79. Honokaa Sugar Company, Cash Book 1875–1877, HSC V.2A, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association Archive, Hawaiian Collection, Hamilton Library, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa; Honokaa Sugar Company, Payroll Book 1876–1878, HSC O-1/1, ibid. I use the contemporary spelling “Honokaʻa” when referring to the place on Hawaiʻi Island, but the older spelling “Honokaa” when referring to the eponymously named nineteenth-century company.
EPILOGUE
1. Matthew Kester, Remembering Iosepa: History, Place, and Religion in the American West (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013). On Hawaiians and Mormonism, see Hōkūlani K. Aikau, A Chosen People, A Promised Land: Mormonism and Race in Hawaiʻi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012).
2. “Defining America: Exploring the 2010 Census,” CNN, http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/defining.america/map/index.html?hpt=hp_abar (accessed July 4, 2016); Toshio Meronek, “Islands in the Sand: Why Thousands of Hawaiian Prisoners are Languishing in the Arizona Desert,” Hyphen, January 24, 2013.
3. Corrections Corporation of America, “A Commitment to Culture,” January 28, 2009, https://www.cca.com/insidecca/a-commitment-to-culture (accessed July 4, 2016); Meronek, “Islands in the Sand”; Audrey McAvoy, “Isle Inmates in Arizona Win Class-Action Status for Religion Suit,” Honolulu Star-Advertiser, October 4, 2014; Eli Hager and Rui Kaneya, “The Prison Visit that Cost My Family $2,370: How Loved Ones Bear the Hidden Cost of Shipping Inmates Out of State,” The Marshall Project, April 12, 2016; Nelson Daranciang, “Inmate Sues State over Prison Policy Banning Letters Written in Hawaiian,” Honolulu Star-Advertiser, June 3, 2016. On this topic, also see Healani Sonoda, “A Nation Incarcerated,” in Asian Settler Colonialism: From Local Governance to the Habits of Everyday Life in Hawaiʻi, ed. Candace Fujikane and Jonathan Y. Okamura (Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2008), 99–115.
4. U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness, “Report on Homelessness Among American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians,” September 27, 2012, https://www.usich.gov/tools-for-action/report-on-homelessness-among-american-indians-alaska-natives (accessed July 4, 2016); Anna Keala Kelly, “Portrait. Marie Beltran and Annie Pau: Resistance to Empire, Erasure, and Selling Out,” in A Nation Rising: Hawaiian Movements for Life, Land, and Sovereignty, ed. Noelani Goodyear-Kaʻōpua, Ikaika Hussey, and Erin Kahunawaikaʻala Wright (Durham: Duke University Press, 2014), 36–47; Kalamaokaʻāina Niheu, “Puʻuhonua: Sanctuary and Struggle at Mākua,” in ibid., 161–79.
5. Nathan Eagle, “Homeless in Hawaii? State Will Fly You Back to Family on Mainland,” Honolulu Civil Beat, July 23, 2013.
6. Brittany Lyte, “Hawaiian Natives Have Been Waiting Since 1920 for Promised Land,” Al Jazeera America, July 11, 2015. For a history of the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act, see J. Kēhaulani Kauanui, Hawaiian Blood: Colonialism and the Politics of Sovereignty and Indigeneity (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008).
7. Lindsay Hixson, Bradford B. Hepler, and Myoung Ouk Kim, “The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population: 2010,” U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census Briefs, May 2012, http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-12.pdf (accessed July 4, 2016). On late twentieth-century life in the Hawaiian diaspora, see Rona Tamiko Halualani, In the Name of Hawaiians: Native Identities and Cultural Politics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002).
8. Caspar Whitney, Hawaiian America: Something of its History, Resources, and Prospects (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1899), 51, 67; William W. Goodale, “Brief History of Hawaiian Unskilled Labor,” Thrum’s Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1914 (1913): 170–91, esp. 170–71, 183; Joseph Nāwahī, as quoted in Noenoe K. Silva, Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004), 137–38. On cultural work, also see Jane Desmond, Staging Tourism: Bodies on Display from Waikiki to Sea World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Adria L. Imada, Aloha America: Hula Circuits Through the U.S. Empire (Durham: Duke University Press, 2012).
9. Kalamaokaʻaina Niheu, Laurel Mei Turbin, and Seiji Yamada, “The Impact of the Military Presence in Hawaiʻi on the Health of Na Kānaka Maoli,” Developing Human Resources for Health in the Pacific 14, no. 1 (2007): 205–12; Laurel Turbin Mei-Singh, “Geographies of Desecration: Race, Indigeneity, and the Militarization of Hawaiʻi” (Ph.D. diss., Graduate Center, City University of New York, 2016).
10. On food sovereignty, see Leʻa Malia Kanehe, “Kūʻē Mana Māhele: The Hawaiian Movement to Resist Biocolonialism,” in A Nation Rising: Hawaiian Movements for Life, Land, and Sovereignty, edited by Noelani Goodyear-Kaʻōpua, Ikaika Hussey, and Erin Kahunawaikaʻala Wright (Durham: Duke University Press, 2014), 331–53; Hiʻilei Julia Kawehipuaʻakahaʻopulani Hobart, “Tropical Necessities: Ice, Taste, and Territory in Settler Colonial Hawaiʻi” (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 2016).
11. Eric Pape, “Living Hawaii: Where the Rent Is Too Damn High,” Honolulu Civil Beat, November 25, 2014; Office of Hawaiian Affairs, “An Assessment of Rental Housing Affordability and its Impact in Native Hawaiian Communities,” Hoʻokahua Waiwai (Economic Self-Sufficiency) Fact Sheet 2015, no. 1 (September 2015), http://www.oha.org/wp-content/uploads/An-Assessment-of-Rental-Housing-Affordability-and-its-Impact-in-Native-Hawaiian-Communities.-2015.pdf (accessed July 4, 2016).
GLOSSARY
Nouns in the Hawaiian language are generally preceded by a particle that signifies whether the word is singular or plural. Singular particles include ka and ke; a common plural particle is nā. For example, ka ʻāina (land) versus nā ʻāina (lands). Readers may at times encounter these particles in the text preceding Hawaiian-language terms. The following glossary provides simple definitions that are used in this book. For further elaboration on the multiple meanings of these words, see Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel H. Elbert, Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian, rev. ed. (Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, 1986).
AHObreath
AHUPUAʻAtraditional Hawaiian land division
ʻĀINAland
ʻĀINA ʻĒforeign land
ʻAʻOshearwater (bird)
AKUAgod
ʻALAfragrant; fragrance
ALIʻIchief; ruler
ALIʻI NUIhigh chief
ALOHAlove; greetings; affection; sentiments
DALA (KĀLĀ)“dollar”; money
EAsovereignty; independence
ʻEHUspray; foam; mist; dust; pollen
HAEflag
HALEhouse
HANAwork
HAOLEforeigner; white person
HAPA HAOLEsomeone of mixed Hawaiian/white ancestry
HAWAIʻI NEIthis beloved Hawaiʻi
HEIAUtemple
HOʻOKUPUtribute
ʻILIskin
ʻILIAHIsandalwood (plant)
ʻILIMAsida fallax (plant)
KAIsea
KĀKAU“tattoo”
KALOtaro (plant)
KAMAʻĀINAsomeone considered a local of a place; sometimes used to describe a Hawaiʻi-born person but not necessarily Native/indigenous
KANAKA (S.) / KĀNAKA (PL.)person/people, sometimes gendered as man/men; in contemporary usage, and when capitalized as Kanaka/Kānaka, specifically refers to Native Hawaiian people. European and Euro-American usage of the term “kanaka” has its own history. See pages 2–5.
KAONAhidden meaning, in the context of literature, poetry, and song lyrics
KAPAcloth; clothing, traditionally made from bark of the wauke tree
KAPU“taboo”; law; restriction; sacred
KAUĀservant; slave
KEIKIchild; boy
KIAʻĀINAgovernor
KINObody; physical self
KIOEAcurlew (bird)
KŌsugar cane (plant)
KOAʻEtropicbird
KOHOLĀwhale
KŌLEAplover (bird)
KONOHIKIland manager; later, tax collector
KUA LEHOlit., “calloused back”
KUANO“guano”
KŪKAE MANUguano
&nbs
p; KUKUIcandlenut (plant)
KULEANAright; privilege; responsibility
LĀʻAUwood; tree
LĀHUInation; people
LĀLĀbranch; limb
LE“lay” (a percentage of total profits distributed to a whale worker at the end of the voyage)
LEInecklace
LIMAHANAlaborer
LUKAU“lookout” (job on a whaling ship)
LUNAboss; overseer
MĀHELEdivision; to divide; to apportion
MAʻIdisease; sickness; illness
MAʻI PĀKĒ“Chinese disease”; an early term used for Hansen’s disease, or leprosy
MAKAʻĀINANAcommoner
MAKANIwind
MAKEdead; death
MĀLAMA ʻĀINAcare for the land
MANApower; divine power; sacred power; political authority
MELEsong; poetry; lyrics
MOANAocean
MŌʻīmonarch; king
MOKUship; island; district
NŪ HOUnews
NŪPEPAnewspaper
ʻOHANAfamily
ʻŌLELOlanguage; word
ʻŌLELO HAWAIʻIHawaiian language
PAʻI ʻAIundiluted, cooked kalo (taro), in a dough-like state
PĀKĒearly term used to denote a Chinese person
PALAOAsperm whale
PALAPALAreading; writing; text
PANIPANIsexual intercourse
PAUdone; completed; finished
PAU HANAthe end of the workday
PILIKIAtrouble; burden
POIcooked kalo (taro), mashed and thinned with water
PONOjust; proper; right; the ways things should be
PŪLEHOLEHOcowry shell
ʻUALAsweet potato (plant)
UKUwage
UKU MALAMAmonthly wage
ʻŪLILItattler (bird)
WAHINEwoman
WAIMAKAtears
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARCHIVAL AND MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS
Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School, Boston, Massachusetts
James Hunnewell, Business Papers, 1823–1883
Isaiah Lewis Letter Book
The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley
Kimball Hale Dimmick Papers
Documentos para la historia de California, 1827–1858
Fitch Family Papers
William Little Lee letters
William A. Leidesdorff Papers
Papers on the History of California, 1846–1865
Margaret A. Ramsland and Henry Keʻaʻaʻla Azbill, “The Forgotten Californians”
John Augustus Sutter Papers
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Library and Archives, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi
D.C. Waterman & Co. Business correspondence
G.W. Blunt White Library, Mystic Seaport, Mystic, Connecticut
Chelsea (ship), Journal
Hannibal (ship), Journal
New London Crew Lists Index, 1803–1878
California Historical Society, San Francisco
William A. Leidesdorff collection
Letter books of the U.S. Consul in Hawaii
Hamilton Library, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
Honokaa Sugar Company, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association Archive
Lihue Plantation Company, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association Archive
Hawaiʻi State Archives, Honolulu
Collector General of Customs Seamen’s Records, Record Group 88
Correspondence with Hawaiian Officials Abroad, 1842–1900, Record Group 404
Harbormaster’s Shipping Articles, 1862–1900, Record Group 89
Hawaiian Mission Children’s Society Library, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi
Castle & Cooke Business Papers, 1850–1915
Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Pacific Islands Missions Records, 1819–1960
Josiah Marshall Letters and Accounts
The Huntington Library, San Marino, California
Edward Brinley, Jr. Papers
Dole Family Papers
George H. Dole Papers
Early California Population Project Database, 2006. Accessed July 17, 2013. http://www.huntington.org/Information/ECPPmain.htm.
Nathaniel Bright Emerson Papers
Log of the ship Hillman
Journal and Logbook of John T. Hudson
William A. Leidesdorff Papers
Log of the ship Reindeer
Letters of Giles Waldo
Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston
Log of the ship Atahualpa
Charles B. Bullard Letterbook
Lewis Coolidge Diary, 1806–1811
Richard Henry Dana, Jr., Journal of a Voyage to the Coast of California, 1834–1836
Edward Horatio Faucon Logbooks
John Percival Papers
Charles Pickering Journal, 1838–1841
William Sturgis Papers
Sultan (ship) Account Book
John Suter Papers
New-York Historical Society
James B. Ames, Diary, 1829–1830
Henry Erben, Jr. Papers
Isaac Iselin, Notes and Excerpts, 1880
Italy (ship) Account book
Charles Bernhard Richard, Travel Sketches, being a Narrative of his Travels from 1846 to 1849
New York Public Library
Adeline (ship) Logbook
Samuel Hill Papers
Levant (ship) Logbook
NEWSPAPERS & PERIODICALS
Daily Alta California
The Friend
Ka Elele Hawaii
Ka Hae Hawaii
Ka Hoku Loa
Ka Hoku o Ka Pakipika
Ka Lahui Hawaii
Ka Nonanona
Ka Nupepa Kuokoa
Ke Au Okoa
Ke Koo o Hawaii
The New York Times
Sacramento Daily Union
Sacramento Transcript
Transactions of the Royal Hawaiian Agricultural Society
HAWAIIAN-LANGUAGE PRIMARY SOURCES
Halaulani, J.A.K. “Ke holo nei ka Hookamakama o na wahine o Hilo [The going-ons of Prostitution of the women of Hilo].” Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, April 27, 1865.
“He Goula Ma Kalifornia [Gold at California].” Ka Elele Hawaii, August 26, 1848.
“He lono mai ke Kai Anu o Alika [News from the Cold Sea of the Arctic].” Ka Lahui Hawaii, October 7, 1875.
“He mai Pake [Chinese disease].” Ka Hae Hawaii, May 2, 1860.
“He mau wahi olelo no ka holo ana o na kanaka maoli i Kaliponia [A few words on the going of Hawaiians to California].” Ka Hae Hawaii, April 17, 1861.
“He Mele Inoa no Kekaulike [A Name Song for Kekaulike].” Ke Koo o Hawaii, September 12, 1883.
“Ina makamaka me na pili koko o . . . [If friends with the blood relatives of . . . ].” Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, June 28, 1873.
Ioane [John]. Letter to the editor. Ka Nonanona, April 25, 1843.
“Ka Hae Hawaii [The Hawaiian Flag].” Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, January 1, 1862.
“Ka Hoomainoino i na Pake [The Abuse of the Chinese].” Ka Hae Hawaii, September 19, 1860.
“Ka Mai Pake [Chinese Disease].” Ke Au Okoa, June 26, 1865.
“Ka Moku Kipi Kenedoa [The Rebel Ship Shenandoah].” Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, June 29, 1865.
Kaelemakule, J.A. “Kohola [Whales].” Ka Hae Hawaii, May 5, 1858.
———. “No ka Mahi ko [Concerning the Sugar Plantation].” Ka Hoku o Ka Pakipika, December 26, 1861.
Kailiopio, J.M. “Mai Puakailima mai [From Puakailima].” Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, December 23, 1865.
———. “Moolelo o ka Mokupuni Baker’s Is. Puakailima [History of Baker’s Island/Puakailima].” Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, July 7, 1866.
Kalākaua, David. Statement on behalf of “ka Papa Hoopae Lima Hana [The Board to Land Laborers].” Ke Au Okoa, July 24, 1865.
“Kalifornia [California].
” Ka Elele Hawaii, August 26, 1848.
Kaluahine, G.W. “Make ma Bakers Island Puakailima [Death at Baker’s Island/Puakailima].” Ka Hae Hawaii, August 14, 1861.
———. “No na Aina Kukae Manu [Concerning the Guano Lands].” Ka Hae Hawaii, August 24, 1859.
Kamae, B.E. “No ke aloha o ka poe Kalifonia [Concerning the love of the California people].” Ka Hae Hawaii, July 14, 1858.
Kamakau, S.M. “O ke ano o kekahi mau mea o ka Lahui Hawaii [The character of some things of the Hawaiian Nation].” Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, August 8, 1868.
Kamika, L. [Lowell Smith]. “Ku holo ana o L. Kamika mai Sacramenato i Coloma [The going of L. Smith from Sacramento to Coloma].” Ka Hae Hawaii, January 12, 1859.
Kamipele, T.B. “No Kalifonia Mai [From California].” Ka Hae Hawaii, July 3, 1861.
Kaonowai, J.H. “No ka poe mai ino Pake [Concerning the people with the wicked Chinese disease].” Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, March 9, 1865.
Kapu, J. “No ka mai Colera [Concerning the Cholera sickness].” Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, November 30, 1867.
———. “Palapala mai Kaleponi mai: No Ka Auhau Ana o Na Holoholona Ma Calefonia Mei, a me Na Pili [Letter From California: Concerning the Taxing of Animals in California, and Grass].” Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, July 11, 1868.
Kaulainamoku, S.W.B. “No ka maikai o na Aina Kukaemanu o G.P. Judd [Concerning the well-being of the Guano Lands of G.P. Judd].” Ka Hae Hawaii, December 14, 1859.
Kaulainamoku, [S.W.B.], et al. “Mea hou ma Jarvis Island [News at Jarvis Island].” Ka Hae Hawaii, November 9, 1859.
“Ke emi wawe loa nei ka nui o na mokukohola . . . [The number of whaling ships is presently very quickly diminishing . . . ].” Ka Hae Hawaii, April 17, 1861.
Kealoha, Charles Edward. “He Moolelo Walohia! Ka noho pio ana iwaena o ka Lahui Naguru ma Alika! Ka ike hou ana i ka aina! [A Heartwrenching Tale! Living as a captive amongst the Naguru people in the Arctic! Seeing Land Again!]” Ka Lahui Hawaii, November 8 and 15, 1877.
Beyond Hawai'i Native Labor in the Pacific World Page 37