27.[Ed.] Jan Tinbergen (1903–1994), a mathematical economist educated at Leyden. The ethologist Niko Tinbergen (1907–1988) was a brother. Tinbergen held simultaneous posts at the University of Amsterdam and the Netherlands School of Economics. Both brothers won the Nobel Prize in their respective disciplines.
28.[Ed.] John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946), the influential economist.
29.[Ed.] Sir Horace Edmund Avory (1851–1935).
30.[Ed.] Stuart James Bevan (1872–1935), a King’s counsel at the bar, later a member of Parliament.
31.[Ed.] Friedrich Engels, “Anti-Dühring” (1878). This is a contraction of the seldom-used complete title, Herr Eugen Dühring’s Revolution in Science. Engels also wrote Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy (1878), to which he appended Karl Marx’s Theses on Feuerbach (written in 1845 but never published by Marx himself).
32.[Ed.] Dorothea de Winton (1890–1982) and Rose Scott-Moncrieff (1903–1991) were British geneticists. The cytologist Cyril Dean Darlington is mentioned often in the text and notes above.
33.[Ed.] Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883–1970) was the author of The Chemical Constitution of Respiration Ferment (1928) and the Nobel Prize winner for Medicine in 1931. Robert Percival Cook (1906–1989) and Leslie William Mapson FRS (1907–1970) were alumni of the Dunn Biochemistry Laboratory run by F. G. Hopkins at Cambridge.
34.[Ed.] Hans Grüneberg FRS (1907–1982) and Anna-Ursula Philip (1908–1995?) were both German-born geneticists of Jewish origin.
35.[Ed.] Cecil Gordon (1906–1960) and P. A. R. Street (no further details traced) collaborated with Helen Spurway on studies of fly genetics in the late 1930s. Gordon, who was one of Haldane’s students at UCL, became a pioneer in the field of operations research during the Second World War.
36.[Ed.] Edwin Stephen Goodrich FRS (1868–1946), a former artist who became the Linacre Professor of Zoology at Oxford, trained at the Slade School in London.
37.[Ed.] Henry Edward Armstrong FRS (1848–1937) was a distinguished chemist. Haldane may have been unaware of his death at the time he was writing.
38.[Ed.] The manuscript ends abruptly here.
APPENDIX 2. HALDANE ON THE NAZI-SOVIET PACT
1.This letter was published in the New Statesman and Nation; see Haldane (1939d).
2.This sentence appears in an asterisked footnote in Haldane’s manuscript but is shown inline here.
3.From Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865):
’Tis the voice of the Lobster: I heard him declare
“You have baked me too brown, I must sugar my hair.”
As a duck with its eyelids, so he with his nose
Trims his belt and his buttons, and turns out his toes.
When the sands are all dry, he is gay as a lark,
And will talk in contemptuous tones of the Shark;
But, when the tide rises and sharks are around,
His voice has a timid and tremulous sound.
I passed by his garden, and marked, with one eye,
How the Owl and the Panther were sharing a pie:
The Panther took pie-crust, and gravy, and meat,
While the Owl had the dish as its share of the treat.
When the pie was all finished, the Owl, as a boon,
Was kindly permitted to pocket the spoon;
While the Panther received knife and fork with a growl,
And concluded the banquet by —
APPENDIX 3. SELF-OBITUARY
1.Haldane (1964a). The transcript was also published as “I’ve Always Been Something of a Dabbler,” Daily Worker, December 14, 1964. I have not seen the latter version.
APPENDIX 4. VENONA INTERCEPTS
1.Pencil annotation: issued 23-1-1967.
2.Pencil annotation: issued 23-1-1967.
3.Pencil annotation: Issued 23-1-1967.
4.Pencil annotation: 16.8.40 PFDT/71.
5.Pencil annotation: Issued 23-1-1967.
6.Pencil annotation: business.
7.Pencil annotation:?
8.Pencil annotation: Issued 23-1-1967.
APPENDIX 5. IN SUPPORT OF LYSENKO
1.Haldane Papers, University College London, HALDANE 4/9/1/7.
2.[JBS]? 1. Biology limited pessimistic sterile. Harland puts up cotton production Peru. Vitamins. Penicillin.
3.[JBS] No.
4.[JBS]? 2. E.g. [rabbits] phototropism. Egg laying by parasites. [Amt. of coat colour]
5.[JBS] No. 3 You can’t select genes for high milk yield on a poor diet.
6.[JBS] No. 4 mutations always known to be occurring. Not rare.
7.[JBS] Evidence. 5. Evidence! What racial characters inherited are. Mendel’s laws. At end.
8.[JBS] Nonsense. 6. Evidence! Clearly e.g. maternal instincts --> birth injury. Do you say 3 generations [as slaves] causes bad heredity? At end.
9.[JBS] Where. 7. This is plain nonsense. Read [Dreen] (1945). Varley (1947) J An. Ecol. Portères [R. A. Soc] 1948. Darwinian sexual selection. ([Ed.] Haldane often referred to G. C. Varley, “The Natural Control of Population Balance in the Knapweed Gall-Fly [Urophora jaceana],” Journal of Animal Ecology 16 [2] [November 1947], pp. 139–187. It is not clear which paper by Roland Portères is meant, or what the indecipherable annotation for 1945 refers to.)
10.[JBS] No. 8. Utterly incomplete. Does not tell you how this property inherited. E.g. in some cases through mother only, in others father only, in others dominant, recessive etc. How get better bananas.
11.[JBS] No.
12.[JBS] 9. Who says it is destructive? Even X-Rays can reverse mutations.
13.[JBS] Evidence. 10. Evidence for yield per acre or per cow > England or Denmark.
14.[JBS] Not always. 11. You can compete for other things than food. E.g. resistance to frost, disease.
15.[JBS]? 12. Have you read e.g. Knight on cotton breeding. ([Ed.] R. L. Knight, “Theory and Application of the Backcross Technique in Cotton Breeding,” Journal of Genetics 47 (1945), pp. 76–86.)
16.[JBS]? 13. Int. gen. cong. Abt. ¼ papers on how to change genes. ([Ed.] International Genetics Congress.)
17.[JBS] 14. As a Leninist I don’t believe real development can be imposed on animals or plants from outside. Can do so by introducing internal contradictions or making them more important. Ignorant, sectarian. Brown.?orthodox manner.
EARLY GULAG MEMOIRS AND DESCRIPTIONS
A cut-off date of 1961 has been used in this list, which is certainly not complete. Most of the items are firsthand accounts, a few are secondary. As noted in the text, Haldane was alive when every single one of these was published.
1918
Bariatinsky, Marie. Diary of a Russian Princess in a Bolshevik Prison. Berlin: Buchdrukerei Press.
1919
Naudeau, Ludovic. Five Months in Moscow Prisons. Current History Magazine of the New York Times (October 1919), pp. 127–136, and (November 1919), pp. 318–321.
1920
Kalpashnikoff, A. A Prisoner of Trotsky’s. New York: Doubleday.
1920
Naudeau, Ludovic. En prison sous la terreur russe. Paris: Librairie Hachette.
1922
McCullagh, F. A Prisoner of the Reds: The Story of a British Officer Captured in Siberia. New York: E. P. Dutton.
1925
Harding, Mrs. Stan [Sedine Milana]. The Underworld of State. London: G. Allen and Unwin.
1926
Doubassoff, Irene. Ten Months in Bolshevik Prisons. Edinburgh: Blackwood.
1926
Malsagoff, S. A. An Island Hell. London: Philpot.
1926
Melgunov, Serge P. Red Terror in Russia. London: J. M. Dent.
1927
Duguet, Raymond. Un Bagne en Russie Rouge. Paris: J. Tallandier.
1928
Bezsonov, J. D. My Twenty-Six Prisons and My Escape from Solovetski. London: Jonathan Cape.
1928
Bezsonov, Yuri. Mes vingt-six prisons et mon évasion de Solovki. Paris: Payot.
/>
1928
Klinger, Anton. Solovetskaia katorga: Zapiski bezhavshego. Berlin: Arkhiv russkoi revoliutsii.
1928
Shirvindt, Evsei Gustavovich. Russian Prisons. London: International Class War Prisoners’ Aid.
1929
Buxhoeveden, Baroness Sophie. Left Behind: Fourteen Months in Siberia during the Revolution, December 1917–February 1919. London: Longmans, Green.
1929
Cederholm, Boris. In the Clutches of the Cheka. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
1931
Atholl, Katharine Marjory Stewart-Murray, Duchess of. Conscription of a People. London: P. Allen.
1931
Brunovsky, Vladimir. Methods of the OGPU. London: Harper and Brothers.
1931
Eccard, Frédéric. “Le Travail forcé en Russie soviétique.” Revue Hebdomadaire, April 25.
1931
Grady, Eve G. Seeing Red: Behind the Scenes in Russia Today. New York: Brewer, Warren and Putnam.
1931
Pim, Alan, and Edward Bateson. Report on the Russian Timber Camps. London: E. Benn.
1931
Times [London]. Articles on forced labor in Soviet Russia. May 18, 19, 20.
1932
Atholl, Katharine Marjory Stewart-Murray, Duchess of. The Truth about Forced Labour in Russia. London: P. Allen.
1933
Anonymous. Out of the Deep: Letters from Soviet Timber Camps. London: Geoffrey Bless.
1933
Martsinkovski, Vladimir Filimonovich. With Christ in Soviet Russia. Prague: Knihtiskárna V. Horák.
1933
Nussimbaum, Lev [Essad Bey]. OGPU: The Plot against the World. New York: Viking.
1934
Anonymous. “Les Camps de concentration de l’URSS.” Etudes, March 20.
1934
Tchernavin, Tatiana. Escape from the Soviets. New York: Dutton.
1935
Danzas, Julia [Anonymous]. Red Gaols. London: Burns, Oates and Washbourne.
1935
Kitchin, George. Prisoner of the OGPU. London: Longman, Green and Co.
1935
Solonevich, Ivan. Escape from Russian Chains. London: Williams and Norgate.
1935
Solonevich, Ivan. Russia in Chains. London: Williams and Norgate.
1935
Tchernavin, Vladimir. I Speak for the Silent Prisoners of the Soviets. Boston: Ralph T. Hale.
1938
de Beausobre, Julia [Julia Namier]. The Woman Who Could Not Die. London: Chatto and Windus.
1938
Littlepage, John D. In Search of Soviet Gold. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.
1940
Ciliga, Anton. The Russian Enigma. London: George Routledge and Sons.
1940
Maksimov, Grigorii Petrovich. The Guillotine at Work: Twenty Years of Terror in Russia: Data and Documents. Chicago: Alexander Berkman Fund.
1940
Utley, Freda. The Dream We Lost. New York: John Day.
1941
Mower, Lilian T. Arrest and Exile. New York: Morrow.
1942
Scott, John. Behind the Urals. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1945
Barmine, Alexander. One Who Survived: The Life Story of a Russian under the Soviets. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
1945
Czapski, Joseph. Souvenirs de Starobielsk (Collection Témoignages cahier 1). Pamphlet. Paris: N.p.
1945
Halpern, Ada. Conducted Tour. New York: Sheed and Ward. Also published as Liberation—Soviet Style.
1945
Mora, Sylvester, and Peter Zwierniak. La Justice soviétique. Rome: Magi-Spinetti.
1945
White, William L. Report on the Russians. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode.
1946
Kravchenko, Victor. I Chose Freedom. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
1947
Dallin, David J., and Boris I. Nicolaevsky. Forced Labor in Soviet Russia. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
1947
Dangerfield, Elma. Beyond the Urals. London: British League for European Freedom.
1947
Zajdlerowa, Zoe [Anonymous]. The Dark Side of the Moon. New York: Scribners.
1948
Beausobre, Julia De. The Woman Who Could Not Die. London: Victor Gollancz.
1948
Gliksman, Jerzy. Tell the West, by Jerzy Gliksman; An Account of His Experiences as a Slave Laborer in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. New York: Gresham.
1948
Koriakov, Mikhail. I’ll Never Go Back: A Red Army Officer Talks. E. P. Dutton.
1949
Buber-Neumann, Margarete. Under Two Dictators. London: Edward Fitzgerald.
1951
Czapski, Joseph. The Inhuman Land. London: Chatto and Windus.
1951
Fehling, Helmut. One Great Prison: The Story behind Russia’s Unreleased POWs. Boston: Beacon Press.
1951
Herling, Gustav. A World Apart. New York: Roy.
1951
Lipper, Elinor. Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps. Chicago: World Affairs Book Club.
1951
Orr, Charles. Stalin’s Slave Camps: An Indictment of Modern Slavery. Brussels, Belgium: International Confederation of Free Trade Unions.
1951
Petrov, Vladimir. It Happens in Russia: Seven Years’ Forced Labour in the Siberian Goldfields. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode.
1951
Stypulskowski, Zbigniew. Invitation to Moscow. London: Thames and Hudson.
1951
Vogeler, Robert I. I Was Stalin’s Prisoner. New York: Harcourt.
1951
Weissberg, Alexander. The Accused. New York: Simon and Schuster.
1952
Gonzalez, Valentin [El Campesino]. Listen Comrades: Life and Death in the Soviet Union by El Campesino. London: Heinemann.
1952
Prychodko, Nicholas. One of the Fifteen Million. London: Dent.
1952
Weissberg, Alexander. Conspiracy of Silence. London: Hamish Hamilton.
1954
Ekart, Antoni. Vanished without Trace: Seven Years in Soviet Russia. London: M. Parrish.
1954
Scholmer, Joseph. Vorkuta. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
1954
Smith, C. A. Escape from Paradise. London: Hollis and Carter.
1956
Rawicz, Slavomir. The Long Walk: The True Story of a Trek to Freedom. London: Constable.
1957
Bauer, Josef M. As Far as My Feet Will Carry Me. Translated by Lawrence Wilson. London: Andre Deutsch.
1957
Begin, Menachem. White Nights: The Story of a Prisoner in Russia. Translated by Katie Kaplan. New York: Harper and Row.
1958
Fittkau, Gerhardt. My Thirty-Third Year: A Priest’s Experience in a Russian Work Camp. New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy.
1958
Roeder, Bernhardt. Katorga: An Aspect of Modern Slavery. London: Heinemann.
1960
Noble, John. I Was a Slave in Soviet Russia. New York: Devin-Adair.
1960
Parvilahti, Unto. Beria’s Gardens: A Slave Laborer’s Experiences in the Soviet Utopia. New York: Dutton.
1961
Armonas, Barbara. Leave Your Tears in Moscow. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARCHIVAL SOURCES
Haldane Papers, University College London.
National Archives, London.
MI5 Personal File, J. B. S. Haldane, KV 2-1832.
MI5 Personal File, Hans Kahle, KV 2-1562, KV 2-1563, KV 2-1564, KV 2-1565, KV 2-1566.
MI5 Personal File, Otto Katz, KV 2-1382, KV 2-1383, KV 2-1384.
MI5 Personal File, Ivor Montagu and the Film Society, KV 2-598, KV 2-599, KV 2-600, KV 2-601.
Signals Intelligence, VENONA Intercepts. HW 15/43.
PUBLISHED SOUR
CES
Adams, Mark B. (editor). 1990. The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil and Russia. London: Oxford University Press.
Adamson, Judith. 1998. Charlotte Haldane: Woman Writer in a Man’s World. London: Macmillan.
Almond, Gabriel. 1954. Appeals of Communism. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Andrew, Christopher. 2009. Defend the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5. New York: Alfred Knopf.
Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky. 1990. KGB: The Inside Story. New York: Harper Collins.
Andrew, Christopher, and Vasili Mitrokhin. 2005. The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World. New York: Basic Books.
Applebaum, Anne. 2003. Gulag: A History. New York: Doubleday.
Babkov, V. V. 2013. The Dawn of Human Genetics. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Baxell, Richard. 2014. Unlikely Warriors: The British in the Spanish Civil War. London: Aurum Press.
Bell, P. B. (editor). 1959. Darwin’s Biological Work: Some Aspects Reconsidered. London: Cambridge University Press.
Benton, Jill. 1990. Naomi Mitchison: A Biography. London: Pandora.
Berg, Raissa. 1983. On the History of Genetics in the Soviet Union: Science and Politics; The Insight of a Witness. St. Louis, Missouri: Washington University, 1983.
Bernal, J. D. 1949. “The Biological Controversy in the Soviet Union and Its Implications.” The Modern Quarterly 4 (3) (Summer).
Comrade Haldane Is Too Busy to Go on Holiday Page 38