by Lou Ureneck
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DISSERTATIONS
Buzanski, Peter Michsel. “Admiral Mark L. Bristol and Turkish-American Relations, 1919–1922.” Ph.D. diss., University of California, 1960.
Goodman, Robert Carey. “The Role of the Tobacco Trade in Turkish-American Relations, 1923–29.” Master’s thesis, University of Richmond, 1988. Accessed November 28, 2014. http://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1524&context=masters-theses.
Kenjar, Kevin. “The Ineffable State of Transcendental Ecstasy: Kefi, Rebetiko and Sufi Mysticism.” Master’s thesis, University of Cincinnati, 2007. Accessed November 28, 2014. http://classics.uc.edu/~campbell/Kenjar/Ecstasy.pdf.
Lenser, Samuel David. “Between the Great Idea and Kemalism: The YMCA at Izmir in the 1920s.” Master’s thesis, Boise State University, 2010. Accessed November 27, 2014. http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/cgi/vi
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Wadle, Ryan David. “‘The Fourth Dimension of Naval Tactics’: The U.S. Navy and Public Relations, 1919–1939.” Ph.D. diss., Texas A&M University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-05-9166.
NEWSPAPERS
Chicago Tribune
New York Times
Portland (Oregon) Tribune
Times of London
Other British newspapers as quoted in secondary sources.
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS AND WEBSITES
Naval Investigation Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Naval Affairs, United States Senate, Sixty-sixth Congress, Second Session … Printed for the Use of the Committee on Naval Affairs. Vol. 2. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Hearings Before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, Sixty-seventh Congress, First Session, on the Proposed Tariff Act of 1921 (H. R. 7456) … 1922: American Valuation. 67th Cong., 1st sess. S. Doc. H. R. 7456. Vol. 7. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1922.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations. Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy: Hearings, Ninety-third Congress [Ninety-fourth Congress, Second Session], Part 8. 94th Cong., 2d sess. S. Doc. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975.
U.S. Dept of State Office of the Historian. MILESTONES: 1921–1936.
INDEX
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Abdul Halik, 194
Abdul Hamid II, 11, 41–42, 125, 171
Adalia, 385
Adams, Henry, 61
Adana pogroms, 42
Addoms, Andrew H., 253–54
Aegean evacuations of refugees, 383–90
Afyon Karahisar, 29, 31, 33, 37–38, 70, 76, 147, 264
Agamemnon, HMS, 126
Aircraft design, 56
Aivali, 358, 378, 379–80, 384
Ajax, HMS, 224
Akhisar, 45
Albania, 124, 125
Albany, USS, 55–56
Aleppo, 84–85, 172
Alexander the Great, 25
Alexandria, 25
Aliotti, Ernesto, 312–14, 340, 345–46
Allenby, Edmund, 172
Alliance One, 276n
Amalion Orphanage, 392
Amalthea (newspaper), 78
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), 175
American Committee for Syrian and Armenian Relief, 129
American Expeditionary Force, 133
American Federation of Churches of Christ, 326
American Federation of Labor, 130
American Friends of Turkey, 391
American Girls’ School, 200–201
American guards at, 118, 140, 200
evacuation of, 200–204, 206, 211–13, 212n
refugees and violence, 147, 158, 178, 186, 194, 200–201
American International College, 27, 71, 72–73, 82, 199–200
American guards at, 118, 140, 154–55, 205
orphan refugees at, 89, 117, 284–85
refugees and violence, 87, 151, 162–63, 183–85
American Relief Administration (ARA), 68, 80, 131, 132, 280–82, 283, 294, 310–11, 331
Americans in Smyrna
business interests, 24–25, 140–42, 248–50, 263–64, 275–77; Bristol and bank closing, 50–51, 57; Bristol’s policy of protecting, 52, 57–58, 101, 130–31, 174–75, 178–79; community meetings, 79, 80–81, 87
evacuation of, 2–6, 193–95, 199–200, 205, 212–13, 215
protection of, 52, 68–69, 81, 86, 87–88, 90, 98–100, 118, 139–40, 141, 147, 154–55, 163, 164, 186, 200, 203, 205
relief efforts of. See specific persons and organizations
American Theater (Smyrna Theater), 138, 142, 151–52, 192
American guards at, 118, 120, 139, 158
evacuations at, 198–99, 204–5
Great Fire and, 214, 222
refugees at, 167, 198–99
relief committee at, 89–90, 155–56
American tobacco companies, 24, 80–81, 263–64, 275–77, 317–18
American Tobacco Company, 156–57, 206–7, 276–77, 315
American Women’s Hospital Association, 352, 353, 385
Anatolia, 11–12, 15–16, 50, 84, 127
Anatolia College, 175–76
Anglo-Ionian Bank, 50–51
Anglo-Persian Oil Co., 243, 244
Ankara government, 68, 172, 194, 285
Antioch, SS, 79, 104
Anti-Saloon League, 327
Arakelian, Aram, 240
Arakelian, Levon, 169
Araksi (maid), 168–70, 355
Archbell, Jehu, 276–77, 317, 381
Argyropoulos, Ippokratis, 214
Argyropulos, Panos, 340, 345–46, 376, 377
Arlington National Cemetery, 392
Arlotta, Madame, 256
Armenia, and Sevres Treaty, 15, 16
Armenian Club, 206
Armenian Genocide
death marches, 9–10, 15–16, 63–64, 84–85, 294–97, 438n
overview, 9–10, 15–16
use of term “genocide,” 9, 393–94
Armenian orphans in Smyrna, 202–3, 230–31, 272, 298
Armenian Quarter, 25, 76, 150–51, 154, 159, 165, 168, 180, 186
Great Fire, 194, 202, 206–11
Jennings in Turkish mob, 195–96
Armenian refugees along Sea of Marmara, 159–60
Armenian refugees in Smyrna, 3–4, 70–71, 72, 75–79, 87, 90–91, 104–5, 107–8, 119–20, 128, 130–35, 144, 174–75
days of despair, 290–98
evacuation of. See Refugee evacuations of Smyrna
food shortages, 109–11, 113–14, 157–58, 180–81, 281–82
Noureddin and, 174–77
relief efforts, 68, 82, 88, 110–15, 119, 128–30, 134, 138–43, 156–59, 165–66, 174, 177, 178, 180, 202–4, 215, 230–34, 280, 281, 291. See also specific persons and relief organizations
Theodora’s story, 92–94, 286–89, 381
Turkish violence against, 150–51, 155–56, 159, 160–61, 165–66, 174, 177–79, 182–88, 191–92, 211–12, 234–35, 294
Asia Minor Defense League, 43, 44, 78, 161
Asian Minor, refugee situation in, 383–90
Atatürk. See Kemal, Mustapha
Attatürk (Kinross), 301n
Austria-Hungary, 11, 12, 124, 244, 245
Aydin Railroad, 36, 70, 108, 196, 360
Bailey, Lewis, 361
Bakas, Governor, 340, 376
Bakeries in Smyrna, 89, 110–11, 113–14, 139–40, 158, 180, 281
Balchova refugee camp, 157, 282–83, 282n, 315
Balfour Declaration, 15
Balkan Wars, 82–84, 403n
Baltimore Sun, 138n, 327
Bandits, 162, 163, 198, 243, 276, 282
Barnes, Maynard, 77, 107, 174, 284, 317, 359
evacuation preparations, 193–94, 214–15
Great Fire and, 218, 235–36
relief efforts, 183, 227, 234, 234n, 317, 362
Barneveld Methodist Church, 113
Barton, James, 326
Battle at Sakaria, 33–34
Battle of Jutland, 222–25
Bavarian, SS, 79
Beaverbrook, Max Aitken, Lord, 250
/> Bell, Edward, 333–34
Bello, Toney, 140
Benson, William S., 53, 432–33n
Bernhardt, Sarah, 261
Birge, Anna, 199–200, 200n
Birge, J. Kingsley, 72, 198, 316
Bismarck Tribune, 326
Black, Van Clear, 138n
Blackley, Francis, 88
Black Sea ports, refugee evacuation of, 385–87
Bliss, Robert Woods, 88
Bolshevik Revolution, 49
Bosnia-Herzegovina, 124
Bosporus, 49–50
Boston Cafe, 77
Boston Red Sox, 61
Boudjah, 94, 117, 164, 186, 284
Bouillon, Henry Franklin, 379
Bournabat, 25, 118, 119, 140, 148–49, 163–64, 186, 218, 316
Bozok, Salih, 162
BP (British Petroleum), 243
Bristol, Helen, 52–53, 54–55, 58, 95–96, 392
Bristol, Mark L.
Albany incident, 55–56
American business interests and, 50–51, 52, 57–58, 63, 68, 101, 130–31, 140–42, 174–75, 178–79, 248–50, 275; oil policy, 246, 247, 248, 360
American relief community and, 128–29, 130, 132, 134–35, 152, 174–75, 234, 235
anti-Greek and Armenian sentiments of, 96–97, 99, 130, 131, 133, 265, 410–11n; claims of Greek atrocities, 133–34, 148, 150, 181–82, 250–51
authority of, 52–54
background of, 52–53, 55–57, 96–97, 248–49
distrust of British, 50–51, 152, 246, 249, 250, 251
Hepburn and, 98, 135, 137–42, 149–50, 152, 153, 161, 165, 174, 178–79, 182–83, 219, 220, 231, 236, 269, 272, 317, 332–33
as high commissioner, 48–59, 95–96, 98–102, 247, 249–50
Horton and, 39, 54, 62–63, 67–69, 80, 86, 98, 131, 181–83, 251; request for naval protection, 68–69, 81, 86, 87–88, 90, 98–100
Houston and, 219–20
intelligence gathering, 53–54, 98–99; by Merrill, 98–99, 104, 108, 115–16, 120, 182–83, 271–72
Jennings and, 330, 343, 345, 345n, 391; learns of mission, 316–17, 369–74
later life of, 392
onboard Scorpion, 48, 58, 95, 98, 100, 250, 255, 329, 331
Powell and, 263, 285, 293, 298, 316–17, 330, 340, 360, 369–70, 379, 389
pro-Turkish sentiments of, 62–63, 67–68, 129, 330
public relations of, 100–101, 133–34, 135, 254–55
response to Smyrna crisis, 67–69, 87–88, 130–35, 176–77, 249–56, 266, 267, 272, 293, 294, 296n, 386, 388–89; pressure to intervene, 325, 327–37