5 ‘Cold War Endgame’ debate at 1996 Princeton University conference, and published (ed. William Wohlforth, Penn State University Press, 2003), p. 178
6 Kornai, The Socialist System and Politics of Shortage (Elsevier, 1981) is superb on Marxist economic realities.
7 Ferenc Vali, Rift and Revolt in Hungary (Oxford University Press, 1961), p. 126
8 Partos, p. 132
9 Vasili Mitrokhin and Christopher Andrew, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West (Allen Lane, London, 1998), p. 673. The entire archive can be found at CWIHP.
10 Jacques Lévesque, The Enigma of 1989 (University of California Press, 1997)
TWO: A MESSAGE OF HOPE1 Mitrokhin Archive, pp. 326-35
2 Ibid.
3 Nigel West, The Third Secret: The CIA, Solidarity and the Plot to Kill the Pope (HarperCollins, London, 1999), pp. 25-135
4 George Weigel, Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II (Cliff Street Books, New York, 1999), pp. 280-90 and O’Sullivan, p. 58
5 Weigel, Witness to Hope, pp. 175-80
6 Quoted in Davies, God’s Playground, pp. 440-41
7 Mitrokhin Archive, p. 369
8 Quoted in Dobbs, pp. 134-5
9 O’Sullivan, p. 215
THREE: SOLIDARITY1 Shana Penn, Solidarity’s Secret: The Women Who Defeated Communism in Poland (University of Michigan Press, 2005), pp. 97-125
2 Wałesa, The Struggle and the Triumph, p. 263
3 Jacqueline Hayden, Poles Apart: Solidarity and the New Poland (Cass, London, 1994), p. 38
FOUR: THE ELECTRICIAN1 Garton Ash, The Polish Revolution, p. 135
2 Ibid, pp. 140-42
3 Ibid.
4 Background on Lech Wałsa from Wałsa’s autobiography, The Struggle and the Triumph, and Boyes, The Naked President
5 Dobbs, pp. 121-5
6 Michnik, Letters From Freedom, p. 213
7 Lech Wałsa, The Path to Freedom 1985-1990: The Decisive Years (Editions Spotnakia, Warsaw, 1991), pp. 160-72
8 Author’s Interview with Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Warsaw, October 1995
9 Background on Leonid Brezhnev from Volkogonov, and from Dobbs
10 Oberdorfer, p. 135
11 Volkogonov, pp. 351-4
12 Centre for the Preservation of Contemporary Documents, Moscow, TsKhSD, Politburo
13 Minutes 3 September 1980, APRF; Soviet Communist Party Politburo minutes for 29 October 1980
14 Central Archives of the Ministry of Defence, Moscow, TsAMO
15 Garton Ash, The Polish Revolution, pp. 247-51
16 Michnik, Letters from Freedom, pp. 146-7
17 Ibid., p. 92
18 Boyes, p. 197
19 Ibid., p. 206
20 APRF, f80, Brezhnev’s notes on meetings with Kania.
21 Vladimir Kryuchkov interview quoted in West, The Third Secret, p. 138
22 Mitrokhin Archive, pp. 413-15
FIVE: CIVIL WAR1 Wojciech Jaruzelski’s memoirs, Róni Sic Mdrze, (Kziazka i Wiedza, Warsaw, 1999), and Les Chaines et le refuge
2 Riccardo Orizio, Talk of the Devil (Secker & Warburg, London, 2003), p. 127
3 Wałsa, The Struggle and the Triumph, pp. 168-75
4 Boyes, pp. 102-6
5 Hayden, Poles Apart, p. 147
6 Mitrokhin Archive, pp. 460-66
7 Wałsa interview in CNN’s Cold War series produced by Jeremy Isaacs, 1997, LHCMA box 11
8 TsKhSD, f89. op 42, d6, Moscow
9 Zubok, p. 390
10 TsKhSD, f89. op 42, d6, Moscow. Politburo minutes for 10 December 1980
11 Zubok, p. 393
SIX: THE BLEEDING WOUND1 Interview transcripts for CNN Cold War series, LHCMA box 14
2 TsKhSD, f89. Per 14, doc 30, Moscow
3 Interview for CNN Cold War series, LHCMA box 12
4 Ibid.
5 Zubok, pp. 345-53 and TsKhSD, f89. Per 14, doc 31, Politburo minutes for 10 December 1990
6 Dobrynin, p. 232
SEVEN: THE POWER OF THE POWERLESS1 Quoted in Gale Stokes, The Walls Came Tumbling Down (Oxford University Press USA, 1993), p. 235
2 Author’s interview with Milan Hlavsa and other Plastic People, Prague, April 1999
3 Ibid.
4 Ben Lewis, Hammer and Tickle: A History of Communism Told Through Jokes (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2008), p. 208
5 William Echikson, Lighting the Night (Pan, London, 1991), p. 78
6 Václav Havel, Living in Truth (Faber & Faber, London, 1987), pp. 75-90
7 The original Charter can be read at the Open Society Archive in Budapest
8 The Treaty can be read online at www.state.gov/history/frus
9 Dobrynin, pp. 191-3
10 In conversation with the author, Budapest, December 1989
11 Interview in Cold War files at CWIHP
12 Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1994)
13 Havel, Living in Truth and Disturbing the Peace, pp. 75-90
14 Ibid.
15 Keane, p. 134
16 Havel, Living in Truth, p. 167
17 In conversation with the author, Warsaw, 1995, and quoted in Stokes, The Walls Came Tumbling Down, p. 125
18 Vaculík, p. 14
19 Quoted in Stokes, The Walls Came Tumbling Down, p. 179
20 Gáspár M. Tamás, From Liberal Values to Democratic Transition (Central University Press, Budapest, 2003), p. 78
21 Michnik, Letters From Freedom, p. 180
22 Quoted in Garton Ash, The Polish Revolution, p. 318
23 Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (Penguin, London, 2005), p. 497
24 Richard Rhodes, Arsenals of Folly (Knopf, New York, 2007), p. 186
25 Ibid., p. 245
26 Zubok, p. 338
EIGHT: ABLE ARCHER1 Background on Yuri Andropov from Vladimir Solovyov and Elena Klepi- kova, Andropov: A Secret Passage into the Kremlin (Robert Hale, London, 1984); Sergei Semanov, Andropov: 7 tain genseka s Lubianki (Veche, Moscow, 2001) and Zhores Medvedev, Andropov (Oxford University Press, 1983)
2 Dobbs, pp. 95-100
3 Zubok, p. 278
4 Rhodes, Arsenals of Folly , p. 134
5 Ibid., p. 226
6 Ibid., p. 235
7 Aleksandrov-Argentov, p. 178
8 Rhodes, Arsenals of Folly, pp. 138-50
9 Interview with Osipovich, Cold War series, LHCMA box 18
10 Ibid. and Dobbs, pp. 101-9
11 Dobbs, p. 107
12 Interview with Tarasenko, March 1999, OHCW
13 Dobbs, p. 109
14 Centre for the Preservation and Study of Documents of Recent History, RTsKhIDNI. Politburo minutes for 2 September 1983, f3, op. 73, d 1152, 112-13.
15 Izvestia, 20 September 1983
16 Volkogonov, pp. 360-67, and Zubok, pp. 264-6
17 Melvyn Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union and the Cold War (Hill & Wang, New York, 2008), pp. 324-31
18 Rhodes, Arsenals of Folly , pp. 221-5
19 Ibid.
20 Author in conversation with Lord Powell, London, May 2007
21 Robert Gates, From the Shadows (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1997), p. 217
22 Ronald Reagan, The Reagan Diaries (HarperPress, New York, 2007), p. 346
NINE: AMERICA’S LEADING DOVE1 Rhodes, Arsenals of Folly , p. 178
2 Dobrynin, p. 368
3 Ronald Reagan, An American Life (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1990), p. 417
4 Jack Matlock, Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended (Random House, New York, 2005), pp. 177-80
5 Weiner, p. 326
6 Ronald Reagan Library, Simi Valley, California, correspondence with Soviet leaders file.
7 Quoted in Rhodes, Arsenals of Folly , pp. 180-83
8 Matlock, Reagan and Gorbachev, p. 186
TEN: A PYRRHIC VICTORY1 See Boyes, pp. 178-82
2 Ibid.
3 Hayden, Poles Apart, pp. 146-58
4 Michnik, Letters from Freedom, p. 93
/>
5 Weiner, pp. 340-47
6 Gates, From the Shadows, pp. 378-85, and West, The Third Secret, pp. 186- 200
7 Background on Father Jerzy Popiełuszko in Grazyna Sikorska, A Martyr for the Truth (Collins, London, 1985); Davies, God’s Playground; and Kevin Ruane, To Kill a Priest (Gibson Square, London, 2004)
8 Boyes, pp. 240-46
9 Mitrokhin Archive, pp. 488-90
10 Michnik, Letters from Freedom, pp. 230-32
ELEVEN: THE NEW TSAR1 Quoted in Matlock, Reagan and Gorbachev, pp. 45-8, Kaiser, p. 68, and Gromyko, p. 372
2 Kaiser, pp. 66-70
3 Anatoli Chernyaev diary at CWIHP, March 1985 and She’s lets Gor- bachevym (Progress, Moscow, 1993) (My Six Years with Gorbachev, Pennsylvania University Press, 2000), p. 62
4 Ryzhkov, pp. 88-90
5 Raisa Gorbacheva, I Hope (HarperCollins, New York, 1991), p. 93
6 Chernyaev diary, and in conversation with the author, Moscow, December 1993.
7 Matlock, Reagan and Gorbachev, p. 72
8 Background on Mikhail Gorbachev from Mikhail Gorbachev, Memoirs, (Doubleday, New York, 1996); Zhores Medvedev, Gorbachev; Dusko Doder and Louise Branson, Gorbachev: Heretic in the Kremlin (Viking, New York, 1990); Larisa Vasil’eva, Kremlin Wives (Arcade, New York, 1993) and Volkogonov
9 Anatoly Sobchak, For a New Russia (Free Press, New York, 1992), pp. 286- 7
10 Lord Powell to the author, in a fascinating conversation on the Thatcher/Gorbachev relationship, May 2007
11 Grachev, pp. 64-8
12 Zubok, p. 366, and Bush and Scowcroft, p. 197
13 Jaruzelski, p. 276
TWELVE: THE SWORD AND SHIELD1 In conversation with the author, Berlin, November 2007
2 The extensive files on Wolf Biermann - along with millions of others are kept by the BStU, Bundesbeauftragte für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Repu blik (The Office for Preserving East German State Security files) in Berlin
3 Ulrike Poppe interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 15
4 New York Times, 12 April 1992
5 Cold War series, LHCMA box 16
6 In conversation with the author, 2006, and The Times, 6 January 2007
7 Peter Siebenmorgen, Staatssicherheit der DDR (Bouvier Verlag, Bonn, 1993) and Stasi document collection, ‘Ich Liebe euch doche alle . . .’ Befehle und Lageberichte des MfS, Januar-November 1989, ed. Armin Mitter and Stefan Wolle (BasisDruck, Berlin, 1989)
8 Quoted in Anne McElvoy, The Saddled Cow (Faber & Faber, London, 1992), p. 71
9 Background on Honecker from Pötzl, McElvoy, The Saddled Cow, Gunter Schabowski, Der Absturz (Rowholt, Berlin, 1991) and Ed Stuhler, Margot Honecker: Eine Biographie (Ueberreuter, Vienna, 2003)
10 Wolf and McElvoy, p. 167
11 Partos, p. 126
12 Background on Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski from Pryce-Jones; Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski, Deutsch-deutsche Erinnerungen (Rowholt, Berlin, 2001); and Frederick Taylor, The Berlin Wall (Bloomsbury, London, 2006)
THIRTEEN: LENIN’S APOSTLE1 Chernyaev, My Six Years with Gorbachev, pp. 26-7
2 Tarasenko interview, March 1999, OHCW, and Volkogonov, pp. 349-52
3 For the press and media in the USSR under Gorbachev, see Vitali Korotich and Cathy Porter, The New Soviet Journalism (Beacon Press, Boston, 1991); Pryce-Jones, and Remnick
4 Quoted in Jack Matlock, Autopsy of an Empire (Random House, New York, 1995), p. 133
5 Tarasenko interview, March 1999, OHCW
6 Quoted in Brown, Seven Years that Changed the World, p. 147
7 Quoted in Zubok, p. 278
8 Background on Yakovlev from his books Striving for Law in a Lawless Land (M.E. Sharpe, New York, 1995) and The Fate of Marxism in Russia (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1993) and Zubok
9 Boldin, pp. 138-47
10 Ibid.
FOURTEEN: SILENT MEMORIES1 Cold War series, LHCMA box 7
2 Sándor Zsindely, in conversation with the author, Budapest, March 2003
3 János Vargha, speaking at Danube Circle demonstration, 8 February 1986
4 Miklós Haraszti, in conversation with the author, Budapest, April 2004
5 For background on János Kádár, see Victor Sebestyen, Twelve Days (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2006); Tibor Huszar, János Kádár, Polit ical Életrajza (A Political Biography, Kossuth Kiadó, Budapest, 2005) and Roger Gough, A Good Comrade (IB Tauris, London, 2006)
FIFTEEN: ‘WE CANNOT WIN’1 Grachev, p. 86
2 Ibid., p. 90
3 Chernyaev diary in archive at GF and at CWIHP
4 Ibid.
5 Grachev, p. 96
6 For background on Eduard Shevardnadze, see Shevardnadze; Dobbs; Carolyn Eke Dahl and Melvyn Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997)
7 Izvestia, 18 July 1979
8 Shevardnadze interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 4
9 George Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph (Macmillan, London, 1993), p. 287
10 Interview with Tarasenko, OHCW
11 Chernyaev diary, CWIHP
12 Transcript of Geneva Summit 1985 at USNSA, Cold War collection
13 Zubok, pp. 256-60, and Grachev, pp. 134-60
14 Cold War series, LHCMA box 9
SIXTEEN: ‘ LETTHEM HATE’1 Pavel Câmpeanu, ‘The Revolt of the Romanians’, New York Review of Books, 1 February 1990
2 Jurnalul National, Bucharest, 22 January 1991
3 In conversation with the author, Bucharest, October 2007
4 Quoted in Stokes, The Walls Came Tumbling Down, p. 198
5 Quoted in Sweeney, The Life and Evil Times of Nicolae Ceausescu, pp. 132-4
6 John Simpson, The Darkness Crumbles (Hutchinson, London, 1992)
7 For background on Nicolae and Elena Ceauescu, see Pavel Câmpeanu, ‘The Revolt of the Romanians’; Vladimir Tismaneanu, Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism (University of California Press, 2003); Ion Pacepa, Red Horizon: The True Story of Nicolae Ceauescu’s Crimes ; Behr; and Daniel Cheroot, Modern Tyrants (Princeton University Press, 1996)
8 Mark Almond, The Rise and Fall of Nicolae and Elena Ceauescu (Chapmans, London, 1992), pp. 148-53
9 Ibid.
10 Nicolae Ceausescu, Builder of Modern Romania and International Statesman (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1983), preface
11 Quoted in Behr, p. 136
12 Ibid., p. 148
13 For background on the Ceauescu children, see Câmpeanu, ‘The Revolt of the Romanians’
14 Gail Kligman, The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Ceau- escu’s Romania (University of California Press, 1998)
SEVENTEEN: CHERNOBYL: NUCLEAR DISASTER1 Background on Chernobyl: Grigori Medvedev; Nicholas Daniloff, ‘The Political Fallout of Chernobyl’, Demokratizatsiya, Moscow, Winter 2004; Dobbs, pp. 153-69, and Piers Paul Read, Ablaze: The Story of Chernobyl (Mandarin, London, 1994)
2 Daniloff, ‘The Political Fallout of Chernobyl’, pp. 5-9
3 Dobbs, pp. 160-64
4 APRF, Politburo minutes for 28 April 1986
5 APRF, Politburo minutes for 3 July 1986
6 Zubok, ‘Gorbachev’s Nuclear Learning’, CWIHP briefing paper
EIGHTEEN: ETHNIC CLEANSING1 Robert Crampton, A History of Modern Bulgaria (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 274
2 In conversation with the author, Sofia, September 2007
3 Author in conversation with Andrei Lukanov, Sofia, April 1990
4 For background on Todor Zhivkov, see Pryce-Jones, pp. 215-18; Echikson, Lighting the Night, pp. 122-5
5 Crampton, A History of Modern Bulgaria, pp. 257-80
6 Chernyaev diary, May 1986, CWIHP
7 Author in conversation with Krassen Stanchev, Sofia, October 2007
8 Le Monde, 18 January 1989
NINETEEN: HUMBLED IN RED SQUARE1 ‘A Dubious Diplomat’, Washington Post, 27 May 2007
2 Akhromeyev and Kornienko, Glazami
Marshala I Diplomatia, p. 265
3 Ibid.
4 Washington Post, loc. cit.
5 Chernyaev diary, May 1987, CWIHP
6 APRF, Politburo minutes for 30 May 1987
7 Dobrynin, pp. 367-8
TWENTY: THE GANG OF FOUR1 Grachev, p. 168
2 Ibid., pp. 176-80
3 It was Gerhard Schürer, head of the GDR’s State Planning Commission, who, according to Chernyaev, made this comment immediately after the meeting
4 Gorbachev, Memoirs, p. 348
5 Musatov, as quoted by Grachev, p. 89, and also Gorbachev, Memoirs, p. 352
TWENTY-ONE: GORBACHEV’S VIETNAM1 Quoted in Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind, p. 286
2 Weiner, pp. 365-7
3 Chernyaev diary, May 1986, CWIHP
4 APRF, Politburo minutes for 13 November 1986
5 APRF, notes from Politburo, 23 February 1987, and Chernyaev diary, February 1987, CWIHP
6 Quoted in Dobbs, p. 178
7 Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind, p. 228
8 Chernyaev diary, February 1987, CWIHP
TWENTY-TWO: OLD MEN’S TALES1 Günter Schabowski interview for 1999 Fall of the Wall TV series, LHCMA box 6
2 Cold War series, LHCMA box 17
3 Wolf and McElvoy, p. 198
4 Partos, p. 136
5 Maier, p. 96
6 McElvoy, The Saddled Cow, p. 156
7 Author in conversation with Ondrej Soukoup, Prague, August 2007
8 Garton Ash, The Uses of Adversity, and author in conversation with Michael Kocáb, Prague, 2007
9 Václav Havel, letter to Mr Husák in Open Letters, pp. 86-8
10 Author in conversation with Jacques Rupnik, Prague, August 2007
11 Author in conversation with Miklós Haraszti, Budapest, June 1992
12 For the coup against Kádár, see Huszar Jáhos Kádár, Politikai életrajza; Gough, A Good Comrade and conversation with Haraszti, Budapest, September 1990
13 Interview with Horst Teltschik, Cold War series, LHCMA box 9, and Gyula Thürmer, Nem Kell NATO (Progressio, Budapest, 1995)
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