26. Pontoppidan, Det første forsøg, vol. 2, p. 317.
27. Bjørn Tore Pedersen, Lofotfisket, pp. 109–10.
28. A. C. Oudemans, The Great Sea-Serpent: An Historical and Critical Treatise (Leiden and London, 1892).
29. Olaus Magnus, Historia om de nordiske folken, book 21, ch. 34.
30. If you give a squid the choice between five boxes marked with different symbols, and you hide a crab in one of the boxes, the squid will quickly learn which symbol signifies the crab. If you put the crab in a different box, the squid will realize that the symbol for the crab has changed. Wendy Williams, Kraken, pp. 154–58.
Winter
1. Scott Stinson, “Skipper Uses Knife to Kill 600-Kilo Shark,” National Post, November 2, 2003.
2. Einar Berggrav, Spenningens land (Aschehoug, 1937), pp. 36–37.
3. Mark Kurlansky, Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World (Penguin, 1997), pp. 50–51.
4. Richard Ellis, The Great Sperm Whale: A Natural History of the Ocean’s Most Magnificent and Mysterious Creature (University Press of Kansas, 2011), pp. 123–25.
5. Russian fishermen think that seismic shooting off northwest Russia destroyed their cod fishing grounds in the 1970s and ’80s. Norwegian coastal fishermen have tried to prevent the seismic ships from entering their fishing grounds, but the coast guard boarded the fishing boats and expelled them from the area. The oil industry has financed the seismic shooting, and also uses the military—meaning the coast guard—as a security service when the fishermen stage demonstrations. This in an area where the authorities have actually decided that for the time being no oil drilling activities should take place.
6. Frank A. Jenssen, Torsk: Fisken som skapte Norge (Kagge Forlag, 2012), pp. 52–53.
7. Philip Hoare, The Whale, p. 34.
8. There are two Skrova songs. One is titled “Skrova-sangen” (The Skrova song) and was written by Wilhelm “Ville” Pedersen around 1950. It should probably be considered the official Skrova song. The other goes by the name of “Se Skrova-fyret blinker” (Look how Skrova’s lighthouse flashes) and was written in 1949 by Herleif Peder Risbøl. It made its first appearance in a revue at the Youth House.
9. Olaus Magnus, Historia om de nordiske folken, book 21, ch. 2, p. 984.
10. Johan Hjort, Fiskeri og hvalfangst i det nordlige Norge (John Griegs Forlag, 1902), p. 68.
11. Johan Hjort later collaborated with the foremost British whale researcher, John Murray, who had participated on the first major and legendary deep-sea expedition, on the HMS Challenger. The sailing ship left Portsmouth Harbor in 1872 and sailed the world’s oceans for four years. During the course of the voyage, they discovered well over four thousand new species. In 1910, Hjort and Murray both joined the expedition on the steamship Michael Sars. The voyage took them from the North Atlantic to the coasts of Africa. Hjort and Murray discovered more than a hundred new deep-sea species. They also found out that fish and other creatures in the deep often produce light by using chemicals and bacteria (bioluminescence). They described their discoveries in the book The Depths of the Ocean (1912). A Norwegian translation was published at the same time: Sir John Murray and Dr. Johan Hjort, Atlanterhavet. Fra overflaten til havdypets mørke. Efter undersøkelser med dampskipet “Michael Sars” (Aschehoug, 1912).
Spring
1. Marine biologist Dag L. Aksnes has researched the phenomenon and led the research project “Coastal Water Darkening Causes Eutrophication Symptoms.” A popularized version of the findings was published in the Norwegian journal Naturen: Dag L. Aksnes, “Mørkere kystvann?,” no. 3, 2015, pp. 125–32.
2. Per Robert Flood, Livet i dypets skjulte univers (Skald Forlag, 2014), p. 59.
3. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014GL062782/abstract?campaign=wlytk-41855.6211458333.
4. Sigri Skjegstad Lockert, Havsvelget i nord. Moskstraumen gjennem årtusener (Orkana Akademisk, 2011), p. 111.
5. Edgar Allen Poe, “A Descent into the Maelström,” in Poetry, Tales, & Selected Essays (Library of America, 1996).
6. Jules Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (Project Gutenberg, 2002, ch. 22, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2488/2488-h/2488-h.htm).
7. Christian Lydersen and Kit M. Kovacs, “Haiforskning på Svalbard,” in Polarboken 2011–2012 (Norsk Polarklubb, 2012), pp. 5–14.
8. Werner Herzog, “Minnesota Declaration: Truth and Fact in Documentary Cinema,” a speech delivered at the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, April 30, 1999.
9. Donovan Hohn, Moby-Duck: The True Story of 28,800 Bath Toys Lost at Sea (Viking, 2011).
10. The Guardian, March 8, 2013.
11. Recently, the Norwegian Department of Fisheries issued a controversial permit for the coast of Nord-Trøndelag. Fisheries journal Fiskaren, June 17, 2015, p. 5.
12. Gustav Peter Blom, Bemærkninger paa en reise i nordlandene og igjennem Lapland til Stockholm i aaret 1827 (R. Hviids Forlag, 1832), pp. 77–78.
13. Svein Skotheim, Keiser Wilhelm i Norge (Spartacus, 2001), p. 168.
14. I have taken much of the information about the age of the earth and efforts to establish a precise age—from Bishop Ussher’s days to modern times—from Martin J. S. Rudwick’s eminent book Earth’s Deep History: How It Was Discovered and Why It Matters (University of Chicago Press, 2014).
15. Ivar B. Ramberg, Inge Bryhni, Arvid Nøttvedt, and Kristin Rangnes, eds., Landet blir til. Norges geologi, 2nd ed. (Norsk Geologiske Forening, 2013), pp. 89–90.
16. Roy Jacobsen, De usynlige (Cappelen Damm, 2013), p. 97.
17. http://www.lincoln.ac.uk/news/2013/05/691.asp.
18. James Joyce, Ulysses, ed. Jeri Johnson (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 37.
19. “Olav Trggvasons Saga,” in Heimskringla; or, The Lives of the Norse Kings, by Snorre Sturlason, edited with notes by Erling Monsen, and translated into English with the assistance of A. H. Smith (Dover, 1990), p. 167.
20. Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History (Henry Holt, 2014).
21. The latest research report to be published on the subject was in the journal Science Advances from June 19, 2015, titled “Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction.”
22. Tim Flannery, The Weather Makers: How Man Is Changing the Climate and What It Means for Life on Earth (New Atlantic Press, 2005). As the sea warms up, its ability to spread warmth down through the water column is also disrupted. The temperature difference between the three main layers of water increases, while the exchange between them diminishes. The warm water does not make its way into the deep, which further increases the warming of the surface. Fifty-five million years ago, the entire ocean was so warm that almost all life in the deep, which can survive only in cold water—and the Greenland shark is a good example—died out.
23. Neil Shubin, Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body (Pantheon Books, 2008).
24. Dante Alighieri, The Divine Comedy, song 26.
25. Andøyposten, July 3, 2006.
26. Juliet Eilperin, Demon Fish.
27. The Book of Job, 28:12–14, New International Version.
A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Morten Strøksnes is a Norwegian historian, journalist, photographer, and writer. He has written reportage, essays, portraits, and columns and reviews for most major Norwegian newspapers and magazines. He has published four critically acclaimed books of literary reportage and contributed to several others.
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