by David Bellos
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, pp. 11–13.
Notes
Author’s Note
1. William Shakespeare, quoted in Leuilliot, ‘Présentation’, p. 57.
Introduction: The Journey of Les Misérables
1. Stevens, Victor Hugo in Jersey, pp. 123–5.
2. According to Langlois, ‘Enquête sur une lettre mystérieuse’, Hugo was one among many recipients of begging letters from a ‘Ludovic Picard’, who also wrote as ‘Delphine de Saint-Aignan’.
Part One: Crimes and Punishments
1. Choses vues, pp. 114–16; Gaudon, Bulletin, and Adèle Hugo, Victor Hugo raconté par Adèle Hugo, p. 840.
2. I.5.xii, 175. See here above for an explanation of references to the text.
3. Choses vues, pp. 198–9.
4. To convert francs into sous and vice versa, see p. 60 below.
5. Choses vues, p. 413.
6. Quoted in Gueslin, Gens pauvres, p. 148.
7. I.1.ii, 9, 11.
8. III.8.ix, 681.
9. Himmelfarb, Tocqueville.
10. Himmelfarb, Idea of Poverty, p. 187.
11. Monod, ‘Les Premiers Traducteurs’, gives full details.
12. Quoted in Behr, Les Misérables, p. 50.
13. Tomalin, Charles Dickens, p. 190.
14. Thiesse, ‘Ecrivain/Public’.
15. Balzac, La Comédie humaine, vol. 1, p. 12.
16. Balzac, Lettres à Mme Hanska, vol. 3, p. 216.
17. Contemplations, p. 567, attributed to the unpublished manuscript of the diary of Adèle II.
18. I.3.viii, 131.
19. Contemplations, p. 567.
20. Olivier, Paris en 1830, pp. 65, 123.
21. Hugo, Le Dernier Jour, p. 301.
22. V.3.viii, 813–20.
23. Claude Gueux, p. 123.
24. I.2.vii, 86–8.
25. Journet and Robert, Le Manuscrit des Misérables, p. 19.
26. See II.3.iv, 350.
27. See V.1.xiv, 1,088.
28. Choses vues, p. 247; Huard, ‘Le Petit-Picpus’, p. 356; II.5.v, 415.
29. Adèle Hugo, Victor Hugo raconté par Adèle Hugo, 283–4. The version of Adèle’s memoir published in 1863 contains an abridged version of the Joly anecdote in chapter 26.
30. Œuvres completes, ed. Massin, vol. 11, p. 1,016.
31. An address already known to readers of Balzac: the Pension Vauquer, the main location of Old Goriot, is located right next door.
32. Choses vues, p. 516.
33. Choses vues, p. 517.
34. Choses vues, p. 522–3.
35. Hoffmann treats this as a reflection of Hugo’s views, not as an ironical observation about race.
36. Choses vues, p. 551 (May 1848).
37. Voting tallies from Robb, Victor Hugo, p. 267.
38. Choses vues, p. 566.
39. Choses vues, p. 566.
40. Choses vues, p. 603.
41. The full transcript of Hugo’s intervention is in Actes et Paroles, p. 204.
42. Actes et paroles, 17 July 1851.
43. See I.2.iii, 73.
44. Heine, Französische Zustände, chapter 12, dated 8 June 1832; De la France omits this and several other sections.
45. IV.12.v, 993.
46. IV.14.ii, 1,017, 1,019.
47. Choses vues, p. 536.
48. This does not include familiar or slang terms, such as those used by Éponine at III.8.iv, 670.
49. I.2.xiii, 101.
50. III.8.xix, 711; many translations mistakenly give the figure of 3,000 francs.
51. Some translators skip the complication by expressing the sum in francs twenty pages too early.
52. See III.4.vi, 612 for Hugo’s explanation.
53. See II.3.vi, 357 for Louis XVIII and V.6.i, 1,221 for the wedding coach.
54. III.3.vii, 577.
55. I.1.iii, 14.
56. I.2.i, 60.
Part Two: Treasure Islands
1. I.4.i, 141.
2. Thénardier’s debts are tracked at I.4.i, 142, II.3.ii, 347 and IV.6.i, 845.
3. László, Copal benjoin colophane.
4. Neri et al., L’Art de la verrerie, p. 378.
5. See I.5.i, 148.
6. V.9.v.
7. I.5.ii, 148; II.2.iii, 335.
8. Fauchelevent’s souvenir is reproduced in facsimile on II.8.ix, 512; for Grantaire’s assignat, see IV.1.vi, 770.
9. Balzac, Old Goriot, p. 136.
10. Hovasse, Victor Hugo, vol. 2, p. 611.
11. Toute la lyre, vol. 5, p. 16.
12. Œuvres complètes, ed. Massin, vol. 9, p. 1,217.
13. Séance of 15 September 1853, quoted in Hovasse, Victor Hugo, vol. 2, p. 244.
14. Hovasse, Victor Hugo, vol. 2, p. 387, quoting Hugo’s diary for 2 December 1855.
15. Juliette Drouet to Victor Hugo, 25 April 1860, quoted in Hovasse, Victor Hugo, vol. 2, p. 614.
16. At school in Madrid his mother got him off religious observances on the fake grounds that he was Protestant. Adèle Hugo, Victor Hugo raconté par Adèle Hugo, p. 228.
17. Martin-Dupont, Victor Hugo anecdotique, p. 22.
18. Adapted from Adèle II, Journal, vol. 3, pp. 283–4.
19. Martin-Dupont, Victor Hugo anecdotique, p. 162.
20. See II.3.ii, 345.
21. Martin-Dupont, Victor Hugo anecdotique, p. 85.
22. Baron Francis de Miollis, L’Union, 28 April 1862, quoted in Leuilliot, ‘Présentation’, p. 53.
23. Dickens, Dombey, p. 949.
24. V.6.ii, 1,227.
25. Robespierre, Œuvres, vol. 10, p. 196.
26. Contemplations, VI.8, dated December 1846, but written in December 1854.
27. The medical term used in English at the time was anthrax; in French it was called charbon, or ‘coal’. The bacillus was first identified in 1875 by Robert Koch.
28. III.5.iv, 623.
29. The changes in the hero’s name are explained on pp. 119–20 below.
30. The handwriting can be read several ways; this is what makes best sense to me.
31. Les Misérables, ed. Guyard, vol. 2, pp. 837–8.
32. Ibid., p. 468.
33. Ibid., p. 534.
34. Hovasse, Victor Hugo, p. 635.
35. IV.15.iii, 1,043.
36. Vargas Llosa, Temptation of the Impossible, p. 11: ‘The main character … is this insolent narrator who is constantly cropping up between his creation and the reader.’
37. II.1.i, IV.1.iii.
38. The interior of the barricade looking in the half-light of dawn ‘like the deck of a ship in distress’ (V.1.ii, 1,059) might count as an exception.
39. III.1.i, 519.
40. ‘Marie’ was a masculine as well as a feminine name until quite recently, especially in hyphenated forms. French continues to have many ungendered first names.
41. Plutarch, Dialogue on Love, p. 435.
42. I.2.vi, 78.
Part Three: Rooms with a View
1. III.6.viii, 645; Hugo to Adèle Foucher, 4 March 1822, quoted in Les Misérables, ed. Allem, p. 1,623.
2. See ‘A Salon of the Past’, III.3.i, 549–52.
3. Stapfer, Victor Hugo à Guernesey, p. 44.
4. The concluding line of ‘Ultima Verba’ (‘Last Words’), from Les Châtiments, Book VII.
5. Note dated 24 January 1861, quoted in Hovasse, Victor Hugo, p. 636.
6. The link between sewage and cholera was first established in England by John Snow in the 1850s. The bacillus was first identified in Germany by Robert Koch in 1883. The first vaccine was invented in Russia by Vladimir Haffkin in 1892.
7. Hovasse, Victor Hugo, p. 643.
8. Œuvres complètes, Édition de l’Imprimerie nationale, vol. 6, p. 409, is a facsimile.
9. Correspondance, vol. 2, p. 375.
10. Correspondance, vol. 2, p. 375.
&n
bsp; 11. III.5.iv, 623.
12. Vachon, Les Travaux, p. 152, n. 20; Pierrot, ‘Quelques contrats d’édition de Balzac’, p. 20.
13. Leuilliot, Victor Hugo publie les Misérables, p. 28 (letter dated 21 June 1860).
14. Leuilliot, Victor Hugo publie les Misérables, p. 98 (letter dated 2 September 1861).
15. Notre-Dame de Paris was published on 16 March 1831. Hugo liked numerical coincidences and anniversary dates, even if he had to invent them.
16. Leuilliot, Victor Hugo publie les Misérables, p. 100 (letter from Charles Hugo to Lacroix, 9 September 1861, from Spa).
17. Hoffheimer, ‘Copyright’, pp. 170–71.
18. Leuilliot, Victor Hugo publie les Misérables, p. 104 (letter from Hugo to Lacroix, 20 September 1861).