CHAPTER 14
R. D. Martin, 1983. Human brain evolution in an ecological context, in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
Michael Crawford and David Marsh, 1989. The Driving Force. Heinemann.
C. P. Groves, 1989. A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution. Oxford University Press.
Derek Ellis, 1990. Is an aquatic ape viable in terms of marine ecology and primate behaviour? Paper presented at a Symposium on Human Evolution, op. cit, Chapter 13.
G. J. Todaro, 1980. Evidence using viral gene sequences suggesting an Asian origin of man, in Current Arguments on Early Man, Pergamon Press.
Index
abdomen, human 1
acne 1
Adam’s apple 1
adipocytes 1, 2
adrenalin 1, 2, 3
Afar Depression 1, 2, 3, map 1
Africa and origin of man 1, 2, 3, 4
Ahlquist, Jon 1
AIDS 1
ailments left by evolution see under acne, anorexia, anxiety, back pains, blood loss, cancer, cardiovascular disease, collagen loss, cot deaths, dandruff, dehydration, goose pimples, haemorrhoids, heat cramps, hernia, hypertension, melanoma, obesity, obstructive sleep apnoea, sleep disorders, slipped disc, snoring, sunstroke, thrombosis, varicose veins, violence
aldosterone 1, 2
allometric analysis 1
Amazon delta 1
Animal Species and Evolution (Mayr) 1
anorexia 1
antlers 1
anxiety 1
apes African 1, 2, 3
ape/man split 1, 2, 3
aversion to water 1
axillary organs of 1
care of young 1
chimpanzee/gorilla split 1
see also chimpanzees, gorillas, orang-utans
apocrine glands 1, 2, 3
Aquatic Ape Theory (AAT) 1, 2, 3 and bipedalism 1
and food supplies 1
and fat 1, 2, 3
and hairlessness 1, 2
and salt 1
and scent glands 1
and sweat 1
viability of 1
Asia and origin of man 1, 2
asses, wild 1; see also donkeys
Attenborough, David 1, 2
Atwater, Tanya 1
Australia 1
Australopithecus 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, map 6
axillary organs 1
axolotl 1
Azzaroli, A. 1
babies, human 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
babirusa 1
baboon marker (Type C virus) 1
baboons 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Baccaletti, M. 1
back pains 1
badgers 1, 2
bats 1
Beach, F. A. 1
bears 1, 2, 3
Belt (anthropologist)
Benveniste, R. E. 1
Berg, R. van den 1
bipedalism (walking erect) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in man
dating of 1, 2, 3, 4
explanations of in AAT 1 Darwinian approach 1, 2
food-gathering 1
horizon-scanning 1, 2
pair-bonding 1
in savannah theory 1, 2, 3
in sunshine theory 1
effects of on abdomen 1 on circulation 1, 2
on hormone production 1, 2
on larynx 1
on leg muscles 1, 2, 3
on salt retention 1, 2
on spine 1, 2
in African apes 1, 2
in gelada baboons 1
in kangaroos 1
in Oreopithecus 1
in ostriches 1
in monkeys 1, 2
blood circulation and bipedalism 1, 2 loss of 1, 2, 3
Bolk, Louis 1, 2
Bon, M. J. H. van 1
Bones of Contention (Lewin) 1, 2
Borneo 1
Bowles, Dr R. L. 1
brachiation 1
Bragg, W. Lawrence 1, 2
brain development in man 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and AAT 1
in Hadar fossils 1
in Neanderthal man 1, 2
and neoteny 1, 2
in aquatic animals 1
breathing 1 in man 1, 2, 3 in babies 1
and sleep disorders 1
and speech 1
in other mammals 1, 2
Broom, Robert 1, 2, 3
Burgess Shale 1
bush baby 1
Campbell, Michael 1
camels 1, 2, 3, 4
cancer of the skin 1, 2
capillary muscles 1
cardiovascular disease 1
cats 1, 2, 3, 4
cattle 1, 2, 3
Celebes ape 1
cheetahs 1
children see offspring
chimpanzees African origin of 1
apocrine glands of 1
and bipedalism 1, 2, 3
eccrine glands of 1
food of 1
intelligence of 1, 2
hair of 1
and oestrus 1, 2
and panting 1
and salt 1
and sex 1
and speciation 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
and speech 1, 2
Clark, W. le Gros 1
colobus monkeys 1
colds 1, 2
collagen loss 1
Continental Drift 1, 2
convergent evolution 1
cooling techniques 1
Coppens, Ives 1
cot deaths 1
Cox, Lynn 1
crabs 1
Crawford, Michael 1, 2
Crelin, Edward 1, 2
crocodiles 1, 2
Crowell, John 1
Cryer, A. 1
crying see tears
Danakil 1, 2, maps 3
dandruff 1
Dart, Raymond 1, 2, 3
Darwin, Charles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
Darwinian Paradigm, The (Ruse) 1
Day, M. H. 1, 2
Dead Sea 1
deer 1
dehydration 1
de Jonge, G. A. 1
Delson, Eric 1
Denton, Derek 1, 2
Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, The (Darwin) 1, 2, 3
Dill, D. B. 1
divers, human 1
DNA hybridisation 1
dogs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
dolphins 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
donkeys 1
dormice 1
Dubois, Eugène 1
duck-billed platypus 1, 2
dugongs 1
Ebling, E. J. 1
eccrine glands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Edey, Maitland 1
Einstein, Albert 1
elephants 1, 2
elephant seals 1
Elgon, Mount 1
Ellis, Derek 1, 2
Elsner, Robert 1, 2
Emperor penguins 1
endocrine glands 1, 2
Engelberts, A. C. 1
environmental change 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
epinephrine see adrenalin
Ethiopia 1, 2, 3
Europe, fossils in 1
Evans, C. L. 1
evolutionary theory 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 convergent evolution 1
disadvantages to man see ailments
see also Aquatic Ape Theory, Darwin, savannah theory, sunshine theory
Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, The (Darwin) 1
extra-terrestial evolutionary theory 1
Fange, R. 1
fat 1 in babies 1, 2
in women 1, 2 and oestrogen 1, 2
explanations of in AAT 1, 2
energy storage 1
heat storage 1, 2, 3
in savannah theory 1, 2
sex 1, 2
associated ailments anorexia 1
buoyancy 1
cardiovascular disease 1
collagen loss 1
obesity 1, 2
wound-healing 1
in animals 1, 2, 3
Fichtelius, K. E. 1, 2
fish 1, 2
flea, human 1
foo
d, human 1, 2
food-carrying 1, 2
foramen magnum 1
Ford, C. S. 1
forest habitat 1, 2, 3, 4; see also savannah theory
fossils 1, 2, 3 hominid 1, 2, 3, 4 ‘Lucy’ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Taung baby 1, 2, 3, 4
Nebraska Man 1
Piltdown Man 1, 2
non-hominid 1, 2, 3
Frey, William 1, 2
frogs 1
fur seal 1, 2
galago 1
Galdikas, B. M. F. 1
Garner, Allen & Beatrice 1
gecko 1
gelada baboon 1, 2, 3
genes 1, 2, 3
geographic speciation 1
geological changes 1, 2
gibbons 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
globus hystericus 1
gluteus maximus 1
Gooden, Brett 1, 2
goose pimples 1
gopher 1
gorillas African origin of 1
and apocrine glands 1
and bipedalism 1, 2, 3
and eccrine glands 1
hairiness in 1
and oestrus 1
and panting 1
and salt 1
and sex 1, 2
Gould, Stephen Jay 1, 2, 3, 4
Groves, C. P. 1, 2
Guilleminault, Christian 1, 2
Hadar fossils 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, map 6; see also fossils, Lucy
haemorrhoids 1
Häger, A. 1
hairlessness in man 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 explanations of in AAT 1, 2 Darwin on 1, 2, 3
hunting 1
heat 1, 2
neoteny 1
parasites 1
in savannah theory 1, 2
sexual attraction 1
associated ailments acne 1 blood loss 1
cancer 1, 2
dandruff 1
goose pimples 1
heat retention 1
pigmentation 1
‘prickly heat’ 1
rickets 1
and sebum 1
on sweating 1
and ultra-violet rays 1
and vitamin D 1
in other mammals 1, 2, 3
hairs 1, 2
Haldane, J. B. S. 1, 2, 3
Hancock, W. 1
hands 1, 2
Harcourt, A. 1
Hardy, Alister 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Harrison, Terry 1
Hayes, K. J. & Caroline 1
heart, and bipedality 1
heat cramps 1
heat retention 1, 2, 3, 4; see also prickly heat, sweating
hedgehogs 1, 2
Hellman, K. 1
hernia 1
Herschel, J. F. W. 1
hippopotamus 1, 2, 3
Homo erectus 1, map 2
Homo habilis 1, map 2
Homo sapiens see man
hormones see adrenalin, aldosterone
horses 1, 2, 3, 4
Hürzeler, J. 1, 2
hyperhydrosis 1
hypertension 1, 2, 3
hypotrichosis corpus 1
iguanas 1
intelligence 1, 2
Java 1
Johanson, Don 1, 2, 3
Jolly, Clifford 1, 2
Jones, Frederick Wood 1, 2, 3, 4
Jurmain, Robert 1
kangaroos 1, 2
Keating, William R. 1
Keith, Sir Arthur 1, 2
Kligman, A. M. 1
knee-locking mechanism in man 1
Kravitz, Harvey 1
Krogman, W. M. 1
Laetoli 1
LaLumiere, Leon P. 1, 2
Langdon, John 1
Larsson, B. 1
larynx descended 1, 2 and cot deaths 1
in mammals 1
Leakey, Louis 1, 2
Leakey, Mary 1
Leakey, Richard E. 1, 2
leg muscles in man 1, 2, 3
lemurs 1, 2, 3
Lewin, Roger 1, 2, 3, 4
Ling, John K. 1
lions 1
loris 1
Lovejoy, C. Owen 1, 2, 3
Lucy (fossil) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
‘lump in the throat’ (globus hystericus) 1
lung ventilation 1
Lyell, Sir Charles 1
lyre bird 1
macaques 1, 2, 3
Mahoney, Sheila A. 1
Makapansgat 1
man (Homo sapiens) speciation of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 dating of 1
geographical origin 1
disadvantages left by evolution see ailments
manatees 1, 2, 3
mandrills 1
manganese 1
marmoset 1
marmots 1
Marks, Ronald 1
Marsh, David 1
Martin, R. D. 1, 2, 3
Martin, R. M. 1, 2
May, R. 1
Mayr, Ernst 1, 2, 3
meat-eating 1
Medawar, Sir Peter 1, 2, 3, 4
meerkat 1
melanin 1
melanocytes 1
melanoma, malignant 1, 2
menopause 1
mice 1
Miller, R. R. 1
missing link 1, 2
Mohr, Paul 1, 2
molecular biology 1, 2, 3, 4
mole-rat, Somalian 1
monkeys 1, 2, 3
Montagna, William 1, 2, 3, 4
Moratti, G. 1
Morris, Desmond 1, 2, 3
Mukhtar, M. R. 1
Murnane, Michael and Sue 1
Murphy, Mike 1
Nadler, R. D. 1, 2
Naka, Yuiche 1
nakedness see hairlessness
Napier, John 1
natural selection see evolution
Neanderthal Man 1, 2
Nebraska Man 1
Negus, Sir Victor E. 1, 2
Nelson, Harry 1
neoteny and hairlessness 1 and brain growth 2
Newman, R. W. 1, 2, 3
obesity 1, 2
obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) 1
oesophagus 1
oestrus and humans 1, 2, 3, 4 in aquatic habitat 1, 2
in mammals 1, 2, 3
Olduvai Gorge 1
Omega fatty acids 1
Ontogeny and Phytogeny (Gould) 1
orang-utans 1, 2
Oreopithecus 1
Origin of Species (Darwin) 1, 2, 3
Osaki, H. 1
Osborn, H. F. 1
ospreys 1
ostriches 1
pair-bonding see under sex
panting 1, 2, 3; see also sweating
parasites 1
parrots 1
patas monkeys 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Patrick, J. M. 1
peacocks 1
peccaries 1
pelvis, human 1, 2, 3
penguins 1
Pettifer, Julian 1
phalarope 1
pigmentation 1
pigs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
piles 1
Pillbeam, David 1, 2
Piltdown Man 1, 2
Plog, Fred 1
polar bears and fat 1
polydipsia 1
Pond, Caroline 1, 2, 3, 4
porcupines 1
porpoises 1
pores 1
pottoes 1
pregnancy 1, 2, 3, 4
‘prickly heat’ 1
Principles of Geology (Lyell) 1
proboscis monkey 1
Prost, Jack 1, 2
Ramapithecus map 1
rats 1
Red Sea 1, 2, maps 3
Rennie, D. W. 1, 2
rhesus monkey 1, 2
ribs 1
rickets 1
Richards, Graham 1
Rift Valley 1, 2, map 3
rodents 1, 2, 3
Rosenblum, Leonard A. 1
Royal Society 1, 2
Ruse, Michael 1, 2, 3, 4
salamander 1
salt 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 sodium deficiency 1
Salt Plain 1
&nbs
p; Sarich, Vincent 1, 2, 3
savannah theory 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and bipedalism 1, 2, 3
and fat 1
and hairlessness 1, 2, 3
and sex 1, 2, 3
and speciation 1
and sweating 1
and tool using 1
weaknesses of 1
scent glands 1
Schiefferdecker, P. 1, 2, 3
Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut 1
Schmorl, G. 1, 2
Scholander, P. F. 1, 2
Schuitema, Kirsten 1, 2
Schwarz, Gary G. 1
sea-lions 1
sea otters 1, 2
sea snakes 1
seals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
sebaceous glands 1, 2, 3
seed-eating 1
sex 1, 2 and bipedality 1
and hairlessness 1
monogamy 1
pair-bonding 1, 2, 3, 4
ventro-ventral copulation 1, 2
and violence 1, 2
see also oestrus
sheep 1, 2
Sherr, C. J. 1
Sibley, Charles 1
sickle cell marker 1
skulls size and intelligence 1, 2
angle with spine 1, 2
sleep disorders 1
slimming 1
slipped disc 1
smell 1, 2, 3
Smith, D. F. G. 1
Smith, Elliot 1, 2
snails 1
snoring 1
sodium deficiency 1; see also salt
Sokolov, V. E. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Sokolov, W. 1
speciation chimpanzee/gorilla split 1
man/ape split 1, 2, 3, 4
speech 1 in apes 1
in aquatic mammals 1
spine in man 1, 2, 3
in other mammals 1
The Scars of Evolution Page 19