15 Ibid.
16 For the commentary section on Tagore’s songs, if not mentioned otherwise, I have used Tony K. Stewart and Chase Twichell’s translation of Bhanusingher Padavali, titled as The Lover of God. The book contains all the twenty-two poems of Padavali in English translation along with their original in Bengali script.
17 For a discussion on Rupa Goswami’s text Ujjvala Nilamani, see Early History of Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Bengal, pp. 126–70.
18 The Lover of God, p. 103.
19 Ibid., p. 109.
20 Ahirs and Yadavs are often used interchangeably. They refer to a caste, which was conventionally known for cow-herding and agriculture.
21 Since Vidyapati was inspired by Jayadeva, and he attempted to achieve in Maithili what the latter had achieved in Sanskrit, he is also called ‘New (Abhinav) Jayadeva’. See publisher’s note to Vidyapati Ki Padavali.
22 See Miller’s translation of Gita Govinda, 90.
Chapter 20: ‘Radha’ in Bollywood Cinema by Alka Kurian
1 In a further distancing from the Radha song, Shayana, the source of sexual indiscretion, ceases to exist and disappears from the scene and the film ends in a happy, hyper-masculine space of unalloyed male friendship.
Chapter 21: Sita and Radha: From Human to Divine by Mandakranta Bose
1 A detailed discussion about Sita as a role model for Indian women appears in Heidi R.M. Pauwels, The Goddess as Role Model: Sita and Radha in Scripture and on Screen (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 8–12. Madhu Kishwar’s interviews with women in modern India question Sita’s submissiveness (Manushi 98 [1997]: pp. 21–34).
2 Sir Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit–Hindi Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964), p. 1218.
3 Sita Lakshmi, VR.vi.117.27.
4 Except in some little-known retellings of the epic from the sakta angle, such as the 18th-century Bengali language Jagadrami-Ramprasadi Ramayana.
5 Thomas Coburn, Manushi 90 (September–October 1955).
6 In February 2008 there was a serious controversy at Delhi University over teaching an essay by A.K. Ramanujan, ‘Three Hundred Rāmāyan.as’, which discusses regional versions of the Ramayana, in some of which Sita has a prominent role with a voice of her own.
7 VR.vi.119.5.
8 An example of this ideological orientation appears in Jacqueline Suthren Hirst’s Sita’s Story, written for Indian girl children in the United Kingdom.
9 David Kinsley, Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986), pp. 85–92. For a fuller understanding of Radha’s love for Krishna, see Barbara Stoler Miller, Love Song of the Dark Lord: Jayadeva’s Gitagovinda (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977).
10 See Kinsley, Hindu Goddesses, pp. 82–83; Miller, Love Song of the Dark Lord, pp. 29–30.
11 For a more modern interpretation of Sita and Radha based on recent films as well as scriptures, see Pauwels, The Goddess as Role Model.
Bibliography
Chapter 6: Becoming Radha by Alka Pande
Beck, G.L. ‘Krishna as Loving Husband of God: The Alternative Krishnology of the Radhavallabha Sampradaya’. In Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity, edited by G.L. Beck (pp. 65–90). Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005.
Brown, Mackenzie. ‘The Theology of Radha in the Puranas’. In The Divine Consort Radha and the Goddesses of India. Edited by John Stratton Hawley and Donna Marie Wulff (pp. 57–72). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.
Bussagli, Mario. 5000 Years of the Art of India. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1990.
Craven, Roy. Indian Art: A Concise History. London: Thames and Hudson, 1997.
Daljeet, and Jain P.C. Indian Miniature Paintings: Manifestation of a Creative Mind. New Delhi: Brijbasi Art Press, 2007.
Dehejia, Vidya. Indian Art. London: Phaidon Press, 1997.
Desai, Devangana. Erotic Sculpture of India. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill, 1975.
Desai, Vishakha et al. Contemporary Art in India: Traditions/Tensions. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996.
Dimock, Edward, and Levertov, Denise. In Praise of Krishna: Songs from the Bengali. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967.
Goswami, Shrivatsa. ‘The Play and Perfection of Rasa’. In The Divine Consort: Radha and the Goddesses of India, edited by John Stratton Hawley and Donna Marie Wulff (pp. 72–89). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.
Hawley, John Stratton, and Wulff, Donna Marie, eds. The Divine Consort: Radha and the Goddesses of India. Berkeley: Graduate Theological Union, 1982.
Lerner, Martin. The Flame and the Lotus. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1984.
Maharaja, Srila Bhaktivedanta Narayana, trans. Jayadeva Gita Govindam. New Delhi: Gaudiya Vedanta Publications, 2005.
Menon, Usha. ‘Making Śakti: Controlling (Natural) Impurity for Female (Cultural) Power. Ethos 30(1/2) (2002): pp. 140–57.
Miller, Barbara Stoler. ‘The Divine Duality of Radha and Krishna’. In The Divine Consort Radha and the Goddesses of India, edited by John Stratton Hawley and Donna Marie Wulff (pp. 13–27). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.
Mukhoradhyay, Durgadas. In Praise of Krishna. Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation, 1990.
Nanda, Serena. Neither Man nor Woman: The Hijras of India. California: Wadsworth, 1990, p. 9.
O’Flaherty, Wendy Doniger. Women, Androgynes, and Other Mythical Beasts. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
Pande, Alka, and Dane, Lance. Indian Erotica. New Delhi: Roli Books, 2001.
Pande, Alka. Ardhanarishvara: The Androgyne. New Delhi: Rupa and Co., 2004.
——Pande, Alka. Indian Art: The New International Sensation: A Collector’s Handbook. Bhopal: Manjul Publishing House, 2008.
——Pande, Alka. Shringara: The Many Faces of Indian Beauty. New Delhi: Rupa Publications, 2011.
Pattanaik, Devdutt. ‘Krishna: The Girl’. Available on https://bit.ly/2RgMDKY.
Paturi, Nagaraj. Personal interview with the author. 2 June 2018.
Randhawa, M.S. Kangra Paintings on Love. New Delhi: Patiala House, 1994.
Rawson, Philip. The Art of Tantra. London: Thames and Hudson, 1973.
Rosenstein, L. ‘The Radhavallabha and the Haridasi Sampradayas: A Comparison’. Journal of Vaisnava Studies 7(1) (1998): pp. 5–18.
Uma, Shankar. Personal interview with the author. 7 June 2018.
Vanita, Ruth, and Kidwai, Saleem. Same-Sex Love in India. New York: St Martin’s Press, 2000.
Vaudeville, Charlotte. ‘Krishna Gopala, Radha, and the Great Goddess’. In The Divine Consort Radha and the Goddesses of India, edited by John Stratton Hawley and Donna Marie Wulff (pp. 1–13). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.
Watts, Alan. Erotic Spirituality. London: Collier-Macmillan, 1971.
Zimmer, Heinrich. Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1946.
Chapter 8: Enjoying God: The Divine Paramour by Makarand R. Paranjape
Bahadur, Krishna P., trans. The Satasai. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1992.
Balakrishnan, Hariharan. ‘Ode to Beauty’. Hindu Literary Review, 2 April 2006. https://bit.ly/2ELePUO.
Beck, Guy L. ‘Krishna as Loving Husband of God: The Alternative Krishnology of the Radhavallabha Sampradaya’. In Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity, edited by Guy L. Beck (pp. 65–90). Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2005.
Bryant, Edwin F. ‘Krishna in the Tenth Book of the Bhagavata Purana’. In Krishna: A Sourcebook, edited by Edwin F. Bryant (pp. 111–36). New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Dube, Shyamsunder, trans. Bihari Satsai. New Delhi: Publications Division.
Flood, Gavin. The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2003.
Frazier, Jessica. Becoming the Goddess: Female Subjectivity and the Passion of the Goddess Radha.
New Topics in Feminist Philosophy of Religjon: Contestations and Transcendence lncarnate, edited by Pamela Sue Anderson (pp. 199–216). London: Springer, 2010.
Guha, Ranajit. Dominance without Hegemony: History and Power in Colonial India. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Hawley, John Stratton, and Wulff, Donna Marie. The Divine Consort: Radha and the Goddesses of India. Berkeley, CA: Graduate Theological Union, 1982.
Jha, Amar Nath, and Mathura, Girija Kumara. The Veiled Moon: English Translations of Bihari Satsai. New Delhi: Indian Council for Cultural Relations, 1973.
Kinsley, David. Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
Mishra, Vidya Nivas. Radha Madhav Rang Rangi. New Delhi: Bharatiya Jnanpith, 2004.
Ritter, Valerie. ‘Epiphany in Radha’s Arbor: Nature and the Reform of Bhakti in Hariaudh’s Priyapravas’. In Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity, edited by Guy L. Beck (pp. 177–208). Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2005.
Schweig, Graham M. ‘The Divine Feminine in the Theology of Krishna’. In Krishna: A Sourcebook, edited by Edwin F. Bryant (pp. 441–74). New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Siegel, Lee. Sacred and Profane: Dimensions of Love in Indian Traditions as Exemplified in the Gita Govinda of Jayadeva. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Tagore, Rabindranath. Viswa-Sahitya. 1907; Das, Rijula, and Paranjape, Makarand R. ‘Punctuated Renewals: Rabindranath Tagore in the 21st Century’. Journal of Contemporary Thought (Winter 2011): pp. 213–25.
Tharu, Susie J., and Lalita, K., eds. Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the Present, vol. 1. New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 1991.
Vaudeville, Charlotte. ‘Krishna Gopala, Radha, and the Great Goddess’. In The Divine Consort: Radha and the Goddesses of India, edited by John Stratton Hawley and Donna Marie Wulff (pp. 1–12). Berkeley, CA: Graduate Theological Union, 1982.
Chapter 16: Lovelorn Radha, Forlorn God: Tagore’s Bhanusingher Padavali by Lalit Kumar
Bharati, Dharamvir. Kanupriya. New Delhi: Bharatiya Jnanpith, 1984.
Chaudhuri, Rosinka. ‘The Rustle of Language’. In Rabindranath Tagore in the 21st Century Theoretical Renewals. Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures, vol. 7, edited by Debashish Banerji. New Delhi: Springer, 2015.
Choudhury, Indranath, ed. Rabindranath Tagore Rachnavali. New Delhi: Sasta Sahitya Mandal, 2014, pp. 55–67.
Das, Sisir Kumar. A History of Indian Literature 500–1399: From the Courtly to the Popular. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 2005.
——A History of Indian Literature 1800–1910 Western Impact: Indian Response. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 1991.
De, Sushil Kumar. Early History of Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Bengal. Calcutta: General Printers and Publishers Limited, 1942.
Grierson, George Abraham. Maithili Chrestomathy and Vocabulary. Edited by Hetukar Jha and Vedanatha Jha. Darbhanga: Kalyani Foundation, 2009.
Kapur, Shubhkar. Vidyapati Ki Padavali. Lucknow: Ganga Pustakmala Karyalaya, 1968.
Lal, Malashri, ed. Tagore and the Feminine: A Journey in Translations. New Delhi: Sage, 2015.
Miller, Barbara Stoler, ed. and trans. The Gitagovinda of Jayadeva: Love Song of the Dark Lord. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1984.
Tagore, Rabindranath. Bhanusingher Padavali: The Lover of God. Translated by Tony K. Stewart and Chase Twichell. Washington: Copper Canyon Press, 2003.
——Gitanjali. (Song Offerings). Introduction by W.B. Yeats. New York: Macmillan Company, 1920, pp. 59–60.
——Jibansmriti. My Reminiscences. Translated by Surendranath Tagore. New York: Macmillan Company, 1917.
——Jibansmriti. The Picture of My Early Life. Translated by Prasenjit Saha. Kolkata: Frontpage, 2013.
Chapter 20: ‘Radha’ In Bollywood Cinema by Alka Kurian
Ahmed, S. Akbar. ‘Bombay Film: The Cinema as Metaphor for Indian Society and Politics’. Modern Asian Studies. 26(:2) (1992): pp. 289–320.
Creekmur, Corey. ‘Remembering, Repeating, and Working Through Devdas’. In Indian Literature and Popular Cinema: Recasting Classics, edited by Heidi Pauwels. London and New York: Routledge, 2007.
Gopal, Sangita. Conjugations: Marriage and Form in Bollywood Cinema. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2011.
Kurian, Alka. ‘#MeToo Campaign Brings the Rise of Fourth Wave Feminism in India’. Wire, 2 February 2018, https://bit.ly/2JeVOsz.
——New Feminisms in South Asian Social Media, Film, and Literature: Disrupting the Discourse. (Co-edited with Sonora Jha). New York: Routledge, 2017.
Mishra, Vijay. ‘Towards a Theoretical Critique of Bombay Cinema’. Screen 26 (3–4) (1985): pp. 133–46.
Mukherjee, M. Realism and Reality: The Novel and Society in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Pauwels, Heidi. ‘“The Woman Waylaid at the Well”, or Paṇaghaṭa-līlā: An Indian Folk Theme Appropriated in Myth and Movies’. Asian Ethnology, 69(1) (2010): pp. 1–33.
——‘From Vrindavan to Bollywood’. In Harsha V. Dehejia, Radha: From Gopi to Goddess. New Delhi: Niyogi Books, 2014.
List of Contributors
Alka Kurian
‘Radha’ in Bollywood Cinema
Alka Kurian is faculty at the University of Washington Bothell, where she teaches postcolonial film and literature, gender studies and human rights. Alka has a single-author book entitled Narratives of Gendered Dissent in South Asian Cinemas (Routledge 2012, 2014). She is co-editor of New Feminisms in South Asia: Disrupting the Discourse through Social Media, Film and Literature (Routledge 2017). Alka has published various book chapters on South Asian film and was the founder-co-editor of the peer-reviewed journal Studies in South Asian Film and Media. She is currently working on a new book project on global fourth-wave feminism. Alka is a board member of Tasveer, a South Asian film and art non-profit, for which she helps organize film and literature festivals.
Alka Pande
Becoming Radha
Alka Pande is an art historian who taught Indian arts and aesthetics at Panjab University for more than ten years. She has been felicitated with various honours for distinguished contribution to art including the Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government, the Australia–India Council Special Award, the L’Oreal Paris Femina Women under Design and the Amrita Sher-Gil Samman, to name a few. Currently, Dr Pande is a consultant art adviser and curator of the Visual Arts Gallery, India Habitat Centre, in New Delhi.
Alok Bhalla
Translation of Kanupriya by Dharamvir Bharati
Alok Bhalla obtained his master’s in English from Delhi University and his PhD from Kent State University, USA. As a writer he has published extensively on the Partition of India and Latin American literature. Amongst his recent books are Stories about the Partition of India (three volumes). He is the author of two books on the gothic novel. He has translated Dharamvir Bharati’s Andha Yug into English verse, as well as the stories of Intizar Husain, Ram Kumar, Manto, Gulzar, and others.
Andrew Schelling
Translation of Vidya
Andrew Schelling is a poet, eco activist and translator from Sanskrit. He teaches at Naropa University in Colorado, USA. Among his twenty books, his most recent is Tracks Along the Left Coast: Jaime de Angulo & Pacific Coast Culture, a folkloric account of Western wilderness encounters, linguistics, poetry, medicine power and creation tales. His Sanskrit translations are widely anthologized.
Aruna Chakravarti
Translation of ‘Raikamal’ by Tarashankar Bandyopadhyay
Aruna Chakravarti has been the principal of a prestigious women’s college of Delhi University for ten years. She is also a well-known academic, creative writer and translator. Her first novel, The Inheritors, was shortlisted for the Commonwealth Writers’ Prize and her third, Jorasanko, received critical acclaim and also became a bestselle
r. Her seven translated works include an anthology of songs from Rabindranath Tagore’s Gitabitaan, Saratchandra Chattopadhyay’s Srikanta and Sunil Gangopadhyay’s Those Days, First Light and Primal Woman: Stories. She also has two academic works to her credit. Her latest novel Daughters of Jorasanko is a sequel to Jorasanko. Among the various awards she has received are the Vaitalik Award, a Sahitya Akademi Award and the Sarat Puraskar.
Bulbul Sharma
Radha: Beloved of the Blue God
Bulbul Sharma is an artist and author based in New Delhi. She has published twenty-two books, several of which have been translated into French, Italian, Spanish and Chinese. She has worked as an art educator for children with special needs for fifteen years and conducts ‘story-painting’ workshops as part of literacy projects in informal schools.
Deben Bhattacharya
Translation of Vidyapati
Deben Bhattacharya (1921–2001) was a Bengali radio producer, record producer, ethnomusicologist, anthropologist, documentary film-maker, photographer, translator, poet, writer, broadcaster, lecturer and folk-music consultant. He produced over 100 records, twenty-three films and published more than a dozen books in his lifetime; much of his work was carried out under the auspices of UNESCO.
Debotri Dhar
A Flute Called Radha
Dr Debotri Dhar is a creative writer, educator, editor and columnist. Dhar teaches women’s studies at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Her books worldwide, published or forthcoming, include Maya of Michigan: A Novel of Linked Stories (New York, 2019); The Courtesans of Karim Street (New Delhi, 2016); Education and Gender (London, New York, 2014, Bloomsbury); and The Best Asian Short Stories (Singapore, 2018), among others.
Finding Radha Page 25