by Steve Olson
Genereaux, Raymond, 103
Gerber, Michelle, 218
Germany, Nazi, See Nazi Germany
Ghost Dance religions, 70
Gilman Hall (UC Berkeley), 29–33, 33
Goddard, Don, 192
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 245–47
Gosney, Cecil, 96
Goudsmit, Samuel, 118–21
Grand Coulee Dam, 1, 68, 251
graphite (graphite blocks), 26–27, 57, 91, 95, 211, 225–26, 243, 245
Graves, George, 98–99
Great Artiste, The, 153–54, 158, 160
Great Britain, 38–39, 225
Greenewalt, Crawford, 56, 58, 87, 97, 101, 106, 118, 272
Green Run, 252
Groves, Leslie Richard, 83
on atomic bomb as “not inhumane” weapon, 184
atomic bomb targeting considered by, 128, 129, 139–44, 208
background and early career, 78–81
on benefits of building and using atomic bombs, 198
compartmentalization favored by, 88
concerns about German development of atomic bomb, 118–21
and creation of designed town near Hanford, 107–10
death of, 264
determination of, to use atomic bombs, 141, 194
downfall of, 206–7
and Farrell, 149, 150, 152, 159
and Hanford in postwar period, 204
and Interim Committee, 125
and Matthias, 65–67
and May-Johnson bill, 201–2
and McMahon bill, 206–7
meeting with Truman, 124–25
and Met Lab petition, 146
and need to speed up plutonium production, 122
and Oppenheimer, 112, 196
personality, 81–82, 207
and Purnell, 141, 156
and radiation safety issues, 106
selection of, for Hanford project, 82–84
and selection of Hanford site, 65–66
and Soviet Union, 117, 210
and Szilard, 88–89, 146, 199–200
and “third bomb,” 192
and Trinity test, 146–50, 152
Guinness Book of World Records, The, 9
gun-type bombs, 114, 116–17, 124
hafnium, 227
Haigerloch, Germany, 120
Handy, Thomas, 144
Hanford, Wash., 1, 2, 4, 5, 60
climate of, 72–73
eviction of residents from, 64
Indian settlements in, 69
Hanford Advisory Board, 266–68
Hanford Atomic Metal Trades Council, 235
Hanford Camp, 71–78
Hanford Engineer Works, 67–68
Hanford Family, 250
Hanford nuclear reservation, 6, 141, 239
arrival of workers at, 71–78
and Atomic Energy Commission, 209
B Reactor at, 89–101, 99
cleanup efforts, 255–56, 266–69, 278
construction of new reactors at, in 1970s and 1980s, 238–40
construction of site, 65–69, 71–78, 74, 87
decline of, in 1960s, 233–34
50th anniversary celebration at, 265–66
first shipment of plutonium from, to Los Alamos, 111–12
and hydrogen bomb, 211–12
Japanese balloon-bomb attack on, 135–36
Kennedy’s visit to, 221–23, 222
minority employees at, 74–75, 89, 218–19
as “most contaminated site,” 3, 4
need to speed up plutonium production at, 122–23
nuclear waste contamination of, 248–52, 267–69
as part of Manhattan Project National Historical Park, 256–59
in postwar period, 204–5, 211–20
quantity of plutonium produced at, 116–17
radiation-induced illness from, 259–65
reactor sites at, 89
Seaborg’s speech on 25th anniversary of, 232–33
secrecy surrounding, 68–69
security issues at, 106
selection of site, 1–2, 65–66
significance of, 4–6
Soviet infiltration of, 211
T Plant at, 90, 101–7
Hanford Reach National Monument, 269
Hanford Thyroid Disease Study, 260–62
Harrison, George, 125, 132, 133
Harvard University, 12, 41, 124
Hastings, Doc, 257–58
health concerns, 259–65
health physics, 52
heavy elements, 14–16
heavy water, 120, 216
helium, 25, 212
Hevly, Bruce, 109
hibakusha, 186, 187
Hirohito, Emperor, 180, 193
Hiroshima atomic bomb and bombing, 2, 5, 116, 140, 142, 143, 145, 153, 154, 156–59, 174, 176, 191–96, 198–99, 202, 203, 205, 210, 261
Hispanics, 218–19
Hitler, Adolf, 2, 22, 40, 42, 49, 86, 120
Hofdi House meeting, 246–47
Hopkins, James, 158–60
Horse Heaven Hills, 1, 4, 111
House Military Affairs Committee, 83
H Reactor, 213, 214, 234
hydrogen, 11, 25, 90, 136, 212
hydrogen bomb, 176, 211–12, 240
hypothyroidism, 16
“If the Bomb Gets Out of Hand” (Morrison), 203–4
illness, radiation-induced, 259–65, 272
imaging, radioactive, 16
Imperial Hotel (London), 21–22
implosion (implosion-type bombs), 114–17, 124–25, 126, 137–38
incendiary bombs and bombings, 128, 129, 136, 140, 144, 159
Indian tribes, 69–70, 262, 268
indium, 16
information theory, 21
inspections, 127, 132, 208
Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton), 264
intercontinental ballistic missiles, 202, 224, 241
Interim Committee, 125–30, 133, 135, 146
International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, 277
iodine, 104, 252
iodine-131, 16, 260
“Iron Curtain” speech (Churchill), 208
irrigation (irrigation canals), 64, 251, 278
Ishpeming, Mich., 9
isotopes, 11, 15
radioactive, 15, 16, 21
separation of, 56–57
Italy, 21
Iwaya Club, 179, 180
Iwo Jima, 121
Jackson, Henry “Scoop,” 238, 239
Japan
air raid shelters in, 169
balloon-bomb attacks by, 135–36
bomb demonstration considered as warning to, 128, 132
civilian casualties in, 129–30
commemoration of atomic bombing of, 241, 242
fire-bombing of, 128, 129, 140, 144, 159
imminent defeat of, 139, 144, 194
Interim Committee and decision to use atomic bomb on, 128–29
Pearl Harbor attack, 42, 45, 67, 130, 193
possible land invasion of, 194–95, 198–99, 213, 273
surrender of, 180, 193
US Army censorship in, 184–85
weather conditions in, 139, 155, 160
Japanese, media’s treatment of, 130, 193
Japanese-Americans, incarceration of, 257
jet stream, 136
“Joe-1,” 211
Johnson, Edwin, 201
Johnson, Lyndon B., 237
Joliot-Curie, Frédéric, 15, 20
Joliot-Curie, Irène, 15, 20
Jones Hall (University of Chicago), 45, 50
Jornada del Muerto, 138, 146, 150
Kadlec, Lieutenant Colonel, 108
Kadlec Hospital, 218, 234
Kaltenborn, H. V., 192
Kazakhstan, 210
K-East Reactor, 215, 216, 234, 237, 239
Kelly, Virginia, 219
Kennedy, John F., 221–24, 222, 226, 231, 233, 234, 275
Kennedy, Joseph, 3
0–31, 43–44
Kennewick, Wash., 67, 107, 204, 217–19
Kennewick Courier-Reporter, 68
Khrushchev, Nikita, 220
King’s Crown Hotel (New York City), 20–23
Kistiakowsky, George, 116, 146, 151
Knoxville, Tenn., 59
Kokura Arsenal, 140, 143, 158–62
Korean War, 212, 235
Kotex, 91
Kuharek, John, 161, 162
K-West Reactor, 215, 216, 234, 237, 239
Kyoto, Japan, 140–43
Kyushu, 159, 161
Laggin’ Dragon, 158
lanthanide series, 226–27
lanthanum, 226–27
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, 269
Latimer, Wendell, 31, 227
Laurence, William, 148
Lawrence, Ernest, 12, 13, 14, 15, 37, 39, 41, 126–28, 133, 147, 197, 228, 264
lawrencium, 264
Leckband, Susan, 265–68
Levittown, N.Y., 110
Lewis, Gilbert, 12, 14, 16
Lewis, Meriwether, 69, 269
Lewis, Warren, 55–56
“L houses,” 108
Libby, Willard, 17
Life After Nuclear War (Southard), 185–86
Life magazine, 202, 203
Lilienthal, David, 209
Lincoln, Abraham, 37
lithium, 25
Little Boy, 116
Livingood, John, 16, 260
Los Alamos, N. Mex., 2, 5, 138, 146, 149
Los Alamos laboratory, 111–17, 123, 126, 133, 134, 137, 139, 147, 149, 196, 201, 211, 258
Los Angeles, Calif., 111
loyalty oaths, 219–20
“luck of Kokura,” 161
lutetium, 226
MacArthur, Douglas, 185
MAD, 224
Maiak plutonium plant, 211
Manchuria, 156
Manhattan Engineer District, 47, 201
Manhattan Project, 90, 195
Atomic Energy Commission and, 209
continuous operation of sites in, 111–12
deaths of members of, 263–64
and debate over “demonstration” bomb, 128, 133–34
discovery of plutonium as key to success of, 39
establishment of National Historical Park commemorating, 257–59
and Fermi’s reactor demonstration, 54–56
and future role of nuclear weapons, 127, 275–77
Groves as leader of, 78, 82–84, 206, 207
and implosion technology, 117
lack of attention paid to role of Hanford in, 2, 4–5
and Nazi atomic bomb efforts, 118, 120
“need to know” culture of, 248
origin of name, 46–47
plutonium production for, 59, 89
postwar activism, 199–204
radiation exposure by participants in, 53, 263
reaction to dropping of second bomb, 196–97
Roosevelt and, 144
security precautions at, 94, 110
and separation of uranium-235, 95
Soviet infiltration of, 211
trial and error approach, 95
and Trinity test, 146–50
Truman and, 123–24
Manhattan Project National Historical Park, 5, 99, 256–59, 271
Manzanar War Relocation Center, 257
Mao Zedong, 212
MAR (code name), 211
Mariana Islands, 140
Maris, Buena, 75
Marquette University, 241
Marshall, George, 40, 120, 127, 141, 144
Marshall, John, 86–87
Masonite, 90
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 36, 55, 56, 80, 81, 125
mass spectroscopy, 241
matter, constituents of, 10–11
Matthias, Franklin, 1–3, 4, 6, 60, 65–68, 70, 72, 74–77, 81–82, 89, 97, 106–8, 111, 122, 123, 146, 191, 205
May, Andrew, 201
May-Johnson bill, 201–2, 205–6
McCarthy, Joseph, 212
McMahon, Brien, 205–6
McMahon bill, 205–7
McMillan, Ed, 28–29
McNamara, Robert, 224
mess halls, 77–78
Metallurgical Laboratory (Met Lab), 43–56, 58, 86–89, 92–93, 96, 126, 130–31, 145–46, 199, 211, 214, 226, 227, 228, 264
Mid-Columbia Symphony Guild, 217
Middle East, 239
military intelligence, 205
Milwaukee Journal, 192
MIT, See Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Mitchell, Archie, 136
Mitchell, Elsie, 136
Mitsubishi, 162, 173, 178
Moriguchi, Mitsugi, 270–73
Morrison, Philip, 202–4
Morrison, Sid, 256, 257
mosquitoes, 251
Mount Kompira, 168–69
Mount St. Helens, 243
Mulliken, Robert, 85
Murphree, Eger, 41, 56
Murray, Patty, 258
Mussolini, Benito, 21
MX missile, 241
“My Earliest Memory Preserved on Film” (Dillon), 223
myelodysplastic syndrome, 253, 265
NAACP, 218
Nagai, Takashi, 172–73, 177, 186
Nagasaki, Japan, 4, 142, 186, 242
Nagasaki atomic bomb and bombing, 2–3, 5, 116, 155, 192, 261
casualties from, 174–76, 179–81, 183–86
choice of target, 143
delivery of bomb, 153–63, 155
destruction caused by, 174–76
dispute over necessity of, for Japanese surrender, 193–95
events commemorating, 187
Manhattan Project scientists’ reaction to, 196–98
map, 163
Mitsugi Moriguchi’s experience of, 270–73
Raisuke Shirabe’s experience of, 167–74
Seaborg on, 195
Nagasaki International Culture City Construction Law, 186
Nagasaki Medical College and Hospital, 165–72, 170, 174–75, 175, 177–81, 183, 185, 187
National Academy of Sciences, 37–41, 55–56, 85, 147–48, 187, 197
National Air and Space Museum, 257
National Carbon Company, 26
National Defense Authorization Act, 258
National Defense Research Committee, 36–41, 55–56
National Park Service, 257–59, 272
National Reactor Testing Station, 216
National Register of Historic Places, 256
National Research Council, 187
Native Americans, 69–70, 262, 268
Nazi Germany, 2, 18, 19, 22, 34, 37, 39–40, 42, 45–49, 86, 107, 118–21, 129, 139, 200
“need to know” culture, 88, 202, 248
neptunium, 28–32
neutron(s)
creation of radioisotopes with, 21
and critical mass, 112–14
discovery of, 9–11
from fission, 23–28
in heavy elements, 14–15
from Nagasaki explosion, 174
in pile, 57
Nevada Test Site, 216, 219, 261
New Mexico, 13
New Production Reactor (N Reactor), 221–23, 226, 234, 239, 239–40, 252, 255
newspaper coverage, 68–69
New York City, 20–23, 84, 198, 202–4, 203, 206, 240–41; See also Columbia University
New Yorker, The, 229, 274
New York Times, 148, 184
Nichols, Kenneth, 146
nickel, 137
Niigata, Japan, 140, 142–43
Nike missiles, 220
nitric acid, 102, 104
Nobel Prize, 12, 17, 21, 37, 85, 227, 230, 263
Northern Pacific Railroad, 74
North Korea, 212
N Reactor, 245
nuclear arms race, 131–32, 197
nuclear exchange, climate effects of, 176
nuclear freeze movem
ent, 240–43
nuclear power, 130–31, 276
nuclear proliferation, 127, 223–24
nuclear reactor(s), 35, 38; See also specific reactors, e.g.: B Reactor
first, 54–59, 59, 91
first commercial, 225
radiation from, 51–52, 90
safety issues with, 59
Soviet, 211
water-cooled, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 211, 214, 215, 222, 243
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 250
nucleonics, 131
nucleus, atomic, 11
Nuplex, 233, 238, 243
Oakland, Calif., 17
Oak Ridge, Tenn., 2, 5, 111–12, 114, 116, 121, 141, 146, 201, 258
Obama, Barack, 258
Obninsk, Russia, 224–25
Office of Scientific Research and Development, 124
Ohashi ammunition factory, 173, 178
Ohio River, 225
Okinawa, 121, 139, 160–62
One World or None, 202
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 5, 12–14, 13, 112, 115, 116, 126, 133–35, 138, 146, 149–52, 196, 209, 219, 264
Oregon, 268
Othello, Wash., 3, 4
Our Friend the Atom, 225
Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 236, 241, 269
Pacific theater, 193, 195–96, 213
Paducah, Ky., 216
Pantex Plant, 216
Pasco, Wash., 67, 71, 74, 75, 107, 108, 204, 217–19, 242, 257
Pasco Herald, 68
Pasco Kiwanis Club, 214
Pearl Harbor attack, 42, 45, 67, 130, 193
Pehrson, Gustav, 108–9
Pentagon, 82, 126, 128, 139, 141
periodic table, 19, 226–28, 230
Perle, Richard, 239
peroxydisulfate, 31
pesticides, 251
Petcher, Harry, 77
Petcher, Maxine, 77–78
Physical Review, 16
pile, 27; See also Chicago Pile 1 (reactor)
pipefitters, 76–77
platinum, 33
plutonium
and abolition of nuclear weapons, 276
code word for, 106
from conventional nuclear reactors, 245
development of means for producing, 44–55
discovery of, 30–36, 41
extraction of, 100, 102–3, 122–23, 215
first shipment of, from Hanford to Los Alamos, 111–12
fissioning of, 112–14
in hydrogen bombs, 212
in Nagasaki atomic bomb, 116
naming of, 34
need to speed up production of, in 1945, 122–23
overproduction of, in postwar period, 233–34
pollution resulting from production of, 104–6, 122–23, 214, 248
as potential component of atomic bombs, 32–35, 38–40
purity of, 54–55, 103
quantity produced at Hanford, 116–17
safety concerns with, 107
Seaborg as champion of, 231–33
Soviet efforts to produce, 211
for Trinity test, 137
waste produced from creation of, 104–6, 122–23, 214, 248, 249, 249, 255–56, 267–69