About the Book
Meet the women found guilty of murdering their own children.
They represent some of the most hated women in Australia. The infamous list includes psychologically damaged, sometimes deranged, women on the edge. But, as we will see, accused doesn’t always mean guilty.
Among the cases covered is that of Kathleen Folbigg, accused and found guilty of killing four of her children, even with a lack of any forensic evidence proving her guilt; Rachel Pfitzner, who strangled her two-year-old son and dumped his body in a duck pond; as well as Keli Lane, found guilty of child murder though no body has ever been found.
Dr Xanthé Mallett goes back to the beginning of each case; death’s ground zero. That might be the accused’s childhood: were they abused? Or was their motivation greed, or fear of losing a partner? Were they simply evil? Or did the media paint them as such, against the evidence, and leading to a travesty of justice?
Each case will be reopened, the alternative suspects assessed, the possible motives reviewed. Informed by her background as a forensic scientist, Xanthé will offer insight into aspects of the cases that may not have been explored previously; taking you on her journey through the facts, and reaching her own conclusion as to whether the evidence points to the women’s guilt. Hear their stories.
CONTENTS
Cover
About the Book
Title Page
Dedication
Chapter 1 Asking the Whys of the World
Chapter 2 Lindy Chamberlain (1980)
Chapter 3 Kathleen Folbigg (1989–1999)
Chapter 4 Rachel Pfitzner (2007)
Chapter 5 Kristi Abrahams (2010)
Chapter 6 Keli Lane (1996)
Chapter 7 Carol Matthey (1998–2003)
Chapter 8 The World Gone Wrong
Chapter 9 Men Are from Mars
Chapter 10 The End of My Journey
Acknowledgements
Endnotes
About the Author
Picture Section
Copyright Notice
Loved the book?
For my dad
Chapter 1
ASKING THE WHYS OF THE WORLD
They say everyone has a book in them, the key is just finding out what your book is about. But as I sit here reading this opening sentence I wonder why I chose to write a book about women accused of killing their children. Am I morbid, obsessed with death? Believe me, that’s not it. To understand why this book was mine to write, you have to know me a little better.
Let me introduce myself. I am the genetic product of a professional dancer and a highly intelligent mechanical engineer, and strangely my career lets me use skills from both parents. As a child, I attended a performing arts school, which gave me the opportunity to spend half the day dancing and the other half doing academic work. I loved both and was good at both, thanks to my parents. But at open days, my academic teachers would tell my parents that I thought differently to other kids. I drove my maths teacher, Mrs Bell, mad asking ‘why’; all the time ‘why’. And sometimes, such as when she was trying to teach us pi, she couldn’t explain to a group of ten-year-olds why pi equalled 3.14. We just had to accept it. Even then I could not just accept that something was that way just because someone else said so. I had to test it and prove it for myself. So I guess I was always destined to do a job where I got to ask, and answer, the never-ending whys of the world.
For the first eighteen years of my life I trained to be a professional dancer, but I felt the need to do something more with my brain, so in 1995 I decided to go to university. I really wanted to work with disabled kids in sport and was due to study a sports degree. In fact, my whole life revolved around playing sport. So I was devastated when, at twenty, I had a car accident in which I seriously damaged my left knee. My whole life literally changed in that moment. I wasn’t ever going to be able to do the degree I had my heart set on. I felt completely lost. That feeling lasted for a long time. In 1996, not knowing what to do with myself, I came to Australia for the first time and spent a few months travelling to recuperate. When I got back to the UK I knew I needed to find some direction, otherwise I was in danger of floating through life without any focus, and that simply was not my style. I decided to go to university after all, but this time to study archaeological science – a big change, but it was something that interested me, and at that time I just needed to do something. Anything.
So I went to university and studied archaeology, and from the beginning I was fascinated by the units looking at bones, anatomy, or evolution. By accident almost, I’d found something I enjoyed that I was also good at, and I excelled. I was in my element. Modelling my way through university allowed me to pay the bills and gave me time to focus on my academic work; I loved learning and sharing, and still do. Once I started on that academic road, that was it for me, I just kept going.
In terms of my academic pedigree, I hold a first-class honours degree in Archaeological Sciences (BSc) from the University of Bradford, a masters degree from the University of Cambridge in Biological Anthropological Sciences (MPhil), and a PhD in Forensic Facial Recognition from the University of Sheffield. I like to think after all that learning I know what I’m talking about – an assertion my husband would not always agree with.
I am a forensic anthropologist, a type of forensic science that combines knowledge of human biology and adaption with an understanding of legal principles. Most of you will equate forensic anthropology with the US television series Bones, based on the incredibly popular fictional books by Kathy Reichs, a real-world forensic anthropologist. In reality, though, we do much more than study bones. Most people don’t actually know, but the word forensic literally means ‘pertaining to the court’, as in the forums of Rome. And the word ‘anthropology’ means the ‘study of man’ (from the combination of ‘anth’ = man, and ‘ology’ = the study of). Add those together and you get the study of man for the purpose of giving evidence in court. The evidence we provide could relate to the age and sex of a skeleton, for example, but it may also include a vast array of other information such as the diseases someone may have suffered during life, and even if someone was probably left or right handed. In my case it has included working on cases of alleged sexual abuse. Consequently, the historical view of the forensic anthropologist being limited to the analysis of bones is a little out of date. I’ve developed my research in sex offenders beyond the physical identification performed by a forensic anthropologist, and now I also work on understanding the behaviour patterns of these predators.
As an expert in human identification I have had the privilege of working with, and learning from, some of the world’s best. I hope to share some of the information I’ve learnt and ways to approach casework with you. People often ask me how I’ve ended up doing what I do. I don’t really see it that way. It may sound cheesy, but I love what I am doing now, but I haven’t ‘ended up’ anywhere. I have no idea what I want to do with the rest of my life. I’m just taking it as it comes. For now, I’m going to make the most of every opportunity, and this book is one of those chances I just couldn’t pass up – to ask the ‘why’ in some of the most infamous and socially confronting cases in contemporary (mostly) Australian criminal history.
WEIGHING UP THE ODDS
The concept of innocence at first seems simple. In its most basic, legal sense, in Australia and other common law countries, such as the UK and the US, we all have the right to be considered ‘innocent’ until proven otherwise. Australian jurisprudence1 is founded on a central belief in justice for all, the rule of law, and the independence of the judiciary. Under this philosophical model, everyone in Australia should be treated equally before the law, and safeguards exist to make sure that people are no
t treated subjectively or unfairly by governments or officials. That’s all great. Who could disagree with the idea that all citizens should be treated equally and, if accused, remain innocent until proven otherwise? In practice, things may not always be that simple, however. How do we prove our innocence? Well, that’s the complicated bit. You can’t. All the prosecution can do really is to fail to prove guilt.
There are a number of ways we can be tried as individuals. Of course, we can have our case heard in court, but often in highly contentious cases, our guilt or innocence has been decided in the public’s mind as a result of ‘trial by media’ long before the evidence is put before the jury. Understanding this phenomenon and its impacts is a key theme of this book.
When it comes to trial by media, some types of cases are of much more public interest than others, and therefore generate a lot more media attention. And of all the horrendous crimes that are committed, one of the most controversial that can arise is when mothers are accused of murdering their children. These women are among the most hated in the world.
I’ve never really got to the reason behind this attitude, but I even fell foul of this myself. My training in forensic casework has taught me not to judge, to approach each and every case objectively. And, most importantly, to start your analysis from the standpoint that the accused is innocent. Therefore, as an expert reviewing case material you are looking for evidence that would preclude the suspect and offender from being the same person. So why, when I was first presented with a child sexual abuse case involving a female defendant, was I shocked? Why, even with my training and experience, did I find it harder to reconcile the concept of a woman hurting children than a man? As I spent more time researching the behaviour patterns of criminals, I realised that women who abuse and damage children – sexually, emotionally, physically – are more common than we think. But that certainly doesn’t mean that every woman who is accused is guilty.
That’s where the interesting paradox presents itself for me, and where the inspiration for this book came from. Most people I speak to share my experience, and find it harder to believe a woman has intentionally hurt a child than a man – something I’ll explore more in Chapter 9. As a result, women have been largely ignored in the criminal justice system, but once accused, if enough interest is generated, then guilt is also sometimes presumed: the old maxim of ‘no smoke without fire’. And when people believe a woman guilty of the physical or sexual abuse of a child, even way before any trial and any evidence has been heard and balanced against the defence, people have a visceral response – we almost revert to ancient times and want to burn the woman at the stake. There is no punishment considered severe enough. While I understand the high levels of emotion surrounding these issues, it doesn’t fit with our legalised ideas of justice to jump to an automatic and immovable conclusion of guilt. Each Australian citizen has the right to be presumed innocent until proven otherwise in a court of law, and only then if the evidence supports guilt beyond reasonable doubt – the required legal criminal standard.
So here we will review a number of cases in which women have been accused of murdering their own children; sometimes they allegedly acted alone, at other times with a partner. Each case is unique, and regardless of how overwhelming the evidence that the accused is guilty as charged, we will start at the only place that I can: with their innocence. Then I will let the evidence speak to me, and I will reach a determination as to whether I agree that they were guilty after all. Keep in mind as you read the case summaries that the accused’s inability to offer an alternative explanation for the death of a child should not be interpreted as indicative of her guilt. Also don’t fall into the trap of what people in the legal world call the ‘prosecutor’s fallacy’, when the Crown suggests that an ‘innocent’ explanation for an incident having occurred is so highly unlikely that a deduction of guilt can be reached.
Please don’t think I consider myself all knowing, I don’t. All I am presenting are reasoned and justified opinions, nothing more, nothing less, and applying lessons I have learnt during my life. You may well reach alternative conclusions. That’s all fine. Just let them be your conclusions. Some of my deductions may rock the legal and social boat, but I am not a rebel. I’m not interested in bucking the system. I am simply being me, asking the whys that need asking, and not taking anything for granted.
So my hope is that you will share my self-reflective journey and, like me, learn something about yourself along the way.
Chapter 2
LINDY CHAMBERLAIN (1980)
At Ayers Rock, after sunset on the evening of 17 August 1980, the Chamberlain family gathered with other campers around the barbeques near their tents. Lindy Chamberlain was holding her nine-and-a-half-week-old daughter, Azaria, in her arms, as she and her husband, Michael, chatted idly with Sally and Greg Lowe, another young couple also holidaying with a young toddler. Lindy left the group to put Azaria to bed in a carry-basket in the tent at about 8 pm. Ten minutes later, having left Azaria with her sleeping brother, Reagan, Lindy returned to the group.
Shortly afterwards, a baby’s cry came from the direction of the tent. This sent Lindy back to her sleeping children to investigate the sound. Then came Lindy’s own now famous cry: ‘My God, the dingo’s got my baby!’
For any mother, it would have been an unimaginably terrifying moment. But for Lindy, a New Zealand-born Australian destined to be at the centre of one of Australia’s most publicised criminal trials, it was simply the beginning of a near-endless nightmare. Because, just as Jack the Ripper is ground zero for serial killers, Lindy Chamberlain-Creighton is a textbook case of injustice for mothers wrongly accused of murder. Not just in Australia – this incident is infamous throughout the world.
This case began back in 1980 and did not end in a legal sense, finally, until 2012: a thirty-two-year battle for the Chamberlains. In June 2012, Elizabeth Morris, the deputy coroner for the Northern Territory, apologised to the Chamberlain family for the loss of their child, finally laying to rest rumours and innuendos that had run rife for more than three decades that Lindy had killed her daughter and disposed of her body. Importantly, this also saw a change to the wording of Azaria’s official cause of death, which now reads ‘as the result of being attacked and taken by a dingo’, leaving the doubters no room for believing Lindy had anything to do with Azaria’s tragic disappearance.
For much of the last thirty years, the case has received worldwide public attention – even a film was made – and the majority of people thought Lindy guilty of murder and Michael Chamberlain, Azaria’s father and Lindy’s then husband, of being an accessory after the fact. Because of the amount of media and public interest in this case, as well as the length of time between the disappearance of Azaria and the eventual apology by Deputy Coroner Morris, there is a lot of information available about it. As with every event, some of the information is correct, some incorrect, and some part-way in between. Of all the information made available to the public regarding Azaria’s disappearance and Lindy’s subsequent trial, a very useful website, where the information can be considered reliable, has been produced by Rick Creighton (Lindy’s husband)1 to put across her side of the story. This is an excellent resource for anyone wishing to learn more about this extremely harrowing and sad miscarriage of justice,2 as are the original court documents, which are freely available,3 as well as Lindy Chamberlain’s book, Through My Eyes: An Autobiography.
THE SCENARIO
Known as Lindy from a young age, Alice Lynne ‘Lindy’ Murchison (born March 1948) married fellow member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church – a much misunderstood religious order – pastor Michael Chamberlain on 18 Nov ember 1969. The Chamberlains were blessed with two sons: Aidan who was born in 1973 and Reagan in 1976. Lindy had always wanted a daughter, so was particularly excited about the birth of their third child, Azaria Chantel Loren, on 11 June 1980. Their fourth child, also a girl, Kahlia, was born in November 1982. It had always been important to Lindy that her childr
en’s names had strong meanings. Devoutly religious, the Chamberlains chose Azaria because in the baby book of names Lindy found that it meant ‘Blessed of God’; this exactly reflected Lindy’s feelings of good fortune by being blessed with a daughter.
When Azaria was nine weeks old, the family took a holiday to Uluru (then known as Ayers Rock), arriving on 16 August 1980. They stayed at a public campsite in a tent on the east side of the rock. They were not alone; there were many families staying at the campsite at the time, of which only six families are well known witnesses, and a total of eight groups of campers were called to give evidence from among those present. As the story unfolds, it is important to remember that none of the campers were acquainted before the holiday; the Chamberlains met some at the campsite, but they met the majority at court. None of them, therefore (unless they were involved in Azaria’s disappearance, which there is no evidence to suggest), had any reason to tell anything other than the truth.
On 17 August, the Chamberlains were enjoying the evening at the barbeque area near their tents, chatting with Sally and Greg Lowe, another young couple also holidaying with a young toddler. At about 8 pm Lindy left to put Azaria to bed in the tent with her sleeping brother, Reagan. Ten minutes later Lindy returned to the group. A short time later a baby’s cry came from the direction of the tent. This was heard by a number of the group collected around the barbeques, including Mrs Lowe, who said that she was sure it was the cry of a baby, as opposed to that of a child, and that it had come from the Chamberlains’ tent. Lindy walked back to the tent to check on her sleeping children. Once there she cried out in distress: ‘My God, the dingo’s got my baby!’ Immediately raising the alarm, Lindy reported to the other campers that she’d seen a dingo leaving the tent carrying what she presumed to be Azaria. As the Chamberlains and other campers started searching the campsite and beyond for Azaria, Sally Lowe went to the Chamberlains’ tent to check on the still-sleeping Reagan. There she saw a pool of what appeared to be blood on the floor, which she later said led her to believe that Azaria was already dead. A large quantity of blood (for a baby4) was found in the tent, on the mattress, on a torn blanket and on the tent itself near the basket in which Azaria had been sleeping. The ranger saw the blood and dingo tracks leading away from the tent into the bush.
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