by Lou Ureneck
Janissary Corps, 123
Jaquith, Harold C., 128–29, 134, 280
evacuation of Americans, 188, 218
refugees and evacuations, 177, 180, 227, 233–34, 233–35, 256, 384–85, 386; of Armenian orphans, 272–73, 330
Turkish occupation and violence, 159, 160–61, 174, 186, 234–35
Turks enter Smyrna, 147–48
Jean Bart, 269, 273–74
Jennings, Amy, 18–19, 73–74, 75–76, 111–12, 113, 163, 164, 204–5
Jennings, Asa Kent
American community meetings and, 79, 80–81, 87–88
arrival in Smyrna, 18–20, 22, 26–28
assignment to Smyrna YMCA, 27–28, 76–77
background of, 5, 21–22, 74–75, 111–14
Bristol and, 330, 343, 345, 345n, 391; learns of mission, 316–17, 369–74
death of, 391
evacuation of family, 5–6, 198–99, 204–5
Great Fire and, 5–6, 195–96, 198–99, 232
Greek Revolution and, 375–76
hand of God and, 307–18
illness and handicap of, 19, 21, 73–74, 111–13
later life of, 389–90, 391
Powell and, 278–80, 303, 309, 310–11, 314, 315, 338–40, 344–46, 358–59, 384–85, 389–90
refugees flooding into Smyrna, 70–72, 75–79, 87, 91
refugee assistance and safe houses, 6, 82, 110–11, 113–15, 118, 120, 139–40, 144, 156, 158–59, 162–63, 177–78, 192, 205, 218, 232–33, 268, 278–80, 290–91, 294, 297, 307–8, 335, 354
refugee evacuations, 316–17, 338–47, 357, 358–59, 361, 368–86, 388–89; Constantinopoli transport, 309–14; negotiations with Greek PM, 342–46, 375–76; promise of protection, 338–40, 343–45, 345n, 369–70, 374
relief committee and, 82, 89–91, 110–11, 113–15, 175, 278, 280–81, 308–9
religious faith of, 20, 21–22
Rhodes’s letter to, 338–40, 342, 343, 344, 369, 371–74
YMCA assignments of, 21, 73, 74–75
Jennings, Asa Wilbur, 19, 113, 204–5
Jennings, Asa Will, 19, 163, 204–5
Jennings, Bertha, 19, 204–5
Jennings, Ortha, 21, 73–74
Jerusalem, 25–26
Jewish Quarter, 6, 25, 157, 271
Jillson, Jeannie, 252, 253–54
Joblin, Miller, 98, 263–64, 273
John’s Gospel, 73–74
Jouett, USS, 261–62
Justinian the Great, 49
Kalpak, 30–31
Karagiozis, 279
Kehaya, Ery, 275–76
Kemal, Mustapha, xv, 123–27
appearance of, 30–31, 37, 123
background of, 122–26, 304–5
birth of Turkish nationalism and, 15, 97, 124–27
in Cordelio, 299–300, 303
in Göztepe, 300–301, 303–4, 359–60
in Greek-Turkish War, 14, 29–35, 122, 127
later life of, 392
Latife and, 299–303, 301n, 304–6, 392
Merrill and, 118–19, 120–21
Noureddin and, 29–30, 172–73
Smyrna and, 90–91, 118–19, 127, 132, 147, 148, 162, 223, 299, 303–4; refugee crisis, 195, 267, 268–70, 274, 275, 285
in World War I, 32–33, 125–26
Kiazim Pasha, 183, 270, 271–72
Kilinski, John, 140
Kilkis, 106, 340–42, 343–46, 358, 369, 370, 375, 376
King, William, 63
Kingdom of Hejaz, 15
King George V, HMS, 78, 87, 144–45, 152–53, 225
Knapp, Harry, 54, 411n
Knauss, Harrison, 109, 116–17, 139, 167, 215
evacuation of Americans, 198, 199–200
Greek-Turkish War and, 119–20
Turkish violence and, 150–51, 153–55, 178, 182, 186–87, 290, 297
Kocatepe, 29–30
Kontos, Eleni, 392
Kontos, George, 392
Koukloudja, 140
Kut Al Amara, 171–72
Lafont, 116, 118–19, 121, 127
Lamb, Harry, 80, 120, 152–53, 178, 181, 192–93, 192n, 223, 251, 268
Landgrun, Sigrid, 140
Lane, Rufus, 88
Lansing, Robert, 53
Latife Hanum, 299–303, 301n, 304–6, 392
Laura Spellman Rockefeller Foundation, 234
Lawrence, Caleb, 82, 88–90, 117, 140, 197, 218, 280
Lawrence, T. E., 172
Lawrence, USS, 134–35, 136–37, 148, 154, 158, 180, 183, 186, 232, 251, 255, 273, 330, 346–47, 355
League of Nations, 14, 160, 389
Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 215
Lehigh University, 52
Lemnos, 375–76
Lesbos, 42, 312–15
Levant Steamship Co., 153
L’Herbier, Marcel, 90
Liggett & Myers Co., 89, 275, 276
Litchfield, USS, 270, 272, 273, 311, 314–18, 337–40, 366, 378–79, 381
arrival in Smyrna, 103–5, 251, 252
crew and design of, 101, 103
evacuation of Americans, 3, 6, 193–95, 199–200, 205, 212–13, 215, 216–17, 231
refugee evacuations, 218–22, 226–27, 234–36, 265, 273, 330
telegraph, 115–16
transit to Smyrna, 98–100, 101, 103
Llewellyn-Smith, Michael, xv
Lloyd George, David, 12–13, 34, 51, 269, 407–8n
London Daily Express, 250
London Daily Mail, 181, 221
London Morning Post, 160
London Times, 159, 327
Lovejoy, Esther Pohl, 352–53, 364–66, 367–68, 381, 385
Ludendorff, Erich, 126
Lumley, Heaton, 196
Lydian Empire, 42
MacAndrews & Forbes, 81, 117, 249, 276
McKinley, William, 40–41, 55
MacLachlan, Alexander, 72, 80, 140, 146, 154–55, 162–63, 183–85
MacLeish, USS, 317–18, 378–79, 380, 383–84
Magira, SS, 79, 104
Magnesia, 107, 108, 119, 120, 148, 297, 438n
Maine, HMHS, 79, 153, 222
Mango, Andrew, xv
Manhattan Island, SS, 293, 317, 381–82
Marghetti, Dimitrios, 196
Margoulis, Dr., 291, 352–53
Marion Star, 67
Marsellos, Demetrius, 114
Marsovan incident, 175–76
Masters, Edgar Lee, 40
Maxwell, Reginald, 196
Megali Hellas, 361
Mehmed V, 11, 42, 126
Mehmed VI, 57
Meles River, 72, 76
Meltemi, 191
Mencken, H. L., 326–27
Merrill, Aaron S., 98–100, 104–8, 273, 332, 360
background of, 99, 107
Great Fire and, 235, 271–72
intelligence gathering for Bristol, 53, 98–100, 104–8, 115–17, 119–21, 182–83, 255, 271–72
Kemal and, 118–19, 120–21
Noureddin and, 149, 174–75, 176, 272
refugees and, 107–8, 167, 297–98
Turks in Smyrna, 118–19, 146, 147–49
Merrill, Louise Witherbee, 99
Mesopotamia (Iraq) oil, 243–44, 245–46, 359–60
Messina earthquake of 1908, 261
Methodist pledge, 114
Mexican oil, 261
Miller, A.T., 207–11
Mills, Minnie, 200–202
Missions Board, 128–30
Mississippi, USS, 340–41
Model T cars, 65
Mohammed II, 331
Moore, Rittenhouse, 55
Moreman, Raymond, 117, 284–85
Morgan, Jacques de, 241
Morgenthau, Henry, 52, 125, 129, 130, 247, 249, 295, 326, 337, 341, 393
Morley, Bertha, 202–3, 230–31
Morris, Leland B., 266, 266n
Mount McKinley, 97
Mount Pagus, 271
Mount Wrangle, 97
Muammer Bey, 299–300, 301�
�3
Mudania, 103, 160, 253–54
Murcelle Pasha, 146–48, 156
Muzaffar al-Din Shah Qajar, 241–42
Mytilene, refugee evacuations, 310–18, 338–47, 357–59, 362, 370–71, 377, 380, 384–85
Nadja Bey, 277, 282, 315–16
Nansen, Fridtjof, 389, 389n
Napoleon III, 301
National Armenian Hospital, 46–47, 166, 392
“Natural born” vs. naturalized American citizens, 179
Naval Academy, U.S., 96–97, 99, 137, 253, 259, 260
Naval Detachment in Turkish Waters, U.S. (STANAV), 52
Naval War College, U.S. (Newport), 262
Navy Board, U.S., 392, 393
“Near East,” use of term, xvi
Near East Relief (NER), 80, 128–30, 134, 135, 140, 142–43, 159, 174, 180, 228, 326, 352, 384–85, 386
refugee evacuations, 221, 256, 293–94, 310, 317, 352, 354n
New England Congregationalists, 25–26
New York (steamship), 256
New York Times, 130, 135, 265–66, 273, 325, 332, 372
New York World, 133–34
Nicholson, William, 362, 363, 384–85
Nif, 127, 140
Nightengale, Florence, 387n
Nolan, Myrtle, 203, 273
Norfolk Naval Shipyard, 261–62
North Carolina, USS, 57
Noureddin Pasha, 29–30, 149, 171–77, 379–80
Chrysostomos and, 172–73, 177
Marsovan incident, 175–76
proclamations, 177, 186
in World War I, 171–72
Obama, Barack, 394
Office of Naval Aeronautics, 56
Oil (oil supplies), 64–66, 241–46
Oklahoma, USS, 57
Olivet College, 200
Onassis, Aristotle, 44, 277
Onassis, Socrates, 43–44, 277
“On the Quai at Smyrna” (Hemingway), 292–93
Orhan, 124
Oriental Carpet Manufacturing Co., 24, 153, 196, 235, 312, 323–24
Orient Express (train), 250
Osman, 124
Ottoman Empire, 10–11
Great Fire marking end of, 1, 400n
Horton and, 41–42, 82–84
Kemal and, 124–25
postwar partition of, 11–16, 245–46, 251
Smyrna’s role in, 20, 23
World War I and, 11, 83–84, 245
Ottomanism, 41–42
Ottoman War College, 122, 123, 124
Palazzo Corpi, 48, 50, 55, 58
Palestine, 15, 85, 126, 184, 390
Pancho Villa, 97
Panonios Football Field, 156–57
Paradise Road, 70–71, 75–76
Paris Peace Conference (1919), 11–13
Park, James, 107
Parker, USS, 262
Parrott, USS, 384
Parsons, Levi, 25–26
Passport Pier, 26, 105, 158, 230, 235–36, 239, 323
Patmos, 22
Paul, Saint, 10
Peet, William W., 128–29, 252
Pelle, Maurice, 277–78, 303, 336, 370
Pepe, Guglielmo, 195, 268–69, 273–74, 285, 315
Pera Palace Hotel, 249–50
Perry, E.B., 444n
Pershing, John, 97
Persian oil, 241–44
Petrograd, 100
Phillips, William
background of, 61–62
Bristol and, 325, 327–33, 335, 336–37
Horton cables, 61–63, 66–69, 88, 98, 251
pressure to intervene, 325–37
Phocaea, 71, 84
Pierre Loti, 309
Pittsburgh, USS, 391
Plastiras, Nikolaos, 375
Poincaré, Raymond, 269
Poland, invasion of, 9
Pomona College, 72, 117, 284
Port Huron Times, 129–30
Post, Wilfred, 147, 265, 387–88
Armenian death marches, 294–95
Noureddin and, 174, 175–76, 272
relief efforts, 134, 142, 165, 180, 202–4, 215, 281, 291
Pott’s disease, 112–13
Powell, Halsey, 259–68
background of, 259–63
Bristol and, 263, 285, 293, 298, 316–17, 330, 340, 360, 369–70, 379, 389
death of, 391–92
Jennings and, 278–80, 303, 309, 310–11, 314, 315, 338, 344–46, 358–59, 384–85, 389–90; Rhodes’s letter, 338–40, 369, 371–74
Kemal and, 359–60, 379
later life of, 391–92
naval commands of, 260–63
refugees and, 270–71, 273–74, 277–83, 293–94, 296–97
refugee evacuations, 228, 265, 267–68, 274–75, 285, 315–18, 330, 339–46, 349, 350, 353, 357–63, 366–67, 373–74, 378–86, 388
relief committees and, 4, 280–81, 310–11
in Smyrna, 265–68, 270–71, 273–74, 277–84, 290–91, 293–94, 296–97
transfer to U.S., 389–90
in World War I, 262, 263
Powell, John West, 259–60
Powell, Margaret Halsey, 259–60
Powell, Virginia Perkins, 261–62
Prentiss, Mark O., 135, 140–41, 423–25n
alleging Greek atrocities, 273, 325, 381
background of, 135, 423–24n
Great Fire and, 218, 219, 265–66
relief efforts, 273, 283, 357, 424n
Price, Ward, 181, 221, 430n
Prinkipo Island, 250, 264–65
Prohibition, 100
Pulitzer, Joseph, 133–34
Quayside Sporting Club, 38
Rahmi Bey, 20
Ratcliff, C.N., 58
Rauf Bey, 359
Ravndal, Gabriel Bie, 53
Red Cross, 132, 134, 138, 143, 156, 187, 234, 329, 386, 388
Reed, Cass, 72, 284, 314–15
Reed, John, 97
Refki, Falih, 305
Refugees along Sea of Marmara, 159–60
Refugees in Smyrna, 3–4, 70–71, 72, 75–79, 87, 90–91, 104–5, 107–8, 119–20, 128, 130–35, 144, 174–75
days of despair, 290–98
evacuation of. See Refugee evacuations of Smyrna
food shortages, 109–11, 113–14, 157–58, 180–81, 281–82
Noureddin and, 174–77
relief efforts, 68, 82, 88, 110–15, 119, 128–30, 134, 138–43, 156–59, 165–66, 174, 177, 178, 180, 202–4, 215, 230–34, 280, 281, 291. See also specific persons and relief organizations
Theodora’s story, 92–94, 286–89, 381
Turkish violence against, 150–51, 155–56, 159, 160–61, 165–66, 174, 177–79, 182–88, 191–92, 211–12, 234–35, 294
Refugee evacuations of Black Sea ports, 385–87
Refugee evacuations of Smyrna, 348–68, 378–85
British assistance with, 360–61, 363–65, 378–82
Constantinopoli transport, 309–14
evacuations begin, 348–68
Jennings’s negotiations with Greek PM, 342–46, 375–76
Jennings’s promise of protection, 338–40, 343–45, 345n, 369–70, 374
pressure on Washington, 325–37
Rhodes’s letter, 338–40, 342, 343, 344, 369, 371–74
Reid, USS, 261
Rhodes, John B., 273, 318
arrival in Smyrna, 104–5
background of, 101–2
Jennings and, 314–15, 318; letter, 338–40, 342, 343, 344, 369, 371–74
refugee situation, 138, 139, 318
trip to Smyrna, 98–99, 101, 103–4
Rhodes, Katherine, 102
Rigoletto (opera), 90
Ringland, A. C., 331
R.J. Reynolds, 24, 275–76
Rockefeller, John D., 246
Rogers, E. P., 276
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 138n, 262, 391–92
Roosevelt, Theodore, 40–41, 261
Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 68–69
Royal Dutch Shell Co., 244
Royal East Kent Regiment, 331
Royal Marines, 196
Rue Rechidieh, 202, 206
Rue Suyane, 206
Rumbold, Horace, 131, 250, 256, 334–35
Russia (Soviet Union), 34, 100, 274–75
Russian refugees, 49, 55, 99
Sadik Bey, 301–2
St. George Byzantine-Greek Monastery, 265
St. Stephanos Cathedral, 110, 183, 238
Sakaria River, 16, 33
Sakayan, Dora, 392
Salihli, 105, 127
Salonika, 41–42, 82–83, 125
Samsun, 126, 127, 219–20, 264, 374, 389
Sappho, 40, 42
Sardegna, SS, 230
Saudi Arabia, 15
Scorpion, USS, 48, 58, 95, 98, 100, 250, 255, 329, 331
Sea of Marmara, 49, 159–60
Second Light Cruiser Squadron, 362
Seferis, George, 358n
Selimyeh Barracks, 387, 387n
Senator, HMS, 87
September 1922 Revolution, 314, 375–77
Serapis, HMS, 227, 298, 307
Servizi Marittimi, 310
Sevdikuey, 36–37
Sevres Treaty (1920), 14–15, 16, 153, 245–47
Shoedsack, Ernest, 352, 352n
Siege of Kut-al-Amara, 171–72
Silk Road, 23
Simpson, USS, 3, 98, 109, 116, 118, 137, 193–94, 199, 204, 215, 251, 273, 284–85
Sinclair Oil Co., 245
Sislian, Arouskiak, 207–11, 213
Smith, George Otis, 65
Smith, Stanley W., 80–81, 88
Smyrna
Americans in. See Americans in Smyrna
approval to send U.S. destroyers, 66, 68–69
British in. See British in Smyrna
burning of. See Great Fire of Smyrna
Christians in. See Christians in Smyrna
geography of, 23, 25
Greek claims to, 12–14
Greek defense of, 105–7, 109–10, 115, 117–18
Greek retreat from, 67–68, 118–19, 138–39, 146
history of, 22–23, 25–26
Litchfield’s arrival, 103–5, 251, 252
map, xvii
naval presence in harbor, 78–79, 87, 103–4, 268–69, 273–75
Noureddin and, 171–77
refugees in. See Refugees in Smyrna
refugee evacuations of. See Refugee evacuations of Smyrna
Turkish violence in, 150–51, 155–56, 159, 160–61, 165–66, 174, 177–79, 182–88, 191–92, 195–96, 211–12, 234–35, 294
Turks advance on, 36–39, 43–44, 46, 67–68, 87–88, 118–19
Turks enter, 127, 143–53
Smyrna-Aydin Railroad, 36, 70, 108, 196, 360
Smyrna Greek Club, 214
Smyrna Quay, 22, 76, 144, 145–46, 277–78, 292
American evacuations, 2–6, 213–14
Great Fire at, 216–19, 221–22, 229, 230, 238–40
Smyrna Relief Committee, 88–91, 110–11, 113–15, 117, 160–61, 174–75, 180–81, 213, 275, 308–9, 315, 352–53
Smyrna Theater. See American Theater