3. Quoted in Susan M. Reverby, Ordered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 22.
4. Kate Cumming, Journal of Hospital Life in the Confederate Army of Tennessee from the Battle of Shiloh to the End of the War: With Sketches of Life and Character and Brief Notices of Current Events During That Period (Louisville: John P. Morton, 1866), 28.
5. Jane E. Schultz, Women at the Front: Hospital Workers in Civil War America (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 20.
Chapter 1
1. Quoted in Thomas J. Brown, Dorothea Dix: New England Reformer (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 301.
2. George Templeton String, Diary of the Civil War, 1860–1864, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Macmillan, 1962), 173–74.
3. Quoted in Maury Klein, Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), 176.
4. Quoted in James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York: Ballantine Books, 1988), 269.
5. Quoted in McPherson, 275.
6. Quoted in David Gollaher, Voice for the Mad: The Life of Dorothea Dix (New York: Free Press, 1995), 391.
7. Quoted in Gollaher, 397.
8. John G. Nicolay, With Lincoln in the White House: Letters, Memoranda, and Other Writings of John G. Nicolay, 1860–1865, ed. Michael Burlingame (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000) 36.
9. Brown, 278.
10. Quoted in Frank R. Freemon, Gangrene and Glory: Medical Care During the American Civil War (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1998), 52–54.
11. Brown, 282.
12. Quoted in Mary C. Gillett, The Army Medical Bureau, 1818–1865 (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, US Army, 1987), 154.
13. Quoted in Brown, 290.
14. From Circular No. 8, July 24, 1862, quoted in Philip A. Kalisch and Beatrice J. Kalisch, The Advance of American Nursing, third ed. (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott), 1995), 40.
15. J. H. Brinton, Personal Memoirs of John H. Brinton, Major and Surgeon U.S.V., 1861–1865 (New York: Neale Publishing, 1914), 44.
16. Cornelia Hancock, Letters of a Civil War Nurse, Cornelia Hancock, 1863–1865, ed. Henrietta Stratton Jaquette (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 3.
17. Quoted in Julia Boyd, The Excellent Doctor Blackwell: The life of the First Woman Physician (Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing, 2005), 184.
18. Quoted in Stephen B. Oates, A Woman of Valor: Clara Barton and the Civil War (New York: Free Press, 1994).
19. Quoted in Gollaher, 415.
20. Quoted in L. P. Brockett and M. C. Vaughan, eds., Woman’s Work in the Civil War: A Record of Heroism, Patriotism and Patience (Philadelphia: Zeigler, McCurdy & Company, 1867), 103.
21. Quoted in Brown, 308.
22. Ibid., 315.
Chapter 2
1. Ira M. Rutkow, Bleeding Blue and Gray: Civil War Surgery and the Evolution of American Medicine (New York: Random House, 2005), 4.
2. Stephen Oates, A Woman of Valor: Clara Barton and the Civil War (New York: Free Press. 1994), 4.
3. Quoted in George Worthington Adams, Doctors in Blue: The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War (New York: Henry Schuman, 1952), 19.
4. Quoted in Hannah Ropes, Civil War Nurse: The Diary and Letters of Hannah Ropes, ed. John R. Brumgardt (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980), 40.
5. Quoted in Ropes, 40–41.
6. Quoted in Freemon, 35.
7. Ken Burns and Geoffrey C. Ward, The Civil War: An Illustrated History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), 62.
8. Quoted in Kenneth C. Davis, Don’t Know Much About the Civil War (New York: Avon Books, 1997), 188.
9. New York Times, July 22, 1861
10. Saint Paul Daily Press, July 30, 1861
11. Rutkow, 5.
12. Quoted in Freemon, 35–36.
13. S. Smith editorial, “Rank of Civil and Military Surgeons,” American Medical Times, 3 (1861), 56.
14. Quoted in Horace H. Cunningham, Field Medical Services at the Battles of Manassas (Bull Run) (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1968), 13.
15. Edwin S. Barrett, What I Saw at Bull Run (Boston, n.p., 1866), 26.
16. New York Daily Tribune, July 26, 1861.
17. Barrett, 24.
18. Rutkow, 36.
19. Mary A. Holland, Our Army Nurses. Interesting Sketches, Addresses and Photographs of Nearly One Hundred of the Noble Women Who Served in Hospitals and on Battlefield during Our Civil War, ed. Mary A. Gardner Holland (Boston: B. Wilkins, 1895), 167.
20. Quoted in Oates, 52.
21. New York Times, July 26, 1861.
22. Stephen Smith, “The Profession and the Crisis,” American Medical Times 3 (1861), 73.
Chapter 3
1. Mary Phinney von Olnhausen, Adventures of an Army Nurse in Two Wars (Boston: Little Brown, 1904), 29.
2. John Matteson, Eden’s Outcasts: The Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Father (New York: W.W. Norton, 2007), 265.
3. Schultz, 63.
4. Ibid., 63.
5. Holland, 207.
6. Ibid., 125.
7. Amanda Aiken Stearns, The Lady Nurse of Ward E (New York: The Baker & Taylor Co., 1909), 116; 60.
8. Von Olnhausen, 8.
9. Ibid., 13.
10. Ibid., 13–14.
11. Ibid., 21.
12. Ibid., 22.
13. Ibid., 23.
14. Ibid., 26.
15. Ibid., 29.
16. William Howard Russell, Times (London), September 15 and 22, 1854.
17. British National Archives, catalogue reference: WO 33/1 ff.119, 124, 146–47 (February 23, 1855), http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/battles/crimea/popup/medical.htm. Retrieved 8/30/15.
18. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/florence-nightingale/source-4/. Retrieved 10/7/15.
19. Anne Reading, The Journal of Anne Reading: From Florence Nightingale to Dorothea Dix and Beyond., ed. Margaret Garrett Irwin (Bloomington, IN: Trafford, 2006), 1.
20. Ibid., 5.
21. Ibid.,10.
22. Ibid., 23.
23. Ibid., 24.
24. Ibid., 26.
25. Ibid., 44.
26. Louisa May Alcott, Hospital Sketches (Bedford, MA: Applewood Books, 1993), 7–14 passim.
27. Holland, 19–20 passim.
Chapter 4
1. Katharine Prescott Wormeley, The Other Side of the War with the Army of the Potomac: Letters from the Headquarters of the United States Sanitary Commission During the Peninsular Campaign in Virginia in 1862 (Boston: Ticknor and Company, 1889), 105.
2. Reading, 50.
3. Elizabeth Blackwell, Pioneer Work for Women (London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1914), 189–90. Quoted in Judith Ann Giesberg, Civil War Sisterhood: The U.S. Sanitary Commission and Women’s Politics in Transition (Boston: University Press, 2000), 32.
4. New York Herald, April 30, 1861. Quoted in Giesberg, 33.
5. Quoted in William Quentin Maxwell, Lincoln’s Fifth Wheel: The Political History of the United States Sanitary Commission (New York: Longman’s Green, 1956), 5–6.
6. Quoted in Giesberg, 36.
7. Maxwell, 8.
8. Giesberg, 5, 79.
9. Georgeanna Woolsey Bacon and Eliza Woolsey Howland, Letters of a Family During the War for the Union 1861–1865 (London: Forgotten Books, 2015), vol. 1, 48.
10. Quoted in Schultz, 43.
11. Frederick Law Olmsted, Hospital Transports: A Memoir of the Embarkation of the Sick and Wounded from the Peninsula of Virginia in the Summer of 1862, (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1863), 37.
12. Quoted in Giesberg, 54.
13. S. G. “Correspondence. Duties of the Army Surgeon—Females Not Suitable for Nurses,” American Medical Times, July 18, 1861, 30.
14. Reading, 49.
15. Ibid., 50–51.
16. Quoted in Gi
esberg, 122.
17. Reading, 59.
18. Ibid., 53–54.
19. Ibid., 57–58.
20. Quoted in Diane Cobb Cashman, Headstrong: The Biography of Amy Morris Bradley 1823–1904, A Life of Noblest Usefulness (Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing, 1990), 119.
21. Quoted in Giesberg, 130.
22. Giesberg, 123.
23. Ibid., 122.
24. Ibid., 120.
25. Ibid., 121.
26. Ibid., 129.
27. Reading, 60–61.
28. Ibid., 63.
Chapter 5
1. Alcott, 24.
2. Alexandria Gazette, July 31, 1860; quoted in George G. Kundahl, Alexandria Goes to War: Beyond Robert E. Lee (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2004), 3.
3. Alexandria Gazette, May 24, 1849; quoted in report by Fauber Garbee, Inc., “Restoration of the John Carlyle House, Alexandria, Virginia,” July 1980, 111–19.
4. Anne S. Frobel, The Civil War Diary of Anne S. Frobel (McLean, VA: EPM Publications, 1992), 15.
5. Alexandria Gazette, May 16, 1861; quoted in Kundahl, 15.
6. Von Olnhausen, 33.
7. Joseph Spafford to Marianne Spafford, University of Vermont Libraries, Center for Digital Initiatives, http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/search.xql?rows=1&start=6&term1=Mansion%20House%20hospital&field1=ft [downloaded 9/10/15]).
8. Brinton, 198.
9. James G. Barber, Alexandria in the Civil War (Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, 1988), 9.
10. Joseph Spafford to Marianne Spafford.
11. Von Olnhausen, 32.
12. Joseph Spafford to Marianne Spafford.
13. Von Olnhausen, 32.
14. Quoted in Oates, 58.
15. Ropes, 63.
16. Robert E. Denny, Civil War Medicine: Care and Comfort of the Wounded (New York: Sterling Publishing, 1994), 139.
17. Von Olnhausen, 36.
18. Quoted in Oates, 66.
19. Von Olnhausen, 32.
20. Ibid., 33.
21. Ibid., 35.
22. Reading, 64.
23. Ibid., 65–66.
24. Von Olnhausen, 44.
25. Ibid., 43.
26. Ibid., 44.
27. Ibid., 44–45.
28. Bacon and Howland, 142.
29. Correspondence, “Duties of the Army Surgeon—Females Not Suitable For Nurses,” American Medical Times, 3 (1861), 30.
30. Sarah Coster, “Nurses, Spies and Soldiers: The Civil War at Carlyle House,” Carlyle House Docent Dispatch, March 2011, 2.
31. Quoted by Schultz, 124.
32. Ibid., 125.
33. Brinton, 199–200.
34. Ibid., 294.
35. Von Olnhausen, 61–63.
Chapter 6
1. Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner, The Gilded Age (New York: Random House, 2006), 173–74.
2. Elvira J. Powers, Hospital pencillings: Being a diary while in Jefferson General Hospital, Jeffersonville, Ind, and others at Nashville, Tennessee, as matron and visitor (Boston: Edward L. Mitchel, 1866), 123–24.
3. Von Olnhausen, 33.
4. Ropes, 52–53.
5. Alcott, 26.
6. Quoted in Thomas Neville Bonner, To The Ends of the Earth: Women’s Search for Education in Medicine (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 11.
7. Bacon and Howland, 79–81 passim.
8. Von Olnhausen, 17.
9. Powers, 124.
10. Ropes, 58.
11. Mary A. Newcomb, Four Years of Personal Reminiscences of the War (Chicago: H. S. Mills, 1893), 116.
12. Stearns, 287.
13. Jane Hoge, The Boys in Blue; or, Heroes of the “Rank and File” (New York: E.B. Treat, 1867), 111.
14. Von Olnhausen, 76.
15. Bacon and Howland, vol. 2, 594.
16. Von Olnhausen, 38–39.
17. Lucy Campbell Kaiser in Our Army Nurses, 181.
18. Adams, 16.
19. Elizabeth D. Leonard, Yankee Women: Gender Battles in the Civil War (New York: W.W. Norton, 1994), 88.
20. Brockett, 633.
21. Stearns, 266.
22. Brockett, 322.
23. Bacon and Howland, vol. 2, 402.
24. Ropes, 61.
25. Alcott, 29.
26. Von Olnhausen, 50–51.
27. Alcott, 41.
28. Von Olnhausen, 141.
29. Ibid., 61.
30. Ibid., 54.
Chapter 7
1. Quoted in Schultz, 107.
2. Ibid., 74.
3. Powers, 137.
4. Wormeley, 89.
5. Cornelia Hancock, Letters of a Civil War Nurse, Cornelia Hancock, 1863–1865, ed. Henriette Stratton Jaquette (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 5.
6. Hancock, 10.
7. Alcott, 52.
8. Schultz, 107.
9. Reading, 87.
10. Wormeley, 136.
11. Newcomb, 33–34.
12. Von Olnhausen, 50.
13. Wormeley, 69–70.
14. Stearns, 36.
15. Von Olnhausen, 40.
16. Powers, 52.
17. Alcott, 63.
18. Powers, 157.
19. Von Olnhausen, 40.
20. Ibid., 38–39.
21. Bacon and Howland, 137.
22. Von Olnhausen, 72–74.
23. Lucy Campbell Kaiser in Our Army Nurses,180.
24. Hancock,14.
25. Ibid., 9.
26. Ibid., 14.
27. Von Olnhausen, 38.
28. Ibid., 50.
29. Ibid., 49–50.
30. Reading, 79.
31. Ropes, 55.
32. Von Olnhausen, 47–49.
33. Ibid., 101.
34. Ibid., 74.
35. Schultz, 134.
36. Ropes, 17.
37. Ibid., 51.
38. Ibid., 74.
39. Ibid., 73.
40. Ibid., 75.
41. Ibid., 79.
42. Ibid., 82–83.
43. Ibid., 85.
44. Ibid., 87.
45. Quoted in Oates, 95.
46. Von Olnhausen, 52–53.
47. Cashman, 91.
48. Ibid., 91–92.
49. Ibid., 143–44.
50. Ibid., 144–45.
51. Ibid., 149.
52. Ibid., 148–49.
53. Hancock, 12.
54. Ibid., 13.
Chapter 8
1. Hancock, 14.
2. Adams, 15.
3. Ropes, 91.
4. Ibid., 91.
5. Ibid., 112.
6. Ibid., 112.
7. Ibid., 114.
8. Ibid., 120.
9. Ibid., 121.
10. Alcott, 77.
11. Ibid., 78.
12. Ropes, 122.
13. Reading, 79.
14. Von Olnhausen, 56.
15. Ibid., 59.
16. Reading, 83–84.
17. Von Olnhausen, 75–78.
18. Ibid., 69.
19. Ibid., 83.
20. Ibid., 85.
21. Ibid., 86.
22. Reading, 88.
23. Von Olnhausen, 77.
24. Ibid., 86–87.
25. Ibid., 89–90.
26. Quoted in Schultz, 78–79.
27. Ropes, 120.
28. Alcott, 32.
29. Von Olnhausen, 81.
30. Ibid., 91–92
31. Ibid., 81
32. Ibid., 7.
33. Ibid., 75–78.
34. Ibid., 78–79.
35. Ibid., 103–4.
36. Ibid., 79–80.
37. Hancock, 18.
38. Powers, 158.
Chapter 9
1. Powers, 121
2. Von Olnhausen, 41
3. Ibid., 174
4. Ibid., 112
5. Ibid., 118
6. Ibid., 120–21
7. Ibid., 105
8. Ibid., 124
9. Ibid., 124�
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10. Phinney, 130
11. See www.measuringworth.com for a discussion of the different ways monetary values can be compared over time.
12. Alcott, 76
13. Alcott, 74.
14. Von Olnhausen, 161.
15. Ibid., 191.
16. Ibid., 133.
17. Ibid., 137.
18. Ibid., 138–39.
19. Ibid., 14–42.
20. Ibid., 150.
21. Ibid., 153–54.
22. Ibid., 155.
23. Ibid., 162.
24. Ibid., 173.
25. Ibid., 181.
26. Ibid., 180.
27. Ibid., 180.
28. Ibid., 182.
29. Ibid., 206.
30. Ibid., 193.
31. Ibid., 213.
Chapter 10
1. Emily Parsons, Memoir of Emily Elizabeth Parsons (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1880), 125–26.
2. Vesta M. W. Swarts in Our Army Nurses, 146.
3. Quoted in Brown, 323.
4. Quoted in Margaret Humphreys, Marrow of Tragedy: The Health Crisis of the American Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), 48.
5. Wormeley, 43–44.
6. Parsons, 40.
7. Swarts, 146.
8. Von Olnhausen, 223.
9. Ibid., 225.
10. Ibid., 231.
11. Ibid., 225.
12. Ibid., 229.
13. Ibid., 232.
14. Ibid., 251–52.
15. Ibid., 258.
16. Ibid., 260.
17. Ibid., 261.
18. Ibid., 341.
19. Quoted in Virginia G. Drachman, Hospital with a Heart: Woman Doctors and the Paradox of Separations at the New England Hospital 1862–1969 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984), 80.
20. Quoted in Giesberg, 60.
21. Quoted in Kalisch and Kalisch, 71.
22. Von Olnhausen, 332.
23. Quoted in Gollaher, 422.
24. Quoted in Charles Schlaifer and Lucy Freeman, Heart’s Work: Civil War Heroine and Champion of the Mentally Ill, Dorothea Lynde Dix (New York: Paragon House, 1991), 133–34.
25. Mary Livermore, “Report of the Sixth Annual Convention,” American Journal of Nursing, 1903, vol. 3, 834–35.
Afterword
1. Libra R. Hilde, Worth a Dozen Men: Women and Nursing in the Civil War South (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2012), 3-4.
2. Phoebe Yates Pember, A Southern Woman’s Story: Life in Confederate Richmond, ed. Bell Irvin Wiley (Saint Simons Island, GA: Mockingbird Books, 1974), 17.
3. Pember, 16.
4. Quoted in Schultz, 50.
5. Quoted in Faust, 106, Cornelia Peake McDonald, A Woman’s Civil War: A Diary, with Reminiscences of the War, from March 1862, ed. Minrose C. Gwin (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), 38.
6. Pember, 16.
7. Drew Gilpin Faust, Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 97.
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