by Tim Blanning
73. “Aus dem Leben eines Künstlers,” Neue Zeitschrift für Musik III (1835), 3, 1, (July 3, 1835), p. 1.
74. These are two of four epigraphs provided by Frederick Burwick for his Poetic Madness and the Romantic Imagination (University Park, Pa., 1996), p. 1.
75. The Poems of John Dryden, ed. John Sargeaunt (Oxford, 1925), p. 51.
76. Roy Porter, Mind-forg’d Manacles: A History of Madness in England from the Restoration to the Regency (London, 1987), p. 10.
77. Roy Porter, “Mood Disorders: Social Section,” in German E. Berrios and Roy Porter (eds.), A History of Clinical Psychiatry: The Origin and History of Psychiatric Disorders (London, 1995), p. 418.
78. Sander Gilman, Seeing the Insane (New York, 1982), p. 126. Gilman gives many other examples from the period.
79. Ibid., pp. 84–89.
80. Daniel Berthold-Bond, Hegel’s Theory of Madness (Albany, N.Y., 1995), pp. 1–3, 14, 26–27.
81. George MacLennan, Lucid Interval: Subjective Writing and Madness in History (Leicester, 1992), p. 78.
82. Quoted in Charles Rosen, The Romantic Generation (New York, 1996), p. 646.
83. Ibid., p. 647.
84. Ellen Rosand, “Operatic Madness: A Challenge to Convention,” in Steven Paul Scher (ed.), Music and Text: Critical Inquiries (Cambridge, 1992), p. 287.
85. Stephen A. Willier, “Mad Scene,” The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie; Grove Music Online: Oxford Music Online, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/
grove/music/o007556, accessed January 7, 2009; Sieghart Döhring, “Die Wahnsinnszene,” in Heinz Becker (ed.), Die “couleur locale” in der Oper des 19. Jahrhunderts (Regensburg, 1976), pp. 282–85.
86. Deutsche Grammophon DVD 00440 073 4109.
87. Enid Peschel and Richard Peschel, “Donizetti and the Music of Mental Derangement: Anna Bolena, Lucia di Lammermoor, and the Composer’s Neurobiological Illness,” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 65 (1992), pp. 189, 192. Cf. A. Erfurth and P. Hoff, “Mad Scenes in Early Nineteenth-Century Opera,” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 102 (2000), pp. 310–13.
88. Marion Kant (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Ballet (Cambridge, 2008), p. 184.
89. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Götz von Berlichingen, Goethes Werke, ed. Erich Trunz, 14 vols. (Munich, 1981), Dramatische Dichtungen, vol. II, p. 175.
90. Ibid., p. 101.
91. Über die deutsche Literatur; die Mängel, die man ihr vorwerfen kann; die Ursachen derselben und die Mittel, sie zu verbessern, reprinted in Horst Steinmetz (ed.), Friedrich II., König von Preußen und die deutsche Literatur des 18. Jahrhunderts: Texte und Dokumente (Stuttgart, 1985), pp. 81–82.
92. For a good sample of contemporary responses, see Kurt Rothmann, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Die Leiden des jungen Werthers: Erläuterungen und Dokumente (Stuttgart, 1987), pp. 130–50.
93. Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart (ed.), Deutsche Chronik I (1774), p. 574.
94. Nicholas Boyle, Goethe: The Poet and the Age, vol. I: The Poetry of Desire (Oxford, 1991), p. 175; Hans-G. Winter, “Antiklassizismus: Sturm und Drang,” in Viktor Zmegac (ed.), Geschichte der deutschen Literatur vom 18. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart, vol. I, pt. I, 2nd ed. (Königstein im Taunus, 1984), p. 228.
95. Angelika Müller-Scherf, Lotte und Werther auf Meißner Porzellan im Zeitalter der Empfindsamkeit (Wetzlar, 2009).
96. Eroica, Opus Arte DVD OA 0908 D.
97. This has been reprinted many times, for example in H. C. Robbins Landon, Beethoven: A Documentary Study (London, 1975), p. 86.
98. Paul Johnson, The Birth of the Modern: World Society 1815–1830 (London, 1991), p. 125.
99. David Charlton (ed.), E. T. A. Hoffmann’s Musical Writings: Kreisleriana, the Poet and the Composer, Music Criticism (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 238–39.
100. Ibid., p. 96.
101. Ibid., p. 236.
102. “Charismatic leadership is born of crisis. It has no permanence unless crisis, war and disturbance become normal in society,” Norbert Elias, The Court Society (Oxford, 1983), p. 121.
103. Stendhal, Life of Rossini, trans. Richard N. Coe (London, 1956), p. 1.
104. Johnson, The Birth of the Modern, p. 126.
105. Alan Walker, Franz Liszt: The Virtuoso Years 1811–1847, rev. ed. (London, 1989), p. 168.
106. Joseph-Marc Bailbé, La musique en France à l’époque romantique (1830–1870) (Paris, 1991), p. 203.
107. Quoted in ibid., p. 202.
108. Adrian Williams (ed.), Portrait of Liszt by Himself and His Contemporaries (Oxford, 1990), p. 41.
109. Ibid., p. 146.
110. Walker, Franz Liszt: The Virtuoso Years 1811–1847, rev. ed., p. 374.
111. Ibid., p. 287.
112. Ibid., p. 149.
113. Adrian Williams (ed.), Franz Liszt: Selected Letters (Oxford, 1998), p. 96.
114. Ibid., p. 105.
115. Ibid., p. 141.
116. Fiona MacCarthy, Byron: Life and Legend (London, 2003), pp. vii–x.
117. Ibid., p. ix.
CHAPTER THREE:
LANGUAGE, HISTORY, AND MYTH
1. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, The Sufferings of Young Werther, trans. Bayard Quincy Morgan (London, 1957), p. 151.
2. Ibid., p. 21.
3. Jens Christian Jensen, Caspar David Friedrich: Leben und Werk, 10th ed. (Cologne, 1995), p. 114.
4. Robin Buss, Vigny: Chatterton (London, 1984), p. 12. It has been argued by Chatterton’s most recent biographer that his death was not suicide at all but accidental, the result of mixing arsenic, which he was taking to control his venereal disease, and opium, which he took for pleasure—Nick Groom, “Chatterton, Thomas (1752–1770),” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5189, accessed June 29, 2009.
5. Theo Stammen, “Goethe und das deutsche Nationalbewußtsein im beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert,” in Klaus Weigelt (ed.), Heimat und Nation: Zur Geschichte und Identität (Mainz, 1984), p. 119. See also above, p. 28.
6. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Aus meinem Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit (Munich, 1962), Part II, Book 9, p. 160.
7. W. D. Robson-Scott, The Literary Background of the Gothic Revival in Germany (Oxford, 1965), p. 92.
8. Elie Kedourie, Nationalism, 4th ed. (Oxford, 1993), p. 57.
9. F. M. Barnard, Herder’s Social and Political Thought: From Enlightenment to Nationalism (Oxford, 1965), pp. 56–57.
10. Ibid., p. 57.
11. Quoted in Reinhold Ergang, Herder and the Foundations of German Nationalism (New York, 1931), p. 105.
12. Sir Walter Scott, The Antiquary, ed. Nicola J. Watson (Oxford, 2002), p. 3.
13. Sir Walter Scott, Old Mortality, ed. Jane Stevenson and Peter Davidson (Oxford, 1993), p. xxix.
14. Quoted in Hans-G. Winter, “Antiklassizismus: Sturm und Drang,” in Viktor Zmegac (ed.), Geschichte der deutschen Literatur vom 18. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart, vol. I, pt. I, 2nd ed. (Königstein im Taunus, 1984), p. 204.
15. Quoted in Ergang, Herder, pp. 153–54.
16. Isaiah Berlin, “Herder and the Enlightenment,” in Earl R. Wasserman (ed.), Aspects of the Eighteenth Century (Baltimore and London, 1965), p. 54.
17. Ergang, Herder, pp. 152–53.
18. Louis Réau, L’Europe française au siècle des lumières (Paris, 1951), p. 13.
19. Nicole Ferrier-Caverivière, L’Image de Louis XIV dans la littérature française de 1660 à 1715 (Paris, 1981), p. 371 n. 71.
20. Quoted in Adrien Fauchier-Magnan, The Small German Courts in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1958), p. 27.
21. Des mœurs, des coutumes, de l’industrie, des progrès de l’esprit humain dans les arts et dans les sciences: Oeuvres de Frédéric le Grand, 30 vols. (Berlin, 1846–56), I, p. 232.
22. Quoted in Rudolf Haym, Herder nach seinem Leben und seinen Werken, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1880, 1885), vol. I, p. 338.
23. Johann Gottfried Herder, “Journal meiner Reise i
m Jahr 1769,” Sämmtliche Werke, vol. IV, p. 435.
24. Ergang, Herder, p. 154
25. Ibid., p. 113.
26. Éléazar de Mauvillon, Lettres Françoises et Germaniques: Ou reflexions militaires, littéraires, et critiques sur les François et les Allemans: Ouvrage également utile aux officiers & aux beaux-esprits de l’une & de l’autre nation (London, 1740), pp. 247, 249, 303, 314, 336–37, 345, 349, 357, 365.
27. Journal de musique, par une société d’amateurs, continuation of Journal de musique historique, théorique et pratique, sur la musique ancienne et moderne, les musiciens et les instrumens de tous les temps et de tous les peuples (reprinted Geneva, 1972), p. 5; Antoine de Rivarol, “De l’universalité de la langue française,” in Œuvres choisies, ed. M. de Lescure, 2 vols. (Paris, 1880), I, pp. 1–2.
28. Quoted in Patrice L.-R. Higonnet, “The Politics of Linguistic Terrorism and Grammatical Hegemony During the French Revolution,” Social History 5, 1 (1980), p. 51.
29. Quoted in Maryon McDonald, “We Are Not French!”: Language, Culture and Identity in Brittany (London, 1989), p. 32.
30. Quoted in Higonnet, “The Politics of Linguistic Terrorism,” p. 57.
31. Quoted in Denis Woronoff, La République bourgeoise de Thermidor à Brumaire 1794–1799 (Paris, 1971), p. 159.
32. R. R. Palmer, Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution (Princeton, 1970), p. 320.
33. Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Addresses to the German Nation, edited with an introduction and notes by Gregory Moore (Cambridge, 2008), p. xi.
34. Hagen Schulze, The Course of German Nationalism: From Frederick the Great to Bismarck 1763–1867 (Cambridge, 1991), p. 111.
35. Fichte, Addresses to the German Nation, p. 49.
36. Ibid., p. 58.
37. Ibid., p. 195.
38. Ibid., p. xix.
39. Ibid., p. 88.
40. Roy Pascal, The German Sturm und Drang (Manchester, 1953), p. 78.
41. Ergang, Herder, p. 198.
42. Hans Kohn, The Mind of Germany: The Education of a Nation (London, 1965), p. 56.
43. Thomas Percy, Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, consisting of Old Heroic Ballads, Songs, and other Pieces of our Earlier Poets (chiefly of the Lyric kind), together with some few of the later date, reprinted in facsimile with an introduction by Nick Groom (London, 1996), 3 vols., I, pp. ix–x.
44. Pascal, The German Sturm und Drang, p. 81.
45. Quoted in Peter Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe (London, 1978), p. 4.
46. Nicholas Boyle, Goethe: The Poet and the Age, vol. I: The Poetry of Desire (Oxford, 1991), p. 113. This is the translation offered by Boyle.
47. Annalies Grasshoff, “Die Literatur der russischen Aufklärung der sechziger bis achtziger Jahre,” in Helmut Grasshoff (ed.), Geschichte der russischen Literatur von den Anfängen bis 1917, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1986), I, p. 180.
48. Rudolf Neuhäuser, Towards the Romantic Age: Essays on Pre-Romantic and Sentimental Literature in Russia (The Hague, 1974), p. 138.
49. John Mersereau Jr., “The Nineteenth Century: Romanticism,” in Charles A. Moser (ed.), The Cambridge History of Russian Literature (Cambridge, 1989), p. 150.
50. Rüdiger Safranski, Romantik: Eine deutsche Affäre (Munich, 2007), p. 182.
51. Ludwig Achim von Arnim and Clemens Brentano, Des Knaben Wunderhorn, 3 vols. (Munich, 1963), III, p. 75.
52. http://www.recmusic.org/lieder/w/wunderhorn/. Not all of these composers were in any sense romantic, of course.
53. John Warrack, Carl Maria von Weber, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 1976), p. 369.
54. “Feuilleton: Carl Maria von Weber und das deutsche Volkslied,” Gustav Bock (ed.), Neue Berliner Musikzeitung (1851), IV, 27 (July 3, 1850), p. 213.
55. Ibid., p. 253.
56. Richard Wagner, Sämtliche Schriften und Dichtungen, 5th ed., 12 vols. (Leipzig, n.d.), I, p. 220.
57. John O. Hayden (ed.), William Wordsworth: Selected Prose (Harmondsworth, 1988), pp. 281–82.
58. David Daiches, Robert Burns (London, 1966), p. 308.
59. Donald Sassoon, The Culture of the Europeans from 1800 to the Present (London, 2006), p. 146.
60. Fiona Stafford, “Scottish Romanticism and Scotland in Romanticism,” in Michael Ferber (ed.), A Companion to European Romanticism (Oxford, 2005), p. 59; Paul Johnson, The Birth of the Modern: World Society 1815–1830 (London, 1991), p. 426.
61. Walter Scott, Waverley, ed. Claire Lamont (Oxford, 1986), p. xxiii.
62. Maurice Cranston, The Romantic Movement (Oxford, 1994), p. 90.
63. Stendhal, The Charterhouse of Parma (Harmondsworth, 1958), pp. 102–03.
64. Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Invention of Scotland: Myth and History, ed. Jeremy J. Cater (New Haven, 2008), p. xiii.
65. Peter Fritzsche, Stranded in the Present: Modern Time and the Melancholy of History (Cambridge, Mass., 2004), p. 211.
66. Tim Blanning, The Triumph of Music: Composers, Musicians and Their Audiences, 1700 to the Present (London, 2008), pp. 241–43.
67. Peter Gay, The Party of Humanity (London, 1963), p. 273.
68. Paul Langford, A Polite and Commercial People: England 1727–1783 (Oxford, 1989), p. 96.
69. J. H. Plumb, The Death of the Past (London, 1969), p. 129.
70. Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, pt. 2, ch. 1.
71. See above, p. 28.
72. Hugh Trevor-Roper, “History and Sociology,” Past and Present 42 (1968), pp. 15–16.
73. “The French Revolution As It Appeared to Enthusiasts at Its Commencement,” composed in 1804 and first published in 1809 in Coleridge’s The Friend and later as lines 690–728 of Book Ten of The Prelude—The Poetical Works of William Wordsworth, ed. E. de Selincourt, 5 vols. (Oxford, 1940–49), vol. II, pp. 264, 518.
74. Glyndon G. Van Deusen, Sieyès: His Life and His Nationalism (New York, 1932), p. 75 n. 3.
75. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, ed. Conor Cruise O’Brien (Harmondsworth, 1968), p. 119.
76. Lord Acton, “German Schools of History,” English Historical Review 1, 1 (1886), p. 8.
77. David Blayney Brown, Romanticism (London, 2001), p. 198.
78. Thomas Carlyle, “On History,” in George Sampson (ed.), Nineteenth Century Essays (Cambridge, 1912), p. 1.
79. Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, What Is the Third Estate?, ed. S. E. Finer (London, 1963), p. 117.
80. Quoted in Karl-Georg Faber, Deutsche Geschichte im 19. Jahrhundert (Wiesbaden, 1979), p. 57.
81. Jacques Droz, Le romantisme allemand et l’état: Résistance et collaboration dans l’Allemagne napoléonienne (Paris, 1966), p. 218.
82. Kenneth Clark, The Gothic Revival: An Essay in the History of Taste, with a new introduction and bibliography by J. Mordaunt Crook (London, 1995), p. 72.
83. Robson-Scott, The Literary Background of the Gothic Revival, p. 16.
84. Frédéric Hartweg, “Das Straßburger Münster,” in Etienne François and Hagen Schulze (eds.), Deutsche Erinnerungsorte, 3 vols. (Munich, 2001), vol. III, pp. 411–13.
85. Anthony Vidler, “Gothic Revival,” in Denis Hollier (ed.), A New History of French Literature (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1989), pp. 610–11.
86. David Cairns, Berlioz, vol. I: The Making of an Artist 1803–32 (London, 1989), pp. 67–68.
87. Michael J. Lewis, The Gothic Revival (London, 2002), p. 25.
88. James Macaulay, The Gothic Revival 1745–1845 (Glasgow, 1975).
89. Clark, The Gothic Revival, p. 7.
90. Ibid., p. 180.
91. G. W. F. Hegel, Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art, trans. T. M. Knox, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1975), p. 619.
92. Ibid., p. 686.
93. See the commentary by Helmut Börsch-Supan on the painting in the catalog that accompanied the magnificent exhibition on Schinkel staged at the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1991—Michael Snodin (ed.), Karl Friedrich Schinkel—A Universal Man (London, 1991), p. 104.
94. Georg Forster, Ansichten vom Niederrhein, von Brabant, Flandern, Holland, England und Frankreich im April, Mai und Juni 1790, ed. Wilhelm Buchner, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1868), vol. I, p. 24.
95. Ibid., p. 25.
96. It was reprinted as an introduction to his book Der Dom von Köln und das Münster von Strassburg (Regensburg, 1842), pp. 1–4.
97. Reprinted in translation in Michael Charlesworth (ed.), The Gothic Revival 1720–1870: Literary Sources and Documents, 3 vols. (Mountfield, 2002), vol. III, pp. 642–77.
98. Robson-Scott, The Literary Background of the Gothic Revival, pp. 131, 159, 213–15.
99. David E. Barclay, Frederick William IV and the Prussian Monarchy 1848–1861 (Oxford, 1995), p. 31.
100. Robson-Scott, The Literary Background of the Gothic Revival, p. 300.
101. For example, Thomas Nugent, The Grand Tour, or A Journey Through the Netherlands, Germany, Italy and France, vol. II (London, 1756), p. 320.
102. William Beckford, Dreams, Waking Thoughts and Incidents, ed. Robert J. Gemmett (Stroud, 2006), p. 66.
103. Ibid., p. 68.
104. Gertrude Cepl-Kaufmann and Antje Johanning, Mythos Rhein: Zur Kulturgeschichte eines Stromes (Darmstadt, 2003), p. 115.
105. Fiona MacCarthy, Byron: Life and Legend (London, 2003), p. 160.
106. Leslie A. Marchand (ed.), Byron’s Letters and Journals, vol. 5: 1816–1817 (London, 1976), pp. 76, 78.
107. Byron, Poetical Works, ed. Frederick Page (Oxford, 1970), pp. 215–16.
108. Mary Shelley, History of a Six Weeks’ Tour Through a Part of France, Switzerland, Germany and Holland (1817), in The Novels and Selected Works of Mary Shelley, vol. VIII: Travel Writing, ed. Jeanne Moskal (London, 1996), p. 36.
109. Mary Shelley, Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus, ed. Nora Crook (London, 1996), pp. 119–20.
110. John R. Davis, The Victorians and Germany (Oxford, 2007), pp. 62–63.
111. Edward Bulwer Lytton, The Pilgrims of the Rhine (London, n.d.), p. 335.
112. Victor Hugo, The Rhine (New York, 1845), pp. 105–06. The first French edition was published in 1842.
113. Ibid., p. 106.