (New Haven and London, 2003).
Calderón de la Barca, Pedro. Three Plays Including Life’s a Dream, adapted by Adrian Mitchell and John Barton (London, 1998).
Cervantes, Miguel de. Don Quixote (part 1, 1605 and part 2, 1615), tr. P. A. Motteux (London, 1700–1703; new ed., New York and London, 1991).
Clark, G. N. The Seventeenth Century (Oxford, 1929).
Clark, Kenneth. The Nude (New York, 1959).
Corrigan, Gordon. Mud, Blood and Poppycock (London, 2003).
Dickens, A. G., ed. The Courts of Europe (includes J. H. Elliott, “Philip IV of Spain, Prisoner of Ceremony”) (London, 1977).
Dominguez Ortiz, Antonio, and Bernand Vincent. Historia de los moriscos (1978) (Madrid, 1984).
Elliott, J. H. The Count-Duke of Olivares (New Haven and London, 1986).
Evelyn, John. The Diary of John Evelyn, ed. E. S. de Beer (Oxford, 1959).
Ford, Richard. A Handbook for Travellers in Spain (London, 1845).
_____. Gatherings from Spain, new ed. (London, 2000).
Gallego, Julian. Velázquez en Sevilla, 3rd ed. (Seville, 1999).
Gracian, Baltasar. The Hero (1630), tr. (London, 1726).
Grosvel, J. Het Turfschip van Breda (Breda, 1990).
Harris, Enriqueta. Velázquez (Oxford, 1982).
Hazlitt, William. Conversations of James Northcote (London, 1949).
_____. Selected Writings, ed. Ronald Blythe (Harmondsworth, 1970).
Helfferich, Tryntje. The Thirty Years War (Indianapolis, 2009).
Hibbert, Christopher. Wellington (London, 1997).
Hugo, Herman, S.J. Obsidio Bredana (Antwerp, 1626); The Siege of Breda, tr. by “CHG” (Antwerp, 1627).
Huizinga, Johan. The Waning of the Middle Ages (1924) (Harmondsworth, 1972).
Israel, Jonathan. The Dutch Republic, 1477–1806 (Oxford, 1982).
Jones, David. The Dying Gaul and Other Writings (London and Boston, 1978).
Justi, Carl. Diego Velázquez and His Times, tr. A. H. Keane (London, 1889).
Kamen, Henry. A Concise History of Spain (London, 1973).
Lea, Henry Charles. The Moriscos of Spain (London, 1901).
Lenihan, Padraig. Confederate Catholics at War 1641–49 (Cork, 2001).
Leslie, Charles. A Handbook for Young Painters (London, 1855).
Lopez-Rey, José. Velázquez: Complete Works (Cologne and Paris, 1996).
McKim-Smith, Gridley, and others. Examining Velázquez (New Haven and London, 1988).
Mendez Rodríguez, Luis. Velázquez y la cultura sevillana (Seville, 2005).
Muller, Joseph-Emile. Velázquez, tr. Jane Brenton (London, 1976).
Ortega y Gasset, José. The Revolt of the Masses (London, 1932).
_____. Velázquez (Madrid, 1954).
_____. Velázquez, Goya, and the Dehumanization of Art, tr. Alexis Brown (New York, 1972).
Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso). Metamorphoses, tr. David Raeburn (London, 2004).
Pacheco, Francisco. Arte de la Pintura (Seville, 1649), tr. E. Harris, in Velázquez (Oxford, 1982).
Palomino, Antonio. El Museo Pictorico y Escala Optica (Madrid 1715–24), tr. E. Harris, in Velázquez (Oxford, 1982).
Parker, Geoffrey. Spain and the Netherlands (Short Hills, N.J., 1979).
_____. The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 2004).
Pater, Walter. The Renaissance (London, 1877).
Pérez-Reverte, Arturo. The Sun over Breda (New York and London, 2007).
Pike, Ruth. Aristocrats and Traders: Sevillian Society in the Sixteenth Century (Cornell, 1972).
Rodriguez Villa, Antonio. Ambrogio Spinola (Madrid, 1904).
Scott Shawe, Wilfred H. Sea of Seas (Princeton and London, 1961).
Stevenson, R. A. M. Velázquez (London, 1910).
Stratton-Pruitt, Suzanne, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Velázquez (Cambridge, 2002).
_____. Velázquez’s Las Meninas (Cambridge, 2003).
Thomas, Hugh. Madrid (London, 1988).
Tietze-Conrat, E. Dwarfs and Jesters in Art (London, 1957).
Trevor-Roper, H. R. Princes and Artists (London, 1976).
White, Jon Manchip. Velázquez (London, 1969).
EXHIBITION CATALOGUES
Manet/Velázquez: The French Taste for Spanish Painting, ed. Gary Tinterow (New Haven and London, 2003).
Velázquez in Seville (includes Peter Cherry, “Artistic Training and the Painters’ Guild”) National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1996.
Velázquez, ed. Dawson W. Carr, with others (includes Javier Portus, “Nudes & Knights”) National Gallery, London, 2006.
Velázquez y Sevilla. Seville, 1999.
PERIODICALS
Anales de Historia del Arte 2008. 18, pp. 111–39, José Manuel Cruz Valdovinos, “Oficios y mercedes que recibio Velázquez de Felipe IV.”
The Art Bulletin, December 1988. Simone Zurawski, “New Sources for Jacques Callot’s Map of the Siege of Breda.”
Boletín del Museo del Prado, tomo XVII, número 35, 1999. Kevin Ingram, “Diego Velázquez’s Secret History.”
Burlington Magazine, CXXV, 1983. Jennifer Montagu, “Velázquez Marginalia.”
Burlington Magazine, CXXXXIII, 1991. Peter Cherry, “New Documents for Velázquez in the 1620s.”
The Independent, July 10, 2010. Felipe Fernández-Armesto, “Two Nations, One World Cup Final, and 440 Years of Hurt.”
Nineteenth Century Art Worldwide, 3, 1, Spring 2004, Alisa Luxenberg review of exhibition, “Manet/Velázquez,” Paris, 2002–2003 and New York, 2003.
INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Acedo, Diego de
Adoration of the Magi
Aertsen, Pieter
Aesop
Africa
Alba, Duke of (Fernando Álvarez de Toledo)
Albert, Archduke
alcabala
Alcalá, Duke of
Alcázar, Luis del
Alcázar, Melchor del
Alcázar palace
Cierzo room
Hall of Mirrors
Octagonal Room
alchemy
Aleman, Mateo
Alexander VII, Pope
Alfaro, Juan de
Alfonso XIII, King
Algiers
Alkmaar
Alpers, Svetlana
America
Amsterdam
Andalusia
Anna of Austria
Antonio
Antwerp
Apelles
Apollo at the Forge of Vulcan
apprenticeship
Aragón
Arcos, Duke of
Ariosto
Army of Flanders
Austria
azurite (copper blue)
Bacon, Francis
Study after Velázquez’s Innocent X
Baltasar Carlos, Prince
death of
banking
Barbaroja
Barberini, Cardinal
barbers
Barbola, Mari
Barcelona
Baroque
Baudelaire, Charles
Bavaria, Duke of
Bayeu, Francisco
Berbers
Bernini, GianLorenzo
biblical scenes
Bizet, Georges, Carmen
blood purity
bodegones, see kitchen and tavern scenes
Bologna
Bonaparte, Joseph
Boom
Borja of Toledo, Cardinal
Bosch, Hieronymous
Botticelli, Sandro, Adoration of the Magi
Braganza, Duke of
Brazil
Breda
recaptured by Dutch
surrender of
See also Surrender at Breda, The
Breisach and n.
Brenan, Gerald
brothels
Brown, Jonathan
Browne, Thomas
Brueghel, Pieter
Brussels
Buckingham, Duke of
Burgos Mantilla, Francisco de
Cadíz
Calabazas, Juan de
Calderón, María
Calderón, Pedro
Love, the Great Enchanter
Perseus
El Sitio de Breda
La Vida es Sueno
Callot, Jacques
Siege of Breda
Calvinism
Cano, Alonso
Cantagallina, Giovanni Francesco
Caravaggio
Carducho, Vincente
Carlos, Infante
Caro, Francisco López
Caro, Rodrigo
Carr, Dawson
Casa del Tesoro
Casale
Cassatt, Mary
Castiglione, Baldassare, The Courtier
Castile
Catalonia
Catholicism
art
Caxesi, Eugenio
Cepeda, Baltasar
Cervantes, Miguel de
Don Quixote
Rinconete and Cortadillo
Charles Stuart, Prince of Wales
Charles the Bold
Charles III, King of Spain
Charles V, King of Spain
Charles XII, King of Sweden
chiaroscuro
Christ After the Flagellation Contemplated by the Human Soul
Christ on the Cross
Clark, Kenneth
classical scenes
Claude Lorrain
Cleves-Julich
clothing
collars
for dwarfs
Velázquez’s paintings of
Coello, Alonso Sanchez
Colombo, Cristoforo
colonization
Colonna, Michelangelo
conversos
Copernicus
copying
Córdoba, Gonzalo de
Coronation of the Virgin by the Trinity
Correggio
Nativity
Night
Cortizos, Manuel
Cortona, Pietro da
Counter-Reformation
Courbet, Gustave
court, Madrid
dwarfs and jesters
financial crisis
hunts
Isle of Pheasants journey
laughter at
life at
political crisis at
Velázquez’s portraits of
See also Alcázar palace; Escorial; Retiro palace; specific rulers; Torre de la Parada
Crayer, Gaspar de, Portrait of a Young Moor Boy
Crescenzi, Giovanni Battista
Cromwell, Oliver
Cuba
d’Arpino, Giuseppe
Davies, David
de Arce, Pedro
Declaration of Breda
de Haro, Gaspar Mendez
de Haro, Luis
de Héraugiere, Charles
de Hooch, Pieter
de la Cueva, Cardinal Alonso
Delft
del Pozzo, Cavaliere Cassiano
de Melo, Don Francisco
de Mora, Juan Gomez
de Morra, Sebastián
Denmark
Descartes, René
de Silva, Juan Rodríguez
Diaz del Valle, Lazaro
Diego, Estrella de
disease
dog scenes
Don Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke Olivares
Dordrecht
Downs, Battle of the
drawing
Drinkers: Bacchus and His Companions, The
Dürer, Albrecht
Dutch fleet
Dutch West Indies
dwarfs
Dwarf Sebastián de Morra, The
ecclesiastical portraits
Edward VII, King of England
Eighty Years War
El Greco
Burial of Count Orgaz
St. Maurice and the Theban Legion
Elincx, Eva
Emmanuel, Prince of Portugal
England
Enno III, Count of Friesland
equestrian portraits
Erasmus
Escorial
Pantheon crypt
Euclid
Eugenie, Empress
Evelyn, John
Expulsion of the Moriscos, The
Extremadura
Fable of Arachne (The Spinners), The
fabric
Fab
ritius, Carel, Sentry
famine
Félibien, André
female nudes
Ferdinand, King of Aragón
Ferdinand II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Ferdinand III, King of Castile
Ferdinand VII, King of Spain
Feria, Duke of
Fernández, Alejo
Adoration
Fernando, Cardinal-Infante
Fernando de Valdes
Ferrara
Ferrari, E. L.
Ferrer, Girolamo
fire
Retiro palace
Fisher, H. A. L.
Fleurus
floods
as weapon of war
Florence
Fonseca y Figueroa, Juan de
food
Breda
shortages
Ford, Richard
Foucault, Michel
Fraga
France
Peninsula War
war with Spain
Franciscans
Frederick Henry, Prince
Frere, Bartholomew
Fry, Roger
Fuensalida, Gaspar de
Fuenterrabia
Galileo Galilei
Gallego, Julian
Gaudi, Antonio
Gautier, Theophile
Genoa
Germany
Gibraltar
Giordano, Luca
Giron, Don Fernando
gold
golilla collar
Góngora, Luis de
Gonzaga family
Goya, Francisco
Charles IV and His Family
Gracian, Baltasar, The Hero
Granada
Guerra Coronel, Domingo
Guevara, Cardinal Niño de
Guild of Saint Luke
Guzmán, Gaspar de. See Olivares, Count of
Haarlem
Hague, The
Hals, Frans
Hapsburgs
court life, see court life
facial characteristics
inbreeding
See also specific rulers
Harris, Enriqueta
Hazlitt, William
Heijn, Piet
Henrietta Maria, Princess
Henry IV, King of France
Henry VII, King of England
Hermaphrodite Asleep
Herrera, Francisco
history scenes
Hudson, Jeffrey
Hugo, Herman
Obsidio Bredana
Hungary
hunting scenes
Immaculate Conception
Infanta Margarita in Pink, The
Infante Baltasar Carlos in the Riding School
Infante Baltasar Carlos with a Dwarf
Infante Felipe Próspero
Infante Felipe Próspero
Ingram, Kevin
Innocent X, Pope
Inquisition
Isabella, Archduchess
Isabella, Queen of Castile
Velázquez and the Surrender of Breda Page 29