Published 2013 by Prometheus Books
Rocket Girl: The Story of Mary Sherman Morgan, America's First Female Rocket Scientist. Copyright © 2013 by George D. Morgan. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, digital, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, or conveyed via the Internet or a website without prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
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Cover design by Nicole Sommer-Lecht
Cover photo of Mary Sherman Morgan courtesy of G. Richard Morgan
Cover image of the Redstone/Jupiter C rocket with Explorer 1 satellite courtesy of NASA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Morgan, George D.
Rocket girl : the story of Mary Sherman Morgan, America's first female rocket scientist / George D. Morgan.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-61614-739-6 (pbk.)
ISBN 978-1-61614-740-2 (ebook)
1. Morgan, Mary Sherman, 1921-2004. 2. Rocketry—United States—Biography. 3. Women scientists—United States—Biography. 4. Rocketry— United States—History—20th century. I. Title.
TL781.85.M67M67 2013
509.2—dc23
[B]
2013010090
Printed in the United States of America
Foreword
by Ashley Stroupe, PhD
Chapter 1: This Is a Story
Chapter 2: Prairie Girl
Chapter 3: The Raketenflugplatz
Chapter 4: The ABC's of Milking Cows
Chapter 5: I Have No Idea What You're Talking About
Chapter 6: “Mother Does Not Abide Photography”
Chapter 7: The Great Escape
Chapter 8: A Little of This, a Little of That
Chapter 9: An Odd Number
Chapter 10: Hidden Fortress
Chapter 11: A New Kind of War
Chapter 12: Whitewashed in White Sands
Chapter 13: Alias Chief Designer
Chapter 14: Red
Chapter 15: Politics, Philosophy, Television, and Cush' Sobash'ya
Chapter 16: Your Very Best Man
Chapter 17: Welcome to the Monkey Cage
Chapter 18: The Mysterious Unknown Propellant Project
Chapter 19: Smoke and Fire
Chapter 20: Don't Drink the Rocket Fuel
Chapter 21: Pusk!
Chapter 22: The Dutchman Cometh
Chapter 23: 310 at 1.75 and 0.8615 for 155
Chapter 24: The Law of Unintended Consequences
Chapter 25: Satellite without a Name
Chapter 26: Wings of the Condor
Author's Note
Acknowledgments
Photo Insert
Notes
Index
I remember, at three years old, watching Apollo 15 and seeing the astronauts drive on a non-terrestrial body for the first time. I didn't know their names at the time, but I sensed the importance of the moment and the specialness of these people. I confidently announced that I was going to be an astronaut and go into space. My parents didn't laugh. My mother didn't tell me I should think about being a teacher or a nurse or a secretary instead. My engineer father never doubted that I could follow in his footsteps, nor saw any reason why I shouldn't. They just said “Okay.” I have had that sort of support and encouragement throughout my life—from my parents, my teachers, my mentors, and my friends. I majored in physics at a technical college and completed a PhD in robotics. Today, though not an astronaut, I have gone into space as an engineer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
But this world of open doors in which I was raised is not the world Mary Sherman Morgan faced. In that world, women were not considered capable of technical work. The world that I took for granted was born slowly and painfully through the perseverance, dedication, and mostly unknown efforts of exceptional women like Mary. The growing pains began in earnest during World War II. Technological and scientific advancement was essential for Western survival, but men who would otherwise hold these jobs were suddenly overseas. The vacuum was filled by those left behind—women like Mary, who insisted on taking every science class in school despite all objections. For the first time, women were given opportunities to apply these skills to something other than teaching, even if, like Mary, they didn't have advanced education. And the country had a vested interest in their success. After the war, women were expected to simply step aside and slip back into the home or the classroom, and most had no choice but to do so. Some remained in subordinate jobs due to economic necessity. But some, like Mary, remained to satisfy newly found professional confidence and satisfaction, and because they now had rare expertise in new fields. As her son says, she was “determined not to be pigeon-holed” and she found a new place to apply her expertise and commitment in aviation and rocketry.
I first heard of Mary Sherman Morgan when I saw the premiere of the play Rocket Girl at Caltech in 2008. Parts of the story her son George told were familiar to me from history—skepticism of her abilities, lack of recognition, low pay, and being the only woman in her environment. But what is unique about Mary is that she let her achievements speak for her. She didn't fight a public battle about whether women could or should do the work—she just did the work. Perhaps she thought a woman's work would not be trusted. Perhaps she knew that attitudes can't be changed by force or by confrontation. She slowly and subtly changed the attitudes of the men (and women) around her by simply, quietly, being herself.
Unlike Mary, I never faced the still predominantly male world of engineering as the only woman. I did, on occasion, encounter those who believed women were not as capable, but I was able to dismiss them and not let their doubts become mine. While workforce equality has some way to go, there are few “firsts” left for women to conquer. By reading Mary's story, we are reminded how far we have already come and, more importantly perhaps, we may learn how to successfully complete the journey. When George asked me to write this foreword, I wondered what Mary, who shunned public and professional recognition, would think. I hope that she would appreciate the need to celebrate those like her who persistently aspire to, and do, achieve something extraordinary—not extraordinary for a woman, but extraordinary unqualified. And in this new world Mary helped create, that is something to which we all can aspire, while simply, though not necessarily, quietly being ourselves.
Ashley Stroupe
Ashley Stroupe, PhD, is a robotics engineer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. She performs research and supports operations of spacecraft. In 2005 she became the first woman to remotely drive a vehicle on ano
ther planetary body. She is currently one of a handful of “pilots” trained to drive the Mars rovers.
This is a story about a mother who never talked to her children. This is a story about a wife who rarely talked to her husband, though they were married for fifty-three years. This is a story of a woman who desperately wanted happiness but could never summon the strength to reach for it. This is a story of a woman who had a family that loved her, but who struggled to love them in return. This is a story about a woman whom people admired but could never get close to. This is a story of a woman who harbored many secrets and lived in daily fear that those secrets would one day be revealed. This is the story of a woman who took those secrets to her grave. This is a story about America's first female rocket scientist.
This is a story about my mother.
Mary Sherman was born on November 4, 1921, on a small farm in a remote corner of North Dakota. There is no record of who was present that day, as the Shermans were never great record keepers. On August 4, 2004—eighty-two years later—Mary was admitted to the emergency room of West Hills Hospital in West Hills, California, with chest pains. Her husband (my father), G. Richard Morgan, was by her side. An hour later, Mary was dead. There is no record of who else except my father was present, as the Morgans have never been great record keepers. They wheeled her body out of the room, and a nurse collected the possessions she left behind: a handful of home-sewn clothing, fifty feet of clear plastic oxygen tubing, and a plastic bag overflowing with exotic medications.
That afternoon, my father began calling his children, which included my brother, Stephen (a long-haul trucker), my sister Monica (a draftsman living in Oregon), and my sister Karen (a government health worker in nearby Orange County). He called me last and asked that I write Mary's obituary for the Los Angeles Times. I told him I would be honored.
I did not expect any challenges writing her obit. Even though my mother always refused to discuss her 1950s top secret Cold War work with any of her four children, we had learned quite a few things from eavesdropping on little snippets of conversation between our parents and their friends. We knew, for instance, that our mother had been a rocket scientist, that her work included designing new and exotic rocket propellants, and that she had made several historical achievements that helped usher in the Space Age. Taking this obituary assignment most seriously, I interviewed my father, found out a number of things I never knew about my mother, wrote the obit, and submitted it to the Times.
I assumed that getting her obituary published would be a slam dunk, given that my mother was the inventor of hydyne—the rocket propellant that boosted America's first satellite, Explorer 1, into orbit. Her invention had helped rescue America's tarnished reputation in the wake of Russia's launch of Sputnik 1 and 2. It was a significant milestone in the history of America's space program, especially since she had been the only woman out of nine hundred engineers, and she didn't even have a college degree.
To my surprise, however, the Times refused to print the obit. The reason, they said, was that my mother's life “could not be independently verified.” They said that they had checked the claims in my obit article and could not verify any of them.
They could not verify any of them!
That was when I realized my mother's numerous accomplishments in the fields of rocketry and aerospace were already turning to dust and were in danger of being lost to history forever. Apparently no one at North American Aviation had been very good at keeping records either, because two years later a former NAA engineer, Robert S. Kraemer, would write a book about the company. He would do it because no one else could. And the reason no one else could write it? According to Kraemer, “The professional historians said there was not enough preserved documentation for them to write a proper history.”1
After seven years of working on this project, I can tell you this: Robert Kraemer and those “professional historians” were absolutely correct. Historical record keeping in the non-aircraft portions of aerospace has been abysmal.
My mother had been a devout Catholic most of her life, so the funeral service was held at St. John Eudes Catholic Church in Chatsworth, California—just a few miles from the home Mary lived in for almost forty years. Despite the fact I wasn't a Catholic, the family agreed that I should be the one to deliver the eulogy. It was pretty normal stuff as eulogies go—lots of talk about Jesus, the resurrection, heaven. Blah, blah. After the services, all the attendees—about fifty people—sat down for a sunny, outdoor lunch in the church courtyard.
Lining up at the buffet table, I dished up a plate of food and went looking for an available seat. I noticed that a number of my mother's former coworkers were gravitating to a table set off from the rest of the group.
My mother had chosen to share very little information about her life as an aerospace engineer. She claimed that her security clearance forbade her from doing so, but we always suspected there was a lot more to it. Long after she retired, and most of her work had been declassified, she continued to enforce those rules of secrecy on herself. She had seen too many of her friends punished over the years for the smallest of infractions. Most of her top secret work had been performed in the 1950s—the McCarthy era—and people were afraid. But long after Senator McCarthy was dead, his ghost continued to haunt my mother's soul. So when I noticed the NAA engineering group congregating at a single table and talking over the “good old days,” I knew where I had to set my plate. I was eager to hear a few war stories from these men (and they were all men). I took a seat at their table, took a bite out of my sandwich, and quietly listened.
Not more than two minutes went by, however, before I felt a stern tap-tapping on my right hand. I turned to see the face of a very elderly gentleman sitting across the table, his face wrinkled and folded, like those canines that win the “ugliest dog” contests. He stopped tapping my hand, using his bony index finger to point straight at my nose. He spoke.
“You need to listen to me, young man.”
“Yes, sir.”
“My name is Walter. I knew your mother. I worked with her. I'm going to tell you something about her you probably don't know. Listen carefully.”
“I'm listening.” That was the truth.
He looked left and right, as if checking for FBI surveillance, then stared though my body like it was made of glass.
“In 1957, your mother single-handedly saved America's space program,” he said, “and nobody knows about it but a handful of old men.”2
“Hm. Okay.”
“You need to tell her story,” he said. “You need to let people know the truth. Don't let her die nameless.”
That's when I remembered: the monthly bridge games.
As a young boy, some of my earliest memories were the bridge tournaments hosted in our Reseda, California, home by my parents. At that time, they were both working for North American Aviation—the forerunner of Rocketdyne. It was the place where they had met. Marrying my mother was no small competitive feat for my father, since she was, as I've said, the only woman out of nine hundred engineers. Once a month, about a dozen of those engineers and their spouses would gather at our home to socialize around the card tables. I would walk amongst those tables, small and anonymous, listening to phrases such as, “Two spades,” “Three hearts,” and “We had a fire on the test stand today.” Walter, I now remembered, was one of those bridge-playing engineers.
As he began eating his lunch, I told Walter how I had been unable to convince the Los Angeles Times to publish her obituary. He nodded understandingly.
“To get a large city paper to publish an obit the deceased has to be famous—something your mother was not.”
Despite being a pioneer in the all-male world of aerospace engineering, and despite a long résumé of important and historical accomplishments, Mary had worked hard at not being famous.
“I do not want to see my name in print. You will not write articles about me—not while I am alive.”
Those were my mother's words to me
just after her eightieth birthday when I had the temerity to suggest it would be a good idea if I wrote a magazine article about her historic contributions to American rocketry. When I pressed the issue further she became belligerent, even angry. This was a woman who cared nothing for notoriety, a true anachronism in today's celebrity-obsessed culture. Mary Sherman Morgan was a woman who shunned publicity and valued her privacy more than life itself. She hated celebrity and detested those who sought after it. To put it another way, she was the exact opposite of that avid publicity hound Wernher von Braun.
Humility, however, has a downside; its practitioners can be lost to history, no matter how great their accomplishments. My final phone conversation with the editor of the Los Angeles Times obituary department grew heated as she continued to refuse to publish my mother's obit. When the argument reached a red-faced crescendo, and she continued to be obstinate, I threatened to take some kind of action.
She replied, “What are you going to do, Mr. Morgan—sue us?”
“Oh, no. I'm going to do something much worse than sue you,” I said. “I'm going to write a play.”
I hung up the phone and immediately opened my laptop. Through the magic of theater, I decided, I would accomplish what history, the army, NASA, the media, and my own mother had refused to do: I would write a play and use it to bring Mary Sherman Morgan's accomplishments into the light of day.
This self-imposed assignment quickly turned into a journey—a journey that would take me to many places as I played detective, tracking down the small number of former coworkers who were still alive. They were all retired, of course—some for decades. When I told them about what I was doing, they were unanimous in their desire to help.
You need to tell her story. You need to let people know the truth. Don't let her die nameless.
In November 2008, the play Rocket Girl opened at Caltech's 400-seat Ramo Auditorium, playing to large, enthusiastic audiences. At the end of each performance, mothers and their daughters would come up to me and tell me how inspiring the play had been for them. By the time the curtain closed on the night of our last performance, hundreds of websites across the Internet spectrum were reporting, talking, and blogging about Mary Sherman Morgan. Mary became the subject of a history fair exhibit by a high-school student in Maryland (the young girl won the state championship with it), a docent at Cape Canaveral began incorporating my mother's story into the official tour guide spiel, and theaters around the country began inquiring about producing the play. And even though the Los Angeles Times still refused to publish her obituary, Mary's name became known to millions almost overnight.
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