You Could Look It Up: The Reference Shelf From Ancient Babylon to Wikipedia
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3. Bullock v. BankChampaign, N.A., 133 S.Ct. 1754.
4. Liptak, “Dictionary Citations.”
5. Weissenberger and Duane, Federal Rules of Evidence, §803.72.
6. Stray, Classical Dictionaries, p. 94; Rosen, “Disoriented”; Clark, “Platonic Love in a Colorado Courtroom,” esp. p. 10.
7. U.S. v. Donaghe, 37 F.3d 477, C.A.9 (Wash.), 1994.
8. Phillipps and Amos, Treatise, 8th ed., 2:580.
CHAPTER 6: LEECHCRAFT
1. Cameron, Anglo-Saxon Medicine, p. 25.
2. Cameron, Anglo-Saxon Medicine, pp. 30, 21, 35.
3. Cameron, Anglo-Saxon Medicine, p. 42.
4. Meaney, “Variant Versions,” p. 251.
5. Cameron, Anglo-Saxon Medicine, p. 21.
6. Smith, “He Boosted Modern Medicine.”
7. Iqbal, “Avicenna.”
8. Khan, Avicenna, p. 65.
9. Goodman, Avicenna, p. 33.
10. Colgan, Advice to the Healer, p. 37.
11. Goodman, Avicenna, p. 35.
12. Cited in Goodman, Avicenna, p. 35.
13. Goodman, Avicenna, p. 35.
14. Cohen, “London Letter.”
CHAPTER 6½: PLAGIARISM
1. Landau, Dictionaries, p. 35.
2. Blount, World of Errors, sig. A2r.
3. Sánchez, “Evolution of the Spanish Dictionary,” p. 134.
4. James, Proposals for Printing a Medicinal Dictionary.
5. Landau, Dictionaries, p. 35.
CHAPTER 7: NEW WORLDS
1. Cosmas, Aigyptiou Monachou Christianike Topographia, pp. xvi–xvii, xix–xx.
2. Harwood, To the Ends of the Earth, pp. 93–94.
3. Harwood, To the Ends of the Earth, p. 84.
4. Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 3:143.
5. Harwood, To the Ends of the Earth, p. 81.
6. Koeman, History of Abraham Ortelius, p. 36.
7. http://wwws.phil.uni-passau.de/histhw/tutcarto/english/4-6-eng.html.
8. See Harwood, To the Ends of the Earth, p. 81.
9. Harwood, To the Ends of the Earth, p. 81.
10. Adams, Hitchhiker’s Guide, p. 62.
11. Cannon, “Classifying,” p. 165.
12. See Buchwald and Feingold, Newton and the Origin of Civilization, pp. 261–62.
13. See Kanas, Star Maps, p. 155.
14. Alpha Centauri is not a single star but a binary system, with a third star, Proxima Centauri, invisible to the naked eye. None of this was known in Bayer’s day.
15. Kanas, Star Maps, p. 156.
16. Katz, Cuneiform to Computer, p. 234.
17. See, for instance, Harwood, To the Ends of the Earth, p. 93.
18. Chang, “How Many Stars?”
CHAPTER 7½: TELL ME HOW YOU ORGANIZE YOUR BOOKS
1. See Kroeger, Guides, p. 3, and Singer, Fundamentals, p. 156.
2. Pidgeon, “Rapturous Research.”
3. Boyd, Vladimir Nabokov: The American Years, p. 376.
4. Stavans, Dictionary Days, pp. 16, 19.
5. Shea, “Humanist,” p. 20.
CHAPTER 8: ADMIRABLE ARTIFICE
1. Briggs, Arithmetica logarithmica, sig. 2B1r.
2. Campbell-Kelly et al., History of Mathematical Tables, p. 3.
3. Thompson, Logarithmetica Britannica, 1:xiii.
4. I use modern terminology and base-10 logarithms, even though Napier and Briggs used different terms and unconventional bases; the principles are the same. See Carslaw, “Discovery,” p. 77, and Roegel, “Reconstruction.”
5. See Maor, e: The Story of a Number, p. 6.
6. Oliver, “Birth of Logarithms,” p. 9.
7. Maor, e: The Story of a Number, p. 4.
8. Oliver, “Birth of Logarithms,” p. 9.
9. Maor, e: The Story of a Number, p. 3.
10. Campbell-Kelly et al., History of Mathematical Tables, p. 52.
11. Jagger, “Making of Logarithm Tables,” p. 56.
12. Jagger, “Making of Logarithm Tables,” p. 58.
13. Quoted in Bryant, History of Astronomy, p. 44.
14. Maor, e: The Story of a Number, pp. 14–16.
15. Campbell-Kelly et al., History of Mathematical Tables, p. 6.
16. Cited in van Berkel and Vanderjagt, Book of Nature, p. 24.
17. “Le Baron de Prony,” Gentleman’s Magazine 166 (1839): 312–13.
18. Grier, “Table Making,” p. 273.
CHAPTER 8½: TO BRING PEOPLE TOGETHER
1. Adams, “Dictionary Society,” is my source for most of the information here.
CHAPTER 9: THE INFIRMITY OF HUMAN NATURE
1. Anderson, Imagined Communities, p. 40.
2. Milton, Of True Religion, p. 3.
3. See Barbour, Sir Thomas Browne, pp. 296–309.
4. Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, pp. 1, 4, 36, a4r, 17.
5. Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, 4th ed., p. 327.
6. Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, pp. 104, 157, 112.
7. Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, p. 342.
8. Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, p. 181.
9. Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, 4th ed., p. 327.
10. Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, p. 20.
CHAPTER 9½: IGNORANCE, PURE IGNORANCE
1. Carranco, “Let’s Stop Worshipping the Dictionary,” p. 72.
2. Apperson, “Blunders.”
3. Chambers, Cyclopædia, 1:xxviii.
4. Johnson, Works, 18:73.
5. Boswell, Life, 1:293.
6. Shea, Reading the OED, pp. 139–40.
7. Jacobs, Know It All, p. 127.
8. Baker, “Charms of Wikipedia.”
9. Giles, “Internet Encyclopaedias,” p. 900.
CHAPTER 10: GUARDING THE AVENUES OF LANGUAGE
1. See Sánchez, “Evolution of the Spanish Dictionary,” pp. 132, 134.
2. See Considine, Academy Dictionaries, pp. 110–19.
3. Hartmann, History of Lexicography, p. 13.
4. For the best scholarly overview, see Considine, Academy Dictionaries, chapters 3–4.
5. Edwards, Chapters, p. 13.
6. Rickard, French Language, p. 31.
7. Collison, History of Foreign-Language Dictionaries, p. 89.
8. Rickard, French Language, p. 31.
9. Considine, Academy Dictionaries, p. 51.
10. See Collison, History of Foreign-Language Dictionaries, pp. 79–88; Hartmann, History of Lexicography, pp. 13–14; and Considine, Academy Dictionaries, chap. 3.
11. See Stein, English Dictionary; Starnes and Noyes, English Dictionary; and Considine, Dictionaries in Early Modern Europe, pp. 156–202.
12. See Considine, Academy Dictionaries, chap. 6.
13. Spingarn, Critical Essays, 2:328 and 311; Hume, “Of Liberty and Despotism,” in Essays, p. 179; Warburton, preface, 1:clxii.
14. Boswell, Life, 1:186.
15. Johnson, Works, 18:87–88.
16. Johnson, Works, 18:105.
17. Boswell, Life, 1:300.
18. Johnson, Works, 18:105, 102.
CHAPTER 10½: OF GHOSTS AND MOUNTWEAZELS
1. Skeat, “Report upon ‘Ghost-Words,’ ” p. 352.
2. Skeat, “Report upon ‘Ghost-Words,’ ” pp. 352–53.
3. Gove, “History of ‘Dord’,” pp. 136–38.
4. Liesemer, “Scherzeinträge in Lexika.”
5. Liesemer, “Scherzeinträge in Lexika.”
6. Jacobs, Know It All, p. 128.
7. Alford, “Not a Word.”
8. Nester’s Map & Guide Corp. v. Hagstrom Map Co., No. 90 CV 1086, 796 F.Supp. 729 (1992).
CHAPTER 11: THE WAY OF FAITH
1. Cruden, Complete Concordance, sig. a1r.
2. Merbecke, Concordance, sig. aiiv.
3. Cruden, Complete Concordance, sig. a1r.
4. Olivier, Alexander the Corrector, p. 57.
5. Cruden, Complete Concordance, sig. a2v.
CHAPTER 11½: WHO’S WHO AND WHAT’S WHAT
; 1. Landau, Dictionaries, p. 87.
2. http://www.merriam-webster.com/help/faq/words_in.htm.
3. Stamper, “Dear Merriam Webster.”
CHAPTER 12: EROTIC RECREATIONS
1. Song of Solomon 4:1–5.
2. “Kama Sutra,” episode of the podcast In Our Time, February 2, 2012.
3. Phillips, Mysteries of Love & Eloquence, sig. A6v.
4. See Fissell, “Making a Masterpiece,” p. 59.
5. Aristotle’s Master-Piece, sig. A3r, p. 1.
6. Aristotle’s Master-Piece, pp. 98–99.
7. Aristotle’s Master-Piece, sig. A4v.
8. Aristotle’s Master-Piece, pp. 6, 10, 9.
9. Aristotle’s Master-Piece, sig. A4r, p. 1.
10. Aristotle’s Master-Piece, pp. 2, 91, 23, 109.
11. Clark, “Female Sexuality,” p. 66.
12. Fissell, “Making a Masterpiece,” pp. 60–61.
13. Slade, Pornography and Sexual Representation, 1:40.
14. Joyce, Ulysses, pp. 193, 635.
15. See http://huntingtonblogs.org/2015/04/aristotles-masterpiece/.
16. Rubenhold makes the case for Derrick’s involvement, though Freeman replies that “there is no evidence firmly associating Derrick” with the pamphlet (“Jack Harris and ‘Honest Ranger,’ ” p. 431).
17. Denlinger, “Garment and the Man,” p. 357.
18. Denlinger, “Garment and the Man,” p. 371.
19. Freeman, “Jack Harris and ‘Honest Ranger,’ ” p. 425.
20. Denlinger, “Garment and the Man,” p. 358.
21. Freeman, “Jack Harris and ‘Honest Ranger,’ ” pp. 423–33, 446, 455.
22. Freeman, “Jack Harris and ‘Honest Ranger,’ ” p. 423.
23. Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, p. v.
CHAPTER 12½: THE BOYS’ CLUB
1. Blount, Glossographia, sig. A5v.
2. N.H., Ladies Dictionary, sig. A2v.
3. N.H., Ladies Dictionary, sig. A2r.
4. Sears, Female’s Encyclopædia, p. 276.
5. Sears, Female’s Encyclopædia, p. 213.
6. Betham, Biographical Dictionary, p. v.
7. Morozov, “Edit This Page.”
CHAPTER 13: COLLECTING KNOWLEDGE INTO THE SMALLEST AREAS
1. Anon, Review of The English Cyclopædia, p. 191. Zedler’s work influenced the Encyclopédie: see Lough, Encyclopédie, p. 5.
2. Kafker, Notable Encyclopedias, p. 123.
3. Sheldon, “Pierre Bayle,” p. 385.
4. See Stockwell, History of Information Storage and Retrieval, p. 50.
5. Kafker, Notable Encyclopedias, p. 98.
6. Aycock, “Lord Byron and Bayle’s ‘Dictionary,’ ” p. 143.
7. Koning, “Onward and Upward with the Arts,” p. 67.
8. D’Alembert, Preliminary Discourse, pp. xiii, xv.
9. D’Alembert, Preliminary Discourse, p. xxv.
10. Manguel, Library at Night, p. 84.
11. D’Alembert, Preliminary Discourse, p. xxxii.
12. D’Alembert, Preliminary Discourse, p. 40.
13. D’Alembert, Preliminary Discourse, p. 47.
14. Schwab, Inventory of Diderot, pp. 21, 36.
15. Lough, Encyclopédie, p. 1.
16. D’Alembert, Preliminary Discourse, p. 72.
17. Koning, “Onward and Upward,” p. 67.
18. Koning, “Onward and Upward,” p. 67. On droit naturel, autorité politique, and related entries, see Lough, Encyclopédie, chap. 8, and Blom, Encyclopédie, pp. 145–46, 171.
19. Kafker, Notable Encyclopedias, p. 110.
20. See Kafker and Loveland, Early “Britannica,” pp. 6–7; Kogan, Great EB, p. 9.
21. Kafker, “Smellie’s Edition,” p. 148; Proposals for Printing, by Subscription, a Work, Intitled, Encyclopædia Britannica; or, A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, Composed in the Form of Distinct Treatises or Systems (Edinburgh, 1768).
22. Kerr, Memoirs, 1:362–63; Kogan, Great EB, p. 10; Kafker, “Smellie’s Edition,” p. 150.
23. Kafker, “Smellie’s Edition,” p. 151.
24. Encyclopædia Britannica, 1st ed., p. v.
25. Kerr, Memoirs of … William Smellie, 1:63.
26. Kafker, “Smellie’s Edition,” pp. 170–71.
27. Kafker, “Smellie’s Edition,” p. 175.
28. Kafker, “Smellie’s Edition,” p. 180.
29. Kogan, Great EB, p. 50.
CHAPTER 13½: DICTIONARY OR ENCYCLOPEDIA?
1. Morton, Story of Webster’s Third, p. 6.
CHAPTER 14: OF REDHEADS AND BABUS
1. Berrera, Abecedario.
2. See Burns, Science in the Enlightenment, p. 145.
3. Cullen, History of Japan, p. 131.
4. Nagashima, “Bilingual Lexicography with Japanese,” p. 3114.
5. Cullen, History of Japan, p. 132.
6. Yule, Memoir, p. 41.
7. See, for instance, Traveller’s Library, p. 244.
8. Athenæum 3062 (July 3, 1886): 7.
9. Campion, “Hobson-Jobson.”
10. Reddy, “Ghazipur and Patna Opium Factories,” p. 61.
11. Rushdie, “Hobson-Jobson.”
12. Livingstone, “How We Got Pukka.”
CHAPTER 14½: A SMALL ARMY
1. Van Doren, “Idea of an Encyclopedia,” p. 25.
2. Kafker, “William Smellie’s Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica,” in Kafker, Notable Encyclopedias, p. 149.
3. New International Encyclopædia, s.v. encyclopædia.
CHAPTER 15: KILLING TIME
1. Hoyle, Short Treatise, p. iii.
2. Hoyle, Short Treatise, pp. 4, 11, 16.
3. Hoyle, Hoyle’s Games Improved, p. 154.
4. Hoyle, Essay, p. 46.
5. Hoyle, Essay, p. 71.
6. Hoyle, Essay, pp. 72–73.
7. Hoyle, Essay, p. 73.
8. Hoyle, Short Treatise, title page.
9. Hoyle, Short Treatise on the Game of Back-Gammon, title page.
10. Humours of Whist, p. 5.
11. Fielding, Tom Jones, part 13, chap. 5.
12. Johnson, Works, 3:81, 85.
13. The phrase appears in Walker’s Hibernian Magazine for 1786.
14. Brown, Bath, 2:187.
15. Englishman in Paris, 1:147.
16. Chambers, Book of Days, 2:282.
17. Hoyle, Hoyle’s Games Improved, pp. 211, 215.
18. Winder, Little Wonder, p. 32.
19. Quoted in Haigh, Silent Revolutions, p. 131.
20. Haigh, Silent Revolutions, p. 130.
21. Haigh, Silent Revolutions, p. 126.
22. Winder, Little Wonder, p. 40.
23. Kidd, “Don’t Stop Now Is the Message.”
24. Winder, Little Wonder, pp. x, xiv.
25. Brown, “Stumped No More.”
26. Kidd, “150-Year Run.”
CHAPTER 15½: OUT OF PRINT
1. Flanagan, “RIP for OED.”
2. Jacobs, “I Read the Encyclopaedia Britannica.”
3. Rosalia, “Students Should Not Abandon Print Research.”
4. Ayers, “If You Liked Britannica.”
CHAPTER 16: MONUMENTS OF ERUDITION
1. Collison, History of Foreign-Language Dictionaries, p. 93; see also Considine, Academy Dictionaries, pp. 151–57.
2. See Č ermák, “Czech Lexicography.”
3. Collison, History of Foreign-Language Dictionaries, p. 25.
4. Johnson, Works, 18:109.
5. Boswell, Life, 2:312.
6. Webster to John Canfield, January 6, 1783, in Letters, p. 4.
7. Webster to David Ramsay, October 1807, in Letters, p. 291.
8. Cited in Micklethwait, Noah Webster, p. 54.
9. See Commager, introduction to Webster, Noah Webster’s American Spelling Book, and Warfel, Noah Webster, p. 3.
10. Webster, Compendious Dictionary, p. xxiii.
11. Cited in Micklethwait, Noah Webster, p. 161.
12. Morton, Story of Webster’s Third, p. 43.
13. See Morton, Story of Webster’s Third, p. 42.
14. Jones, Works, 1:26.
15. Anon., review of Grimm, North American Review, p. 391.
16. Michaelis-Jena, Brothers Grimm, p. 85.
17. Anon., review of Grimm, North American Review, p. 400.
18. Anon., review of Grimm, North American Review, p. 416.
19. See Michaelis-Jena, Brothers Grimm, p. 120.
20. Osselton, “Murray and His European Counterparts,” p. 62.
21. Zgusta, Lexicography Then and Now, p. 43.
22. Roberts, Literary Nationalism, p. 37.
23. Roberts, Literary Nationalism, p. 37.
CHAPTER 16½: COUNTING EDITIONS
1. Lih, Wikipedia Revolution, p. 19.
CHAPTER 17: GRECIAN GLORY, ROMAN GRANDEUR
1. See Witty, “Reference Books of Antiquity,” p. 102, and Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, p. 118.
2. Sandys, History, p. 118; Easterling et al., Cambridge History, 1:544.
3. For an overview of Latin’s history see Ostler, Ad Infinitum.
4. Zgusta, Lexicography Then and Now, p. 266. See also Considine, Dictionaries in Early Modern Europe, chap. 3.
5. See McArthur, Worlds of Reference, p. 125.
6. Thompson, Henry George Liddell, pp. 2, 5.
7. Thompson, Henry George Liddell, p. 10.
8. Thompson, Henry George Liddell, p. 54.
9. Stray, Classical Dictionaries, p. 97.
10. See Jones’s preface in Liddell and Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, revised by Jones, p. iii.
11. Liddell and Scott, Greek–English Lexicon, pp. xix, xx, xvii.
12. Woolsey, “Greek Lexicography,” p. 630.
13. Fishlake, “Greek-and-English Lexicography,” p. 166.
14. Liddell and Scott, Greek–English Lexicon, p. xviii.
15. Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, p. vii.
16. See Classen, “Ars Longa,” pp. 423–25.
17. Sandys, “Review of Pauly-Wissowa,” p. 113.
18. See Classen, “Ars Longa,” p. 428.
CHAPTER 17½: LOST PROJECTS
1. McArthur, Worlds of Reference, p. 78; Witty, “Medieval Encyclopedias,” p. 285; Stockwell, History of Information Storage and Retrieval, p. 40.
2. See Blom, Encyclopédie, pp. 107–8.
3. Wilkinson, Chinese History, p. 605; Ding Zhigang, China, in Wedgeworth, World Encyclopedia.
4. Boswell, Boswell in Holland, p. 161.
CHAPTER 18: WORDS TELLING THEIR OWN STORIES
1. See Willemyns, Dutch, p. 125.
2. Osselton, “Murray and His European Counterparts,” p. 68.
3. Noorden Graaf, “In the Shadow,” p. 13.
4. Osselton, “Murray and His European Counterparts,” pp. 68–69.