by Adam Cohen
48 Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace, p. 176; Peek and Crowther, Why Quit Your Own, pp. 100-101; Saloutos, American Farmer and the New Deal, pp. 54-55; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, p. 122; Lord, Wallaces of Iowa, pp. 332, 340; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 46; New York Times, 5/15/33.
49 Reminiscences of Jerome Frank, 1960, CUOHRO, pp. 12-15, 139; Peek and Crowther, Why Quit Your Own, pp. 13-14, 20, 22; Reminiscences of Henry A. Wallace, 1951, CUOHRO, pp. 236, 240; Lord, Wallaces of Iowa, pp. 332, 342; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 51; Peek and Crowther, Why Quit Our Own, pp. 109-10, 116-19; Saloutos, American Farmer and the New Deal, pp. 55-56, 59.
50 Wallace, New Frontiers, pp. 169, 171-72; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, p. 123.
51 Wallace, New Frontiers, p. 188; Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, p. 123; Saloutos, American Former and the New Deal, pp. 66-69.
52 Wallace, New Frontiers, pp. 173-75, 188; Peek and Crowther, Why Quit Our Own, pp. 124-28; Saloutos, American Farmer and the New Deal, pp. 66 -69; Carter, New Dealers, pp. 75, 81; Lord, Wallaces of Iowa, pp. 362-63, Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, p. 123; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, pp. 60-63; Wallace, Democracy Reborn, pp. 52-56.
CHAPTER 6 : “ ‘ SOCIAL JUSTICE’...HAS BEEN THE MAXIM OF HER LIFE”
1 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, pp. 6, 96-100.
2 Carter, New Dealers, pp. 174-75; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, pp. 96- 100, 102; Works Progress Administration, Washington, p. 959.
3 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, pp. 104-5, 108, 112; Martin, Madam Secretary , p. 24; Jonathan Grossman, The Department of Labor (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973), p. 29; New York Times, 7/1/2½8; New York Times, 1/8/33; Time, 12/8/30 ; Time, 8/10/31.
4 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, pp. 123, 127, 140-42.
5 Mohr, That Woman, pp. 129, 153; Letter from K. C. Adams to Franklin D. Roosevelt, January 30, 1933, in Ruth Backes Papers, Box 5, Folder 11; Carter, New Dealers, p. 174; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, pp. 116-23; Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 20-21, 25.
6 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, pp. 117-23; Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 20-21, 25, 27; New York Times, 3/22/33.
7 Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 27-29; 245-46; New York Times, 3/22/33; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, p. 212.
8 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, pp. 206, 249.
9 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, pp. 230-33.
10 Reminiscences of Charles E. Wyzanski, Jr., 1959, CUOHRO, pp. 183-84; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, pp. 383-91.
11 Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, p. 152; Washington Post, 3/5/33; Chicago Daily Tribune, 1/30/33; Time, 8/14/33.
12 New York Times, 3/2/3⅔3; New Yorker, 9/9/33; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, p. 253.
13 Severn, Member of the Cabinet, p. 10; New Yorker, 9/2/33; Matthew and Hannah Josephson, Al Smith: Hero of the Cities (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Company, 1969), p. 104.
14 Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 41-42; Severn, Member of the Cabinet, p. 10; Dewson, “An Aid to the End,” p. 88; Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, p. 104; Wolfskill and Hudson, All but the People, p. 50 ; Interview with Carol Lubin by Ruth Backes, Ruth Backes Papers, Box 12, Folder.
15 Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 42-43; N.Y.S., “Outstanding Service to Mankind: Frances Perkins Labor Secretary,” Department of Labor, Industrial Bulletin, February 1964; Ruth Backes, Interview with Allen Bloom, Ruth Backes Papers, Box 12, Folder 5; Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, p. 57.
16 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, pp. 2-3; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 3, pp. 652-53; Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 5, 44.
17 Michael A. McGerr, Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870- 1920 (New York: Free Press, 2003), p. 8; Harlow G. Unger, “Lyon, Mary,” Teachers and Educators (New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1994); Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, p. 2; John D. Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences of Men and Events (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1933), pp. 152-54; Martin, Madam Secretary, p. 50; Mohr, That Woman, p. 13; Manuscript Register, Annah May Soule Papers, Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections; Manuscript Register, Frances Perkins Papers, Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, p. 3; “Madam Secretary,” New Yorker, 9/2/33, 9/9/33; Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, pp. 106-7.
18 Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 46-48, 52; Beatrice Siegel, Lillian Wald of Henry Street (New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., 1983), p. 51; Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, pp. 106-7.
19 Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 54, 57; Severn, Member of the Cabinet, pp. 18-20; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, pp. 6, 22-23; Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, pp. 104, 108-9; New Yorker, 9/2/33; New York Times, 5/15/65.
20 New York Times, 5/15/65; Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, p. 104 and n.; Saturday Evening Post, 7/27/40; Jane Addams, Eighty Years at Hull-House (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1969), pp. 5, 15, 19; Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House, (New York: Macmillan, 1910), p. 127; Margaret Tims, Jane Addams of Hull House, 1860-1935 (New York: The MacMillan Co., 1961), p. 44; Allen F. Davis, Spearheads for Reform: The Social Settlements and the Progressive Movement, 1890-1914 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1967), pp. x-xi, 17, 27, 29; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, p. 7; Martin, Madam Secretary, p. 60; Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, p. 108; New York Times, 2/24/33.
21 Addams, Eighty Years, pp. 68, 127, 136; Davis, Spearheads for Reform, p. 31.
22 Addams, Twenty Years, pp. 22-23, 40, 45, 48, 69; Davis, Spearheads for Reform, pp. 123-24; Alan Wolfe, “Becoming Jane Addams,” The New York Times Book Review, 1/15/2006.
23 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, pp. 9-14, 18-19.
24 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, pp. 8-10, 12-14.
25 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, pp. 19-21; Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, p. 110 ; Letter of Frances Perkins to Susan Perkins, April 21, 1908, Perkins Papers, Frances Box 118.
26 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, pp. 23-24, 26-28, 31-34; Ruth Backes, Interview with Allan Bloom, Ruth Backes Papers, Box 12, Folder 5; Namorato, Tugwell, p. 25; Mohr, That Woman, pp. 28-30.
27 Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 72-74, 493-94; Mohr, That Woman, pp. 29-31, 33; Eliot Rosen, Roosevelt, the Great Depression, and the Economics of Recovery (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2005), p. 159; Tugwell, Brains Trust, p. 407; Alan Brinkley, The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War (New York: Vintage, 1995), pp. 67-68; Namorato, Tugwell, p. 25; Davis, FDR: The New York Years, p. 168.
28 Ross Wetzsteon, Republic of Dreams, Greenwich Village: The American Bohemia, 1910-1960 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), pp. 3, 15, 48-50; Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, pp. 113-14; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, pp. 26, 37, 41; Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 82-83.
29 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, pp. 42-44; Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 74, 77; Muller v. Oregon, 208 U.S. 412 (1908); Mohr, That Woman, p. 38; New York Times, 5/15/65; Seth D. Harris, “Convocation Inaugurating the Samuel M. Kaynard Distinguished Visiting Professorship in Labor and Employment Law: Conceptions of Fairness and the Fair Labor Standards Act,” 18 Hofstra Lab. Emp. L.J. 19, (Fall 2000), pp. 46-48.
30 Philip S. Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement: From Colonial Times to the Eve of World War I (New York: Free Press, 1979), pp. 324-25; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, pp. 43-44, 47-50.
31 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, pp. 57-60; Ruth Backes, Interview with Alice Cook, Ruth Backes Papers, Box 12, Folder 9; Harris, “Convocation,” pp. 51-53.
33 Slayton, Empire Statesman, p. 86.
34 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, p. 126; New York Times, 3/26/11; New Yorker, 9/2/33; World’s Work, April 1930, in Perkins Papers, Box 151.
35 Leon Stein, Out of the Sweatshop: The Struggle for Industrial Democracy (New York: Quadrangle / New Times Book Company, 1977), pp. 196-97; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, pp. 130-32; Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, p. 122-23.
36 Frances Perkins, People at Work (New York: The John Day Company, 1934), p. 50; Severn, Frances Perkins, p. 39.
37 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, p. 132; Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, pp. 124-29; Martin, Madam Secretary, p. 103; New York Times, 11/15/11.
38 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, pp. 84, 92-114; Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 91-100, 114; Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, pp. 142; New Yorker, 9/2/33; Daniel Czitrom, “Underworlds and Underdogs: Big Tim Sullivan and Metropolitan Politics in New York,” The Journal of American History, September 1991.
39 Tugwell, Democratic Roosevelt, pp. 74-80 ; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, pp. 205-6; Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 495-96; Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, pp. 9-14.
40 Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, p. 129; New York Times, 12/6/12; New York Times, 10/6/12.
41 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, pp. 137-44; Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 88-90, 103-4; Lectures of Frances Perkins, Collection /3047, September 30, 1964, Cornell University, Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Ithaca, New York; Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, p. 22.
42 Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, p. 138; David Von Drehle, Triangle: The Fire That Changed America (New York: Grove Press, 2003), p. 214-15; Martin, Madam Secretary, p. 108; New York Times, 7/18/12; New York Times, 3/5/13; New York Times, 3/24/11.
43 Letter of Frances Perkins to Paul Wilson, July 31, 1912, in Perkins Papers, Box 118.
44 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, pp. 19-21, 370-73; New York Times, 2/25/48; Martin, Madam Secretary, p. 74; Mark Schorer, Sinclair Lewis (New York: McGraw Hill, 1961), pp. 192-93.
45 Letter of Paul Wilson to Frances Perkins, May 16, 1913, in Perkins Papers, Box 118; Letter of Paul Wilson to Frances Perkins, March 26, 1914, in Perkins Papers, Box 118; Martin, Madam Secretary, p. 125; Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, p. 181; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, pt. 1, pp. 245-46.
46 Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 122-26; Mohr, That Woman, pp. 56-57; Letter from Paul Wilson to Mrs. Wilson, September 20, 1913, in Perkins Papers, Box 118.
47 Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, p. 152; The Encyclopedia of New York City, ed. Kenneth Jackson (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), pp. 764-65; New York Times, 12/14/14; New York Times, 10/23/15; New York Times, 10/18/15; New York Times, 10/17/15.
48 Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 128-29, 134-35; New York Times, 9/17/17; Dewson, “An Aid to the End,” p. 89; Tomlin Coggeshall Interview; Trattner, From Poor Law to Welfare State, p. 218.
49 Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 132-33; New York Times, 7/7/18; Jackson, Encyclopedia, pp. 764-65; Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948), p. 25.
50 Tomlin Coggeshall Interview; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 3, pp. 488, 640-43; Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 135-36.
51 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 1, pp. 439-44; Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, pp. 102, 194; Mohr, That Woman, p. 63.
52 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 2, pp. 23-25; New York Times, 11/7/15; New York Times, 2/19/19.
53 Perkins, Work, April 1930, Perkins Papers, Box 151; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 2, pp. 27-33; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 4, p. 114-16; Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 151-62; Slayton, Empire Statesman, p. 182; New York Times, 7/17/19.
54 Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, pp. 9-12; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 2, pp. 62-63, 67-69.
55 Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 169-72; New York Times, 11/13/21; New York Times, 2/12/22; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 2, 92-93.
56 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 2, pp. 67-69, 385-86, 441-42; Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, pp. 296-97; Mohr, That Woman, p. 76 ; Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, pp. 9-12.
57 Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 184-85; Slayton, Empire Statesman, pp. 208-9, 214-15; 219-20; Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, p. 37; Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, pp. 308, 317; Smith, FDR, pp. 209-12.
58 McGerr, Fierce Discontent, p. 316; Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 186-90, 194; Laurence Tribe, American Constitutional Law (New York: The Foundation Press), pp. 311-12 and nn.; Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co., 259 U.S. 20 (1922); Jean Bethke Elshtain, The Jane Addams Reader (New York: Basic Books, 2001) p. 298.
59 Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, pp. 325, 329-32, 342-43; Freidel, Triumph, p. 11; Frances Perkins, “Do Women in Industry Need Special Protection?” The Survey, February 15, 1926; New York Times, 1/8/25.
60 Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, pp. 41-43; Smith, FDR, 224-25; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 3, p. 293.
61 Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, pp. 46-47; Martin, Madam Secretary, p. 204; Josephson and Josephson, Al Smith, pp. 380-81, 388-89; Christopher Breiseth, “The Frances Perkins I Knew,” unpublished manuscript, Ruth Backes Papers, Box 4, Folder 2; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 2, pp. 592, 673.
62 Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, pp. 44-45.
63 Ibid., p. 55; Mohr, That Woman, p. 79; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 2, p. 723.
64 Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, pp. 57-59; Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 206-7; New York Times, 12/25/28.
65 Frances Perkins, “My Job,” The Survey, March 15, 1929; Frances Perkins, “Address to 66th Annual Convention of New York State Federation of Labor,” Perkins Papers, Box 4; Mohr, That Woman, p. 83; New York Times, 2/1/29.
66 FDR Papers, Vol. 1, pp. 80-86, 221; Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, p. 91; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 3, pp. 214-26; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 3, pp. 168, 221, 572; FDR Papers, Vol. I, p. 83; New York Times, 1/2/24.
67 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 3, pp. 214-26 ; Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, p. 91; Breiseth, “The Frances Perkins I Knew.”
68 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 3, pp. 453-55; Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, pp. 95-96 ; Davis, FDR: The New York Years, p. 151; Bellush, Roosevelt as Governor of New York, p. 128; New York Times, 1/22/30.
69 “Statement of Frances Perkins, Industrial Commissioner, State of New York, in Regard to the Release of the U.S. Public Employment Service that Employment in July had Shown a Definite Expansion,” August 26, 1932, p. 1, Perkins Papers, Box 4; The Roosevelt I Knew, pp. 95-96; Martin, Madam Secretary , p. 213; New York Times, 1/23/30; New York Times, 2/6/31, Davis, FDR: The New York Years, pp. 155, 157; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 3, pp. 453-57.
70 Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, pp. 100-101; New York Times, 3/31/30; Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 214-16; Davis, FDR: The New York Years, p. 157; Bellush, Roosevelt as Governor of New York, p. 129.
71 Davis, FDR: The New York Years, p. 157; Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, pp. 100-101; New York Times, 3/25/30; New York Times, 4/21/30; New York Times, 5/11/30; New York Times, 11/16/30; Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 214-16; Frances Perkins, Address to the League of Women Voters, “Constructive Measures to Avoid Unemployment Crisis” (draft), Perkins Papers, Box 4; “Excerpts from Address at Session on Stabilization, Relief and Economic Problems, at Second Annual Conference on Management Problems of Smaller Industries,” p. 1, Perkins Pape
rs, Box 4; Frances Perkins, “The Experience of New York Industries in Meeting the Industrial Depression,” December 5, 1931, p. 1, Perkins Papers, Box 77; New York Times, 10/9/30 ; Freidel, Triumph, p. 135; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 3, pp. 140-43.
72 Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 214-16; New York Times, 11/14/30; New York Times, 11/16/30; Frances Perkins, “Unemployment Insurance: An American Plan to Protect Workers and Avoid the Dole,” Survey Graphic, November 1931.
73 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 3, pp. 171-75, 594; Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, pp. 100-110.
74 Frances Perkins, “Unemployment Insurance”; Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 224-25; Severn, Member of the Cabinet, p. 103; Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, pp. 100-101, 107; New York Times, 3/23/31; New York Times, 3/25/31; New York Times, 3/26/31; “Conference of Governors on Unemployment,” Albany, January 23-24, 1931, Perkins Papers, Box 4; Bellush, Roosevelt as Governor of New York, pp. 182-83; “Concerning Governor Roosevelt’s Labor Record,” p. 1, Perkins Papers, Box 4; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 3, pp. 297-98; New York Times, 7/1/30; Freidel, Triumph, pp. 138-39; Colliers, 8/5/44; Davis, FDR: The New York Years, pp. 165-66.
75 Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, pp. 277-85; Bellush, Roosevelt as Governor of New York, p. 168; Freidel, Triumph, pp. 80-81, 118-31, 165, 167; FDR Papers, Vol. I, p. 222; New York Times, 10/14/30.
76 FDR Papers, Vol. I, pp. 100-110; FDR Papers, Vol. II, pp. 225-26; Martin, Madam Secretary, pp. 225-26; Freidel, Triumph, pp. 184, 195-97; Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, pp. 104-8; Reminiscences of Frances Perkins, 1961, CUOHRO, Pt. 3, pp. 182-87; New York Times, 1/8/31; New York Times, 1/24/31; New York Times, 4/22/31; New York Times, 4/26/30 ; “Conference of Governors on Unemployment,” Perkins Papers, Box 71.
77 New York Times, 8/29/31; New York Times, 9/27/31; Bellush, Roosevelt as Governor of New York, p. 140 ; Freidel, Triumph, pp. 219-21; Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, pp. 50, 52; Reminiscences of Samuel Rosenman, 1960, CUOHRO, pp. 59-60 ; FDR Papers, Vol. I, pp. 457-68.