20. The Story of India, Michael Wood. BBC Worldwide, 2008.
21. Presumably from wounds and famine.
22. Dhamma (Dharma) is an important concept in both Hinduism and Buddhism. It is difficult to translate but broadly relates to the duty to do the right thing.
23. The Penguin History of Early India, Romila Thapar. Penguin, 2002.
24. The empire was larger than modern-day India and its overall population would have been around 75–80 million. These are my own guesstimates.
25. From Stone Quarry to Sculpturing Workshop: A Report on the Archaeological Investigations around Chunar, Varanasi and Sarnath, Vidula Jayaswal, Agam Kala Prakashan, 1998.
26. The Story of Asia’s Lions, Divyabhanusinh Chavda. Marg Publications, 2008; The True Chronology of Ashokan Pillars, John Irwin, Artibus Asiae, XLIV, IFA, NYU, 1983.
27. Note that Megasthenes’s Indika has been lost but sections have been preserved in other Greek writings.
28. The Penguin History of Early India, Romila Thapar. Penguin, 2002; ASI (http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_bihar.asp)
29. The Arthashastra, Kautilya, (trans.) L.N. Rangarajan, Penguin, 1987.
4. THE AGE OF MERCHANTS
1. The Penguin History of Early India, Romila Thapar. Penguin, 2002.
2. The Story of India, Michael Wood. BBC Worldwide, 2007 (as translated by Dr Sivakkolundu).
3. The Sanskrit Language, Thomas Burrow. Faber & Faber, 1955; ‘Rigvedic Loanwords’, F.B.J. Kuiper, in Studia Indologica, 1955.
4. The Commerce and Navigation of the Erythaean Sea and Ancient India as described by Ktesias the Knidian’, John W. McCrindle. Westminister Edition 1901. Reprinted by Eastern Book House 1987.
5. http://www.archbase.com/berenike/ english6.xhtml
6. Ancient India as Described in Classical Literature, John W. McCrindle. Westminster Edition 1901. Reprinted by Eastern Book House, 1987.
7. By the time of Christ, Hebrew was no longer the language commonly spoken. Its role was somewhat similar to that of Sanskrit—a language for formal use. As with the Prakrits in India, Aramaic dialects were the language of the common people. It is only in modern Israel that Hebrew was revived as a language for common use.
8. A History of South-East Asia by D.G.E. Hall, 4th edition, Macmillan, 1981.
9. Literally means: ‘Memory of the Three Kingdoms’.
10. ‘Maritime Heritage of Orissa’, Atul Pradhan, Utkal University (taken from the official website of Orissa state government).
11. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/ 4302115.stm & http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4312024.stm
12. The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Angus Maddison. OECD 2003.
13. ‘The Sewn Boats of Orissa’, Eric Kentley, in Maritime Heritage of India, (ed.) K.S. Behara, ABI, 1999.
14. Travels of Fa-Hian and Sung-Yun, (trans.) Samuel Beal, Trubner & Co., London, 1869. Reprinted by Asian Education Services, 2003.
15. When I revisited the Iron Pillar in 2011, I saw what looked like a few rusty patches. The patches are small and superficial, but one wonders if acid rain may at last be getting the better of this extraordinary example of ancient metallurgy.
16. Travels of Fa-Hian and Sung-Yun, (trans.) Samuel Beal, Trubner & Co., London, 1869. Reprinted by Asian Education Services, 2003.
17. ‘Pleasure and Culture’, Shonaleeka Kaul, in Ancient India: New Research, (ed.) Upinder Singh and Nayanjot Lahiri, OUP, 2009.
18. The Travels, Marco Polo, (trans.) R. Latham. Penguin, 1958
19. The report could also relate to the Magh Mela—the smaller annual event at the same location. However, Xuan Zang’s description suggest a grand affair that better fits with the Kumbh itself.
20. Buddhist Records of the Western World by Hiuen-Tsiang, (trans.) Samuel Beal, 1884. Reprinted by Oriental Books, 1969.
21. Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa, K. Kesavapany et al., ISEAS, 2009.
22. Kalhana–the Chronicler, K.N. Dhar, Shri Parmanand Research Institute, Srinagar (http://www.koausa.org/Glimpses/Kalhana.xhtml). Kalhana’s Rajataringini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir, vol. 1, Elibron Classics, Adamant Media, 2005.
23. The Penguin History of Early India, Romila Thapar. Penguin, 2002
5. FROM SINDBAD TO ZHENG HE
1. ‘World’s Second Oldest Mosque is in India’, Bahrain Tribune Daily, 7 July 2006.
2. Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo–Islamic World, vol. 1, André Wink. OUP, 1999.
3. Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo–Islamic World, vol. 1, André Wink. OUP, 1999.
4. The Great Arab Conquests, Hugh Kennedy. Da Capo Press, 2007.
5. Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo–Islamic World, vol. 1, André Wink. OUP, 1999.
6. Not all Mappilas are of Arab origin. It is a very diverse group that includes local converts as well as non-Arab Muslim sailors.
7. Means ‘Story of Sanjan’. Sanjan was the name of a town in Khorasan from where the refugees had come (it’s near Merv in modern Turkmenistan). The Parsis probably named their first settlement after their lost homeland.
8. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ 2008-01-21/patna/27750686_1_muharram-procession-hazrat-imamhussain-month-of-islamic-calendar
9. ‘A newly discovered founder population: the Roma/Gypsies’, Luba Kalaydjieva et al., Bio-Essays, Wiley, 2005.
10. There is some reason to believe that originally there were 64 shakti-peeths but I have stuck here to the current convention.
11. India: A History, John Keay, Harper Collins 2000.
12. Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo–Islamic World, vol. 1, André Wink. OUP, 1999.
13. As quoted in Ashoka, Charles Allen. Little, Brown, 2012.
14. The English translation by John Briggs is available as The History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India. Reprinted by Sang-e-Meel Publications, New Delhi, 1981.
15. Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official, W.H. Sleeman, vol. II, Asian Education Services (reprinted 1995).
16. Gazeteer of the Delhi District 1883–84, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore (reprinted 2000)
17. Delhi: A Thousand Years of Building, Lucy Peck. Roli-INTACH, 2005.
18. The Travels of Ibn-Batuta, (ed.) Tim Mackintosh-Smith. Picador, 2002.
19. India: A History, John Keay. HarperCollins, 2000.
20. One should not take this literally as meaning a thousand pillars—it merely denotes a very large number.
21. A History of India, vol. 2, Percival Spear. Penguin, 1990.
22. India: A History, John Keay. HarperCollins, 2000.
23. The Baburnama, (trans.) Wheeler Thackston, The Modern Library NY, 2002.
24. The Baburnama, (trans.) Wheeler Thackston, The Modern Library NY, 2002.
25. Note that the process of reconciliation with the Hindus had already begun with the Suris. The commander-in-chief of the Suri army was Hemu, a Hindu.
26. India: A History, John Keay. HarperCollins, 2000.
27. The Baburnama, (trans.) Wheeler Thackston, The Modern Library NY, 2002.
28. The Story of Asia’s Lions, Divyabhanusinh Chavda. Marg Publications, 2008.
29. The Story of Asia’s Lions.
30. The Story of Asia’s Lions.
31. The Story of Asia’s Lions.
32. The Story of Asia’s Lions.
33. The Indian Renaissance, Sanjeev Sanyal. Penguin, 2008,
34. The Travels of Ibn-Batuta, (ed.) Tim Mackintosh-Smith. Picador, 2002.
35. A History of South-East Asia, D.G.E. Hall, Fourth Edition. Macmillan, 1981.
36. Admiral Zheng He and Southeast Asia, (ed.) Leo Suryadinata. ISEAS, 2005.
37. Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia, Tan Ta Sen. ISEAS, 2009.
38. Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia, Tan Ta Sen. ISEAS, 2009.
6. THE MAPPING OF INDIA
1. India Within the Ganges, Susan Gole. Jayaprints, 1983.
2. The Indian peninsula does look somewhat like a roseapple. So, it is possible that the term Jambudwipa
did also have a geographical meaning. However, none of the texts that I read seem to build on this in a systematic cartographic sense. It is possible that such texts did exist but have been lost.
3. The Riddle and the Knight, Giles Milton. Hodder & Stoughton, 2001.
4. The Riddle and the Knight, Giles Milton. Hodder & Stoughton, 2001.
5. The Travels, Marco Polo (trans.) R.E. Latham. Penguin, 1953.
6. Empires of the Monsoon, Richard Hall. HarperCollins, 1998.
7. Empires of the Monsoon, Richard Hall. HarperCollins, 1998.
8. Empires of the Monsoon, Richard Hall. HarperCollins, 1998.
9. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, Angus Maddison. OECD, 2001.
10. India Within the Ganges, Susan Gole. Jayaprints, 1983.
11. The Mapmakers, John Noble Wilford. Pimlico, 2002.
12. Hampi, John Fritz, George Michell and John Gollings. India Book House, 2003; A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar, Robert Sewell, 1900. Reprinted by Asian Education Services, 2007.
13. Its construction has been delayed for years. When work commenced in 2009, several workers were killed in an accident.
14. Hampi, John Fritz, George Michell and John Gollings. India Book House, 2003.
15. India Within the Ganges, Susan Gole. Jayaprints, 1983.
16. Travels in the Mogul Empire: AD 1656–1668, François Bernier. Reprinted by Asian Education Services, 2004.
17. Beyond the Three Seas: Travellers’ Tales of Mughal India, (ed.) Michael Fisher. Random House, 2007.
18. Beyond the Three Seas: Travellers’ Tales of Mughal India, (ed.) Michael Fisher. Random House, 2007.
19. India Within the Ganges, Susan Gole. Jayaprints, 1983.
20. Travels in the Mogul Empire: AD 1656–1668, François Bernier. Reprinted by Asian Education Services, 2004.
21. India, A History, John Keay. Harper Collins, 2000.
7. TRIGONOMETRY AND STEAM
1. European Calcutta, Dhrubajyoti Banerjea. UBSPD, 2008.
2. European Calcutta, Dhrubajyoti Banerjea. UBSPD, 2008.
3. As cited in In the Footsteps of Stamford Raffles, Nigel Barley. Penguin, 1991.
4. The Mapmakers, John Noble Wilford. Pimlico, 2002.
5. The Great Arc, John Keay. HarperCollins, 2001.
6. The Mapmakers, John Noble Wilford. Pimlico, 2002.
7. Cited from India, A History, John Keay. HarperCollins, 2000.
8. Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official, W.H. Sleeman, vol. II, Asian Education Services (reprinted 1995).
9. Trees of Delhi, Pradip Krishen. Dorling Kindersley, 2006.
10. The Last Mughal, William Dalrymple. Penguin, 2006.
11. The Last Mughal, William Dalrymple. Penguin, 2006.
12. In yet another act of cultural vandalism, part of the Saraswati Ghat was renamed after Jawaharlal Nehru in the nineteen eighties.
13. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, Angus Maddison. OECD, 2001.
14. Development of Indian Railways, Nalinaksha Sanyal. University of Calcutta, 1930.
15. Development of Indian Railways, Nalinaksha Sanyal. University of Calcutta, 1930.
16. Yakada Yaka, The Jam Fruit Tree and Once Upon a Tender Time, Carl Muller.
17. Maclean’s Guide to Bombay, J.M. Maclean, as quoted in Kipling Sahib: India and the Making of Rudyard Kipling 1865–1900, Charles Allen. Abacus, 2007.
18. The Mapmakers, John Noble Wilford. Pimlico, 2002.
19. As quoted in The Mapmakers, John Noble Wilford. Pimlico, 2002.
20. The Story of Asia’s Lions, Divyabhanusinh Chavda. Marg Publications, 2008.
21. The Story of Asia’s Lions, Divyabhanusinh Chavda. Marg Publications, 2008.
22. There are unconfirmed reports till 1967.
23. Gazeteer of the Delhi District, 1883–84, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore (reprinted 2000).
24. Delhi Metropolitan, Ranjana Sengupta. Penguin, 2007.
25. Trees of Delhi, Pradip Krishen. Dorling Kindersley, 2006.
26. Trees of Delhi, Pradip Krishen. Dorling Kindersley, 2006.
27. http://www.aapravasighat.org/
28. The Encyclopedia of the Indian Diaspora edited by Brij Lal; Didier Millet, 2006
8. THE CONTOURS OF MODERN INDIA
1. Freedom at Midnight, Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins. Vikas Publishing House (2010 edition).
2. India after Gandhi, Ramachandra Guha. Picador India, 2007.
3. India after Gandhi, Ramachandra Guha. Picador India, 2007.
4. ‘The Happy War’, Time magazine, 27 September 1948.
5. Freedom at Midnight, Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins. Vikas Publishing House (2010 edition).
6. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, Angus Maddison. OECD, 2001.
7. The de jure transfer would have to wait till August 1963.
8. ‘India: End of an Image’, Time magazine, 29 December 1961.
9. The ancestral home of Tristão de Braganza Cunha in the village of Chandor is an interesting place to visit. It is a beautiful and well-preserved colonial bungalow with a wealth of Portuguese-era books, artifacts and furniture.
10. It was first called North-East Frontier Tracts, then North-East Frontier Agency from 1951 and, finally, Arunachal Pradesh from 1972. It was initially a Union Territory but became a state in 1986.
11. ‘India–China Border: Learning from History’, Mohan Guruswamy, Economic and Political Weekly, 27 September 2003.
12. India after Gandhi, Ramachandra Guha. Picador India, 2007.
13. India after Gandhi, Ramachandra Guha. Picador India, 2007.
14. ‘Sidney Wignall’, Obituary, The Economist, 5 May 2012.
15. Encyclopaedia of Northeast India, vol. II, H.M. Bareh. Mittal Publications, 2001.
16. ‘Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal’, Time magazine, 2 August 1971.
17. US Consulate (Dacca) cable, 6 April 1971. It was signed by 21 American officials based in Dacca at that time and make a desperate plea to the US to stop supporting a military government that was systematically carrying out massacres.
18. Lands and Peoples, vol. IV, Grolier Society, 1956. The estimate for Delhi may not fully reflect the entire refugee population.
19. The use of the term ‘colony’ to denote a township or neighbourhood is a curious use of the term, especially for a country just coming out of colonization. I have not been able to find a satisfactory explanation for it although many theories persist.
20. Gazetteer of the Gurgaon District 1883–84, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore (reprinted 2000).
21. Many of the issues discussed in this section were discussed in greater detail in a series of columns that I wrote for the Business Standard newspaper between 2009 and 2011. Also see, ‘Re-imagining Urban India’, Sanjeev Sanyal, in India 2010, BS Books, 2010.
22. The Caged Phoenix, Dipankar Gupta. Penguin, 2009.
23. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, Angus Maddison. OECD, 2001.
24. Welcome to the Urban Revolution, Jeb Brugmann. 2009.
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