by Vince Beiser
sand mining and, 235, 237
Losinski, Chad, 124–27, 134–35
Louisiana, 67, 143
McAllister, Howard, 166
MacDonald, Lauren, 187–88
MacDonald, Thomas Harris, 63
Macfarlane, Alan, 77, 81
Mah, Edwin, 227–29
Main Europe island, 168, 170
Maktoum, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-, 177–79, 181, 191–92
Maktoum, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed al-, 177, 191–92
Maktoum bin Buti, Sheikh, 175
Malaysia, 174, 193
sand mining and, 13, 18, 144
man-made lands, 2, 45
artificial islands and, 164, 167–75, 177–79, 181–97, 254
celebrity tours and publicity for, 186–87
China and, 173–74, 193–97
Dubai and, 9, 167, 170–71, 173–75, 177–78, 181–93
finances of, 168–71, 183–88
geopolitical implications of, 195–97
Palm Deira and, 185, 188, 191
Palm Jebel Ali and, 185, 188–91
Palm Jumeirah and, 171, 181–85, 189, 192–93
sand in, 13, 167–68, 170–74, 179, 182–90, 192–97, 234, 254
tourism and, 168–71
World islands and, 170–71, 185–89, 191
Martin, Gerry, 77, 81
Masterpole, Dan, 128–29, 137
Material Service Corporation, 44, 65
Matthew, Gospel of, 99
Mayans, 31
Metcalf, John, 52
Mexico, 31, 72, 145, 219
concrete and, 221
sand mining and, 12, 236
Miami, Fla., 153–54
Miami Beach, Fla., 59, 142, 148, 154–56, 162, 164
mica, 103–5
Michael Owens and the Glass Industry (Skrabec), 76, 86
microdermabrasion, 138
microscopes, 3, 77, 81, 83–84, 107–8, 112, 126, 226, 233
Minnesota, 37, 71, 192
and frac sand and fracking, 14, 127, 130–32
Miodownik, Mark, 32–33, 78–79
Mississippi Sand, 124–29, 134
Monaco, 168–69
Monier, Jacques, 34–35
Morocco, 155
beaches and, 12, 217
sand mining and, 18, 91, 144
Mumford, Lewis, 66
Murano, 80–81
Nagar, Dushynt, 21
Nakheel, 181, 183, 185–88, 190
Nassau County, NY, 43
National Child Labor Committee, 91
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 130–31
National Intelligence Council, 219, 253
National Stone, Sand, and Gravel Association, 70, 235–36
Netherlands:
glass and, 82–83
man-made lands and, 172–74, 181
sand mining and, 216, 234
New Granary Village, 212–13
New Jersey, 41, 84, 115
beaches and, 152, 158–59
concrete and, 225
roads and, 50, 53
New York, 2, 41–44, 61, 89, 106, 215
beaches and, 158–59
concrete and, 35, 43, 46
glass and, 84, 97
man-made lands and, 172
roads and, 50, 53, 58, 67
sand mining and, 18, 234
Nigeria, 91, 171, 173–74
No Ordinary Disruption (Dobbs et al.), 252
North Dakota, 14, 119–21, 127
Noyce, Robert, 108
Nye, C. Howard, 235
oil, 4, 12, 98, 141, 167, 175–77, 192–93, 238, 246–47, 250, 255
and frac sand and fracking, 9, 14, 119–22, 124, 132–33, 136–37, 251
roads and, 53, 64
Olson, Culbert, 62
OSHA, 131, 135
Owens, Michael, 75–76, 86–93, 95–96, 255
Owens Bottle Company, 88, 96
Owens Bottle Machine, 88–93, 96
Owens-Illinois, Inc., 94–97
ozone, 222, 251–52
Palm Beach, Fla., 153–54
beaches and, 142, 148, 161–63
Palm Deira, 185, 188, 191
Palm Jebel Ali, 185, 188–91
Palm Jumeirah, 171, 181–85, 189, 192–93
Panama, Panama Canal, 45, 174
Paracels, 196
Paris, 42, 53, 155
Pearson, John, 227
pegmatites, 103–5
Pennsylvania, 62, 119
Philippines:
man-made lands and, 193, 195
sand mining and, 174, 238
Pilkington, Alastair, 93–94
Poling, Gregory, 195
pollution, 69, 97, 164, 205
concrete and, 222, 224, 231
and frac sand and fracking, 129–31, 134, 136
polysilicon, 109–12
Popple, Pat, 128–29
Powers, Laura, 226
Poyang Lake, 216–17
Price, Tom, 45–46
Qatar, 173–74, 227
quartz, quartz sand, 7–9, 75–76, 114, 144, 253
finances of, 111–12
glass and, 76, 84, 106
Iota, 111–12
man-made lands and, 173
purity of, 7, 102, 106, 109–13, 116, 121
of Spruce Pine, 102–6, 110–13, 117
Raipur Khadar, 19–24
Ransome, Ernest L., 35–38, 40, 224, 255
Ransome, Frederick, 35–36
Reinforced Concrete Buildings (Ransome and Saurbrey), 37
Ressetar, Tatyana, 151
roads, 33, 49–73, 97, 103, 135–36, 194, 245–46
asphalt and, 1, 4, 6, 25–26, 46, 52–55, 60, 64, 66–67, 72–73, 180
beaches and, 145, 147, 154, 156
benefits of, 67–68
and buildings and construction, 45, 54, 58–69, 72–73, 208, 223, 229
businesses near off–ramps of, 70–71
concrete and, 4, 6, 43, 47, 51–56, 59, 62, 64, 66–67, 69, 71–73, 156, 215, 218–23, 228–29, 231, 238
cross-country, 49–52, 56, 58–59, 63
curves of, 62, 67–68
deserts and, 207–8, 212
drawbacks of, 66–69, 71
Eisenhower and, 49–52, 56, 63
finances of, 58–64, 67, 229
Fisher and, 56–59, 154
in history, 3, 25–26, 49–68, 154
India and, 20, 25
injuries and deaths on, 67–68
Kaiser and, 61–62
lanes of, 62–64, 67–68, 72–73, 180, 221, 228
limited-access, 62, 64
man-made lands and, 169, 188, 192
one-way, 62, 67–68
sand in, 1–4, 52–53, 55–56, 59–61, 64–67, 69–71, 73, 92, 98, 156, 218, 230, 233, 235–37, 239, 243, 245, 250–51
suburbs and, 68–70
US interstate highway system and, 52, 63–73, 156
Rogers, Ralph, 65
Romans, 52, 80
concrete and, 31–33
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 205
Rossa, Dennis and Darlene, 133–34
Russia, 12, 64, 120, 144, 196
Rye Brook, NY, 35
Sahara Desert, 72, 198–99, 202, 205–6
Sahel, 206
St. Petersburg, 168
St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 238–39
Sambhav, Kumar, 23–24
sand:
benefits of, 221, 233
biogenic, 143
black market for, 17–19, 21, 144, 174, 233, 243
commerce in, 6, 13, 17–19, 111, 148, 154–55, 174, 227, 236, 238–39, 250
conservation of, 245–46, 254–55
construction, 6, 52–53, 77–78, 105, 112–13, 121, 220, 237–39, 246, 250
corruption related to, 239–43
crime and violence associated with, 5, 12, 18–25, 138, 144, 217, 233–34, 239–42
demand for, 5–6, 13–14, 19, 25, 43, 65, 122, 160, 239, 246–49
finances of, 2–3, 15–16, 18–19, 22, 24, 44, 78, 98, 102, 112, 159–60, 173, 185, 190, 206, 216, 230–31, 234–35, 237–39, 246
in history, 2–3, 25–26, 31, 37, 41, 43–46, 51–52, 55–56, 59–67, 79–85, 87, 89–90, 92
human consumption of, 1–6, 8–10, 12–15, 31, 65, 180, 220, 237, 247–48, 253–54
importance of, 1–5, 25–26, 63, 98, 114, 118, 235, 254–55
man-made, 148, 246
marine, 9–10, 13–17, 89, 142, 147–49, 171–73, 182–83, 185–86, 189, 193, 196, 230, 234
melting of, 4, 76, 78–79, 81, 94, 97, 106–7
mining of, 2, 5–6, 8, 10–19, 21–25, 30, 44, 61, 65–66, 70, 75–76, 89–91, 121–25, 127–37, 143–45, 147–49, 155, 162, 172–74, 182, 185–86, 189–90, 193–96, 215–17, 221, 225, 233–43, 246–49, 254
in mythologies, 2
natural creation and sources of, 7, 142–43, 247
physical appearance of, 7–8, 77, 90, 111, 126, 138, 143, 148–51
political activism and protests on, 11–12, 19–20, 235–36
purity of, 4, 8–9, 37, 77, 112
regulations on, 234–39, 242–44, 246
scientists specializing in, 198–99
supply of, 25, 43–45, 142, 165, 180, 236, 238, 244, 247, 249–51, 253–54
surprising practices involving, 138–39
ubiquity of, 1–2, 4–5, 10
what it is, 6–9
Sand (Siever), 7
Sand (Welland), 109
sandstorms, 202, 204–5, 210–11
San Francisco, Calif., 11, 35–42, 107, 204
concrete and, 36–42, 45
earthquake and fire in, 29–30, 38–42
man-made lands and, 2, 172
roads and, 50–51, 58, 67
sand mining and, 2, 172, 237
San Francisco Bay, 12, 18, 144, 172, 235–36
Saudi Arabia, 10, 120, 179, 250
Schlanz, John, 111–13
Schmitt, Ken, 128–29, 133
semiconductors, 107–8
Sewell, John, 39–40
shale, 14, 120–21, 137
Shanghai, 215–16, 221, 223
Shankman, David, 216
sharing economy, 253–54
Sharp, Nicole, 142, 150, 158
Shasta Dam, 61–62
Shen Xiaohui, 210
Shockley, William, 106–8
Shurkin, Joel, 108
Siever, Raymond, 7
silica, silica sand, silica dust, 7, 9, 95, 138, 171
cement and, 224–25
colloidal, 5
and frac sand and fracking, 122, 125, 127–28, 130–31, 134–35
glass and, 77–80, 85, 89, 94, 98, 109, 121–22
silicon, silicon dioxide (SiO2), 5, 7, 77
in computer chips, 2–4, 9, 102, 107–10, 113, 117, 122
purity of, 102, 109, 111
silicone, 4
silicosis, 127, 131, 134, 136
Singapore:
man-made lands and, 13, 173–74
sand mining and, 13, 18, 144
Skrabec, Quentin, Jr., 76, 86
smartphones, 247, 252–53, 255
computer chips and, 2, 102, 113, 117
glass and, 96
Smeaton, John, 33
Snyder, Laura J., 83–84
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 46
South Africa, 18, 72, 185
beaches and, 142–43
South Carolina, 104, 162, 230
South China Sea, 171, 193–97
Spain, 103, 155, 169
Spratly Islands, 193–96
Spruce Pine, N.C., 101–6, 115
quartz of, 102–6, 110–13, 117
Sri Lanka, 14–15, 17, 240
Stalin, Joseph, 205
steel, 32, 43, 85, 94–95, 227, 245
concrete and, 35–36, 41, 218, 226, 228
finances of, 37
Steinbeck, John, 60
Stuff Matters (Miodownik), 32–33, 78–79
Stuyvesant, Peter, 172
suburbia, 43, 68–70, 98
Summers, Ron, 235–36
Sun Qinqwei, 211–12
Sutter, Larry, 224–25, 229, 249
Sweden, 168
Swift, Earl, 57
Switzerland, 168, 178, 234
Syria, 79, 202, 239–41
Taiwan, 193, 250
man-made lands and, 173, 188
sand mining and, 16
technology, 117–18, 247, 251–52
computer chips and, 2–4, 9, 109
concrete and, 32, 38, 244
and frac sand and fracking, 120
glass and, 80, 84, 88, 93–94
man-made lands and, 173
sand mining and, 10, 194
telescopes, 3, 81–84, 106, 233
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 104–5
Texas, 16, 223
and frac sand and fracking, 119–22, 127, 131, 136
Texas Instruments, 107–8
Thermopane, 95
Thornton, Ed, 11–12
Three Gorges Dam, 143, 219
Tichenor, Ed, 163
Tijuana Estuary, 162
Tillerson, Rex, 196
Tokyo, Tokyo Bay, 171–73
Toledo, Ohio, 85–86, 96–97
Tosan, 240
transistors, 107–8, 112
Trinko, Victoria, 123–24, 131, 133
trucks, 10, 22, 127, 130, 132, 138, 251
beach nourishment and, 147, 149
man-made lands and, 168
roads and, 49–51, 55, 60, 62, 65–66, 69, 92
sand mining and, 23, 25, 233–34, 236–37, 239, 241, 243
Trump, Donald, 122, 187, 196–97
Unimin, 110–17
and frac sand and fracking, 124
Iota quartz and, 111
lawsuits of, 116–17
secrecy of, 112–16, 124
Spruce Pine quartz and, 110, 113
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 111, 167, 169, 175, 190–91
United Kingdom, 33–35, 45, 75, 203, 240, 242, 252–53
beaches and, 144, 151
cement and, 33–34
desert wars and, 198–99
glass and, 82, 84, 93–94, 96
and history of Dubai, 175
man-made lands and, 184, 187, 189
roads and, 52–53
sand mining and, 13, 234, 249
United Nations, 5–6, 202–3, 207, 249
urban heat islands, 222
US Geological Survey (USGS), 39–40, 43, 78, 142
Van Oord, 181–83, 190
Venice, 80–81, 169
vibrocompacting, 183, 185
Vietnam, 72, 174, 249
man-made lands and, 193–95
Mekong Delta of, 15, 142–43
sand mining and, 13, 15–16, 238
Virginia, 84, 87, 138, 159
Walker, Scott, 132
Wang Wenbiao, 206–9
Wang Yue, 212–13
water:
concrete and, 223
deserts and, 203, 205, 209–11
and frac sand and fracking, 129–30, 134, 136–37
marine sand and, see under sand
Welland, Michael, 109
Wermiel, Sara, 41
Wheeling, W. Va., 76, 85–87
Wisconsin, 160
and frac sand and fracking, 9, 14, 121–23, 127–34, 136–37, 254
Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates (WJE), 225–27
Wistar, Caspar, 84
Wolfe, Tom, 107–8
Woodbury, David O., 106
World Bank, 202
World islands, 170–71, 185–89, 191
World War I, 45, 49
World War II, 46, 104, 107, 152, 176, 198–99
roads and, 63
suburbs and, 70
World Wildlife Fund, 15, 239, 247
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 46
Wright, Kimberlee, 130–31
Yangtze, 215–16
Zhu Rongji, 203–4
Zuo Hongfei, 201–2, 204, 210
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Vince Beiser is an award-winning writer whose work has appeared in Wired, Harper's, The Atlantic, Mother Jones, and Rolling Stone, among other publications. A graduate of the University of California at Berkeley, he lives in Los Angeles.
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