13 Trumpener, Ottoman Empire, p. 31.
14 Ibid., p. 33.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid., p. 32.
18 Viscount Grey of Falloden, Twenty-Five Years, 1892–1916 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1925), Vol. 2, p. 164.
19 Joseph Heller, British Policy Towards the Ottoman Empire: 1908–1914 (London: Frank Cass, 1983).
20 Trumpener, Ottoman Empire, p. 48.
21 Harry N. Howard, Turkey, the Straits and U.S. Policy (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), p. 27, n. 2.
22 Trumpener, Ottoman Empire, p. 58.
23 Gilbert, Churchill: The Challenge of War, p. 216.
24 Shaw and Shaw, Ottoman Empire, p. 312.
25 Asquith, Letters, p. 309.
26 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. 4: 1916–1922, The Stricken World (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975), pp. 752–3.
27 Asquith, Letters, pp. 165–6.
28 Ibid., p. 186.
29 Gilbert, The Challenge of War, p. 210.
30 Grey, Twenty-Five Years, p. 167.
31 Asquith, Letters, p. 402.
32 Christopher Sykes, Two Studies in Virtue (London: Collins, 1953), p. 205.
CHAPTER 8
1 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. 3: 1914–1916, The Challenge of War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), p. 12.
2 George H. Cassar, Kitchener: Architect of Victory (London: William Kimber, 1977), p. 172.
3 H. H. Asquith, Letters to Venetia Stanley, ed. by Michael and Eleanor Brock (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 157.
4 Lord Riddell’s War Diary 1914–1918 (London: Ivor Nicholson & Watson, 1933), p. 48; Cassar, Kitchener, p. 193.
5 Violet Bonham Carter, Winston Churchill as I Knew Him (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode and Collins, 1965), p. 316.
6 Lord Beaverbrook, Politicians and the War 1914–1916 (London: Oldbourne Book Co., 1960), p. 172.
7 Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1954), p. 54.
8 G. W. Steevens, With Kitchener to Khartum (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1900), p. 46.
9 Ibid., p. 48.
10 Ibid., p. 45.
11 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 12th edn, s.v. “Kitchener.”
12 Cassar, Kitchener, p. 196.
13 Elie Kedourie, In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpreters 1914–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 12–13; L. Hirszowicz, “The Sultan and the Khedive, 1892–1908,” Middle Eastern Studies (October 1972); Jukka Nevakivi, “Lord Kitchener and the Partition of the Ottoman Empire, 1915–1916,” in K. C. Bourne and D. C. Watt (eds), Studies in International History (London: Longman, 1967), p. 318.
14 Lord Edward Cecil, The Leisure of an Egyptian Official (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1921), p. 187.
15 The Memoirs of Sir Ronald Storrs (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1937), p. 206.
16 Kedourie, Anglo-Arab Labyrinth, p. 29.
17 Sir Mark Sykes, The Caliphs’ Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire (London: Macmillan, 1915).
18 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edn, s.v. “Turkey” Lord Eversley, The Turkish Empire, from 1288 to 1914 (New York: Howard Fertig, 1969), p. 6.
19 Arab Bulletin, no. 47, 11 April 1917.
20 H. V. F. Winstone, The Illicit Adventure (London: Jonathan Cape, 1982), pp. 107–9 and 220–1.
CHAPTER 9
1 Lord Riddell’s War Diary 1914–1918 (London: Ivor Nicholson & Watson, 1933), p. 75.
2 G. W. Steevens, With Kitchener to Khartum (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1900), pp. 64–5.
3 University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Gilbert Clayton Papers. 469/8.
4 Ibid.
5 War Memoirs of David Lloyd George, Vol. 3: 1916–1917 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1934), pp. 304–5.
6 Kew. Public Record Office. Kitchener Papers. 30/57 45. Document 0045.
7 University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Gilbert Clayton Papers. 470/4.
8 Kew. Public Record Office. Kitchener Papers. 30/57 45. Document 0071.
9 Ibid. Document 0073.
10 University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Clayton Key Papers. G//S 513. File 1.
11 Kew. Public Record Office. Kitchener Papers. 30/57 47. Document QQ16.
12 Ibid. Document QQ15.
13 Christopher M. Andrew and A. S. Kanya-Forstner, The Climax of French Imperial Expansion: 1914–1924 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981), p. 68.
14 Ibid., p. 69.
15 Ibid., p. 40.
16 Ibid., pp. 69–70.
CHAPTER 10
1 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 12th edn, s.v. “World War.”
2 John Buchan, Greenmantle (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1916), p. 17.
3 C. Ernest Dawn, From Ottomanism to Arabism: Essays on the Origins of Arab Nationalism (Urbana, Chicago, and London: University of Illinois Press, 1973), pp. 54–68.
4 The account in the text follows that in Elie Kedourie, In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpreters 1914–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 4–11.
5 Majid Khadduri, “Aziz ’Ali Al-Misri and the Arab Nationalist Movement,” in Albert Hourani (ed.), Middle Eastern Affairs: Number Four, St Antony’s Papers, no. 17 (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), pp. 140–3.
6 H. V. F. Winstone, The Illicit Adventure (London: Jonathan Cape, 1982), p. 380.
7 Kedourie, Anglo-Arab Labyrinth, pp. 13–14.
8 Ibid., p. 25.
9 Ibid., p. 17.
10 Zeine N. Zeine, The Emergence of Arab Nationalism with a Background Study of Arab-Turkish Relations in the Near East (Beirut: Khayats, 1966).
11 Dawn, Ottomanism, p. 152.
12 Albert Hourani, The Emergence of the Modern Middle East (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1981), pp. 193–215; Dawn, Ottomanism; Zeine N. Zeine, Arab Nationalism, pp. 39–59.
13 George Antonius, The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement (New York: Capricorn Books, 1965), p. 133; Kedourie, Anglo-Arab Labyrinth, p. 19.
14 University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Gilbert Clayton Papers. 469/8.
15 Kedourie, Anglo-Arab Labyrinth, p. 22.
16 Ibid., pp. 17–18.
17 Kew. Public Record Office. Kitchener Papers. 30/57 47. Document QQ38.
CHAPTER 11
1 Elie Kedourie, In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpreters 1914–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 30.
2 Briton Cooper Busch, Britain, India, and the Arabs, 1914–1921 (Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1971), p. 62.
3 Kedourie, Anglo-Arab Labyrinth, p. 30.
4 Busch, Britain, India, and the Arabs, p. 62.
5 Kedourie, Anglo-Arab Labyrinth, p. 120.
6 Ibid., p. 30.
7 H. V. F. Winstone, Captain Shakespear (London: Jonathan Cape, 1976).
8 Busch, Britain, India, and the Arabs, p. 60.
9 Ibid., p. 11.
10 Kedourie, Anglo-Arab Labyrinth, p. 52.
11 Ibid., pp. 47–51.
12 Ulrich Trumpener, Germany and the Ottoman Empire: 1914–1918 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968), p. 117.
13 Fritz Fischer, Germany’s Aims in the First World War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1967), p. 126.
14 Trumpener, Ottoman Empire, p. 118.
15 Kedourie, Anglo-Arab Labyrinth, p. 76.
16 C. J. Lowe and M. L. Dockrill, The Mirage of Power, Vol. 3: The Documents, British Foreign Policy 1902–1922 (London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), p. 538.
17 University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Clayton Key Papers. G//S 513. File 1.
18 Kew. Public Record Office. Kitchener Papers. 30/57 45. Document 0074.
CHAPTER 12
1 C. Ernest Dawn, From Ottomanism to Arabism: Essays on the Origins of Arab Nationalism (Urbana, Chicago, and London: University of Illinois P
ress, 1973), p. 14, nn. 42 and 43.
2 Kew. Public Record Office. Kitchener Papers. 30/57 47.
3 Ibid. Document QQ15.
CHAPTER 13
1 The text material on the Caucasus campaign follows the first-hand account supplied by Major Franz Carl Endres in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 12th edn, s.v. “Turkish Campaigns.”
2 90,000 effectives, according to Endres, ibid. The current Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edn. s.v. “World Wars,” uses the figure 180,000.
3 Ibid.
4 Ahmed Emin, Turkey in the World War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1930), p. 88.
5 Frank G. Weber, Eagles on the Crescent: Germany, Austria, and the Diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance 1914–1918 (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1970), p. 98; C. R. M. F. Cruttwell, A History of the Great War, 2nd edn (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936), p. 351.
6 Margaret FitzHerbert, The Man Who Was Greenmantle: A Biography of Aubrey Herbert (London: John Murray, 1983), p. 147.
7 H. H. Asquith, Letters to Venetia Stanley, ed. by Michael and Eleanor Brock (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 414.
8 The statistics that follow are taken from Charles Issawi, The Economic History of Turkey: 1800–1914 (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 366 et seq.
9 Emin, Turkey, p. 92.
CHAPTER 14
1 Lord Beaverbrook, Men and Power 1917–1918 (London: Hutchinson, 1956), p. xvii.
2 Walter Hines Page, quoted in Kenneth O. Morgan, Lloyd George (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974), p. 13.
3 A. J. P. Taylor, English History 1914–1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), p. 74.
4 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. 3: 1914–1916, The Challenge of War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), p. 230.
5 Zara C. Steiner, Britain and the Origins of the First World War (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1977).
6 The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell (London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1978), p. 239.
7 H. H. Asquith, Letters to Venetia Stanley, ed. by Michael and Eleanor Brock (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 266.
8 Gilbert, Churchill: The Challenge of War, p. 226; John Grigg, Lloyd George: From Peace to War 1912–1916 (London: Methuen, 1985), p. 194.
9 Lord Beaverbrook, Politicians and the War 1914–1916 (London: Oldbourne, 1960), p. 175.
10 Gilbert, Churchill: The Challenge of War, pp. 328–9.
CHAPTER 15
1 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. 3: 1914–1916, The Challenge of War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), p. 234.
2 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume, Vol. 3, Part 1: July 1914–April 1915 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), p. 380.
3 H. H. Asquith, Letters to Venetia Stanley, ed. by Michael and Eleanor Brock (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 374.
4 Gilbert, Churchill: Companion Volume, p. 500.
5 Asquith, Letters, p. 429.
6 Gilbert, Churchill: The Challenge of War, p. 287.
7 Ibid., pp. 296–7.
8 Ibid., p. 288.
9 Violet Bonham Carter, Winston Churchill as I Knew Him (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode and Collins, 1965), pp. 359–60.
10 Ibid., p. 359.
11 Gilbert, Churchill: Companion Volume, pp. 558–9.
12 Alan Moorehead, Gallipoli (New York: Ballentine Books, 1956), p. 59.
13 Ulrich Trumpener, Germany and the Ottoman Empire 1914–1918 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968), p. 142.
14 Ibid., p. 146.
15 L. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (New York: Rinehart, 1958), p. 560.
16 Bonham Carter, Churchill, p. 368.
17 Ibid., p. 369.
18 Ibid., p. 361.
19 Gilbert, Churchill: Companion Volume, p. 625.
20 Bonham Carter, Churchill, p. 368.
21 Gilbert, Churchill: The Challenge of War, p. 315.
22 Ibid., p. 326.
23 Bonham Carter, Churchill, pp. 365–6.
CHAPTER 16
1 Christopher M. Andrew and A. S. Kanya-Forstner, The Climax of French Imperial Expansion: 1914–1924 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981), p. 73.
2 Viscount Grey of Falloden, Twenty-Five Years, 1892–1916 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1925), Vol. 2, pp. 180–1.
3 H. H. Asquith, Letters to Venetia Stanley, ed. by Michael and Eleanor Brock (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 300.
4 Ibid., p. 463.
5 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. 3: 1914–1916, The Challenge of War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), p. 320.
6 Ibid.
7 Asquith, Letters, p. 183, n. 5.
8 Gilbert, Churchill: The Challenge of War, p. 320.
9 Elie Kedourie, In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpreters 1914–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 22–3.
10 David Lloyd George, Memoirs of the Peace Conference (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1939), Vol. 2, p. 669.
11 Gilbert, Churchill: The Challenge of War, p. 349.
12 Briton Cooper Busch, Britain, India, and the Arabs, 1914–1921 (Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1971), pp. 40–2.
13 Asquith, Letters, p. 510.
14 Ibid., p. 469.
15 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume, Vol. 3, Part 1: July 1914–April 1915 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), p. 716.
16 Kew. Public Record Office. Kitchener Papers. 30/57 45. Document 0073.
17 Ibid. 30/57. Document QQ18.
18 Kedourie, Anglo-Arab Labyrinth, p. 33.
19 Ibid., pp. 49–50.
20 Ibid., p. 34.
21 H. V. F. Winstone, Gertrude Bell (London: Jonathan Cape, 1978), p. 165.
22 Marian Kent, “Asiatic Turkey, 1914–1916,” in F. H. Hinsley (ed.), British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 445.
23 Kedourie, Anglo-Arab Labyrinth, p. 43.
24 Ibid., p. 41.
25 C. J. Lowe and M. L. Dockrill, The Mirage of Power, Vol. 3: The Documents, British Foreign Policy 1902–1922 (London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), pp. 524–5.
CHAPTER 17
1 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume, Vol. 3, Part 1: July 1914–April 1915 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), pp. 52–3.
2 Roger Adelson, Mark Sykes: Portrait of an Amateur (London: Jonathan Cape, 1975), p. 180.
3 Ibid., p. 182.
4 Margaret FitzHerbert, The Man Who Was Greenmantle: A Biography of Aubrey Herbert (London: John Murray, 1983), pp. 147–9.
CHAPTER 18
1 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. 3: 1914–1916, The Challenge of War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), p. 343.
2 Ibid.
3 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume, Vol. 3, Part 1: July 1914–April 1915 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), p. 703.
4 Gilbert, Churchill: The Challenge of War, p. 358.
5 Stephen Roskill, Hankey: Man of Secrets, Vol. 1: 1877–1918 (London: Collins, 1970), p. 159.
6 Gilbert, Churchill: The Challenge of War, p. 359.
7 Ibid., p. 371.
8 H. H. Asquith, Letters to Venetia Stanley, ed. by Michael and Eleanor Brock (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 488.
9 Gilbert, Churchill: The Challenge of War, p. 375.
10 Gilbert, Churchill: Companion Volume, p. 731.
CHAPTER 19
1 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume, Vol. 3, Part 1, July 1914–April 1915 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), p. 582.
2 Sir Ian Hamilton, Gallipoli Diary, Vol. 1 (London: Edward Arnold, 1920), p. 5.
3 Ibid., p. 25.
4 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. 3: 1914–1916, The Challenge of War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), p. 294.
5 John Grigg, Lloyd George: From Peace to War 1912
–1916 (London: Methuen, 1985), p. 211.
6 Compton Mackenzie, My Life and Times, Octave Five, 1915–1923 (London: Chatto & Windus, 1966), p. 269
CHAPTER 20
1 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. 3: 1914–1916, The Challenge of War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), p. 450.
2 Margaret FitzHerbert, The Man Who Was Greenmantle: A Biography of Aubrey Herbert (London: John Murray, 1983), p. 151.
3 Ibid., p. 155.
4 Lord Riddell’s War Diary 1914–1918 (London: Ivor Nicholson & Watson, 1933), p. 94.
5 Ibid., p. 109.
6 Gilbert, Churchill: The Challenge of War, p. 476.
7 Riddell, Diary, p. 89.
8 Gilbert, Churchill: The Challenge of War, p. 440.
CHAPTER 21
1 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. 3: 1914–1916, The Challenge of War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), p. 529.
2 H. Montgomery Hyde, Carson (London: William Heinemann, 1953), p. 393.
3 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume, Vol. 3, Part 2: May 1915–December 1916 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), p. 1158.
4 Gilbert, Churchill: The Challenge of War, p. 549.
5 John Presland (pseudonym for Gladys Skelton), Deedes Bey: A Study of Sir Wyndham Deedes 1883–1923 (London: Macmillan, 1942), p. 226.
6 Ibid., p. 231.
CHAPTER 22
1 Roger Adelson, Mark Sykes: Portrait of an Amateur (London: Jonathan Cape, 1975), p. 187.
2 Briton Cooper Busch, Britain, India, and the Arabs, 1914–1921 (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1971), p. 69.
3 Adelson, Sykes, p. 192.
4 C. J. Lowe and M. L. Dockrill, The Mirage of Power, Vol. 2: British Foreign Policy 1914–1922 (London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), p. 209.
5 H. V. F. Winstone, Gertrude Bell (London: Jonathan Cape, 1978), p. 162.
CHAPTER 23
1 Roger Adelson, Mark Sykes: Portrait of an Amateur (London: Jonathan Cape, 1975), p. 187.
2 Ibid., p. 189.
3 Secret Despatches from Arabia by T. E. Lawrence (The Golden Cockerel Press), p. 69.
4 C. Ernest Dawn, From Ottomanism to Arabism: Essays on the Origins of Arab Nationalism (Urbana, Chicago and London: University of Illinois Press, 1973), p. 30.
5 Elie Kedourie, In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpreters 1914–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 75.
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