Defiant Brides

  patronage, 171

  Paulding, John, 105

  Peale, Charles Willson, 37

  Peirce, Joseph, 171

  Pennsylvania, militia subdues food riot, 70; Peggy exiled from, 111–112; Whiskey Rebellion in, 173. See also Philadelphia; Supreme Executive Council (of Pennsylvania)

  Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 108, 211

  Pennsylvania Packet, 15, 48, 51, 52, 57, 109, 110

  Penobscot tribe, 180–181

  Pepperrell, Andrew, 20

  Petty-FitzMaurice, William (Earl of Shelburne), 137

  Philadelphia: Arnold as governor of, 40–43; curfew in, 42; life of Shippen family in, 11–12, 40; need for order in, 39; regains former splendor, 165–166; shops closed in, 42, 43; social life under British, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12; summer heat and disease, 165, 168, 172; surrenders to Howe’s troops, 3–4, 7, 12, 33

  Phipps, Pownall, 209, 210

  Pickering, Thomas, 6–7, 80

  Pitt, William “the Younger,” 137, 175, 190

  Pluckemin Artillery Cantonment, 55–56, 150, 205

  Poellnitz, Lady Anne, 152

  Pollard, Mary Johnson (Lucy’s friend), 26, 28, 30

  Portland, Duke of, 187

  portraits: of Benedict Arnold, 38; of Henry Knox, 18; of Maj. John André, 102; of Peggy Arnold, 134; Peggy receives father’s portrait, 177–178

  President (American frigate), 173

  Prevost, James Marcus, 83

  Prevost, Theodosia, 83, 108

  prisoners of war: slaughtered by British, 126, 140–141

  protests: Arnold burned in effigy, 109–110, 121, 158; mutiny in Continental army, 118–119, 122–123; Philadelphia food riot, 69–70; Shays’s Rebellion, 152–153, 159; Whiskey Rebellion, 173

  Public Advertiser (London newspaper), 133

  Quakers (Society of Friends), 3, 4–5

  Rawson, Francis Lord, 4

  Rebel (American privateer), 133

  Redman, Becky (Peggy’s friend), 5, 13

  Reed, Eliza Taylor, 196

  Reed, Joseph: accusation against Peggy, 109; accusations against Arnold, 48, 61; complaints against “disaffected,” 44; compromise with mutineers, 119; demands delay of court-martial, 61–62; distrust of Arnold, 42, 43; food riot and, 70; as greedy and ambitious, 42–43; Matlack’s complaints to, 47; outrage at dropped charges, 52–53; proposed hanging of Loyalists, 44; Shippen family suspicious of, 51; threats to Supreme Executive Council, 48–49

  Reed, Josiah, 196

  The Republican Court. . . (Griswold), 159–160, 161

  Revere, Paul, 17, 185, 198

  Robinson, Beverly: defense of André, 112–113; fears for André, 94; home as place for Arnold’s treason, 88–89; meeting with Arnold, 81, 82; seditious letter to Arnold, 89, 90–91; signal to Arnold, 89

  Robuste (British ship), 130–131, 133

  Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, 87, 117, 125, 128

  La Rochefoucauld, Francois de la, 181–182

  Roebuck (British ship), 4

  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 186

  Royal Gazette (New York newspaper), 119, 120, 154

  Sabine, Lorenzo, 205–206

  Sage, John, 201, 203

  Saint John Gazette (Canadian newspaper), 154, 156

  St. Mary’s Church at Battersea, 191, 210–211

  Saltonstall, Gurdon, 126

  Saratoga, Battle of, 210

  Saratoga National Historic Park, 210

  Scammel, Alexander, 107

  Schaack, Peter Van, 137

  Schuyler, Philip, 49, 50, 52, 53, 76, 88

  Second Continental Dragoons, 7

  Secret History of the American Revolution, The (Van Doren), 212

  Sewall family, 155

  Shays, Daniel, 152

  Shays’s Rebellion, 152–153, 159

  Shelburne, Earl of (William Petty-FitzMaurice), 137

  Shewell, Robert, 42

  Shippen, Edward (Peggy’s father), 4; Arnold disinterested in wealth of, 46; attempts to prevent Peggy’s exile, 111, 112; on Betsy’s marriage to Neddy Burd, 47; as chief justice of Penna. Supreme Court, 201–202; fear of Continental army, 40; friendship with Washington, 12–13; introduced to Arnold, 45; lack of communication with Peggy, 189; meeting with Quaker women, 3; Peggy admits sacrifices to, 140; Peggy as favorite of, 10, 11; on Peggy’s wedding, 50, 54; political views of, 11, 12; portrait of, 177–178; removes family from Philadelphia, 11–12; repurchase of Mount Pleasant, 138–139; return to Philadelphia, 12; told of Peggy’s illness and death, 204; view of Peggy’s popularity, 5–6

  Shippen, Edward (Peggy’s grandfather), 50

  Shippen, Edward V. “Neddy” (Peggy’s brother), 12–13

  Shippen, Elizabeth (Peggy’s sister). See Burd, Elizabeth (née Shippen)

  Shippen, Margaret, “Peggy.” See Arnold, Margaret, “Peggy” (née Shippen)

  Shippen, Margaret Francis (Peggy’s mother), 5–6, 157

  Shippen, Mary (Peggy’s sister), 4, 5, 11

  Shippen, Sally (Peggy’s sister), 4, 5, 11

  Shippen, William (Peggy’s uncle), 12

  Shippen family: on accusations against Peggy, 109; charges against Arnold and, 51, 53; disgust with Benedict, 111; fears for Peggy’s situation, 139; preoccupied with marriage of Betsy, 46–47

  Shoemaker, Rebecca Warner Rawle, 121, 123–124, 131

  “Sketch of Mrs. Henry Knox” (Ellet), 206

  smallpox: contracted by Knox infant, 140; outbreak of, 28; “variolation” against, 28, 31–32

  Smith, Abigail Adams “Nabby,” 160–161

  Smith, Elizabeth Gordon, 82

  Smith, Joshua Hett: abandons André behind American lines, 93, 104, 116; capture and imprisonment of, 101, 112; “loose character” of, 94; ordered to escort André, 92–93; quarrels with Arnold and Varick, 90, 93–94; questionable loyalties of, 82; on Robinson’s property, 88; tenant farmers of, 88, 89, 91

  Smith, Oliver, 171

  Smith, William, 82

  Society of Friends (Quakers), 3, 4–5

  Society of the Cincinnati, 144, 179

  “Soldier’s Joy,” 141

  Southwark Theatre (Philadelphia), 5

  Sparks, Jared, 126–127

  Spencer, George (Lord Spencer), 188

  “stag dance,” 141

  Stanley, William, 211

  Stansbury, Joseph, 62–63, 64

  Stedman, Charles, 14

  Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm Augustus Von, 39, 142

  Stirling, Dorothy Willing (Peggy’s cousin), 135

  Stirling, Lord (William Alexander), 142

  Stirling, Walter, 135, 136

  Stony Point: captured by Clinton, 58, 67; recaptured by Wayne, 68, 78

  “Strictures Upon the Philadelphia Meschianza [sic]. . .,” 14

  Strong, Caleb, 196

  Sullivan, William, 205

  Sun Assurance Company, 156, 158

  Supreme Executive Council (of Pennsylvania): Arnold’s application for pass from, 48; exiles Peggy from Pennsylvania, 111–112; formal charges against Arnold, 51, 60; orders search for Arnold’s papers, 109; Pennsylvania governed by, 42–43; Reed’s presidency of, 48; smear campaign against Arnold, 50–51, 61, 107; Washington’s relations with, 64–65

  Surrey, Lord, 136–137

  Sutherland, Andrew, 92, 94

  Swan, James (Caroline Knox’s husband), 199, 206

  Symonds, Commodore Thomas, 123

  Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice de (Prince Talleyrand), 176

  Tallmadge, Benjamin, 105–106, 115

  Tarleton, Banastre, 135

  Tarrantines, 180–181

  Ternay, Charles-Henri-Louis d’Arsac, 87

  Thacher, James, 21, 57; on André’s execution, 116; on battle of Yorktown, 129; on blizzards of 1779–1780, 72; on Continental army mutineers, 118; on discovery of Arnold’s treachery, 103; eulogy for Knox, 198; on Peekskill encampment, 124; on poor conditions in Philadelphia, 127

  Thatcher, Ebenezer, 196

  Th
atcher, Henry Knox (Knox grandson), 196, 208

  Thatcher, Julia (Knox granddaughter), 196, 197

  Thomaston, Maine, 185, 208

  Tilghman, Elizabeth (Peggy’s cousin), 46–47, 50, 53, 54

  Tilghman, Tench (Shippen cousin), 78–79

  Tories, 137

  “Tory rides,” 26

  “To the Inhabitants of America” (Arnold), 119

  “To the Officers and Soldiers. . .” (Arnold), 120

  Travels in North-America (Chastellux), 117

  Travels through the United States of North America (Rochefoucauld), 181–182

  United States (American frigate), 173

  Unmasked Nabob of Hancock Country, The, 186

  Upham, Joshua, 158

  Urquart, Hannah Flucker (Lucy’s sister), 19, 20, 21, 145, 152

  U.S. Military Academy at West Point, 205

  Valley Forge, 15, 32, 35; Continental army at, 7, 14, 33; fortification of, 39; life of officers and families at, 37, 39

  Vandeveer, Jacobus, 55, 59

  Van Doren, Mark, 212

  Van Wart, Isaac, 105

  Varick, Richard, 88; attempts to calm Peggy, 96–97; illness of, 94, 96; quarrels with Smith, 90, 94; suspicious of Arnold, 89, 90, 93

  “variolation” against smallpox, 28, 31–32

  Vassal, William, 191

  Vergennes, Charles Gravier de, 87

  Vigilant (British ship), 9

  Vimeur, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de (Gen. Rochambeau), 87

  Vulture (British ship), 81, 82, 89, 90, 112, 113; Arnold’s escape to, 97, 98; damaged and repaired, 92, 94

  Waldo, Samuel, 145

  Waldo, Hannah. See Flucker, Hannah (née Waldo)

  Waldo Patent: attempts to settle, 169; Henry’s land grab of, 171, 186; Henry’s tour of, 145, 149; Lucy’s interest in, 152, 166; squatters on, 186, 195

  Walker, Lewis Burd, 108, 211

  Walsingham, Thomas, 136

  Ward, Samuel, Jr., 37, 39

  Warren, Henry, 171

  Warren, James, 22

  Warren, Mercy Otis, 144, 171

  Warren, Winslow, 171

  Washington, George, 37, 39, 83, 127, 172; André’s confession to, 106; appoints Arnold to special command, 78–79; asks Arnold for guard, 87–88; belief in Peggy’s innocence, 109; biography of, 205; crossing the Delaware, 29; dance at celebration of dauphin’s birthday, 141; death of, 195; despair at Arnold’s treachery, 97; dispatches artillery to West Point, 81; farewell to troops, 146–147; fondness for dancing, 57; friendship with Henry and Lucy, 22, 24, 26; friendship with Shippen family, 12–13; inaugural ball for, 161; informed of André’s capture, 95; march through New York City, 145–146; orders André’s execution, 114; orders army to leave Boston, 25; orders army to Peekskill, 124; orders Arnold to West Point, 79; Peggy’s opinion of, 12; plan for attack on New York, 87; pleads for aid to army, 118; relationship with Arnold, 34, 40–41, 51–52, 71, 76, 120; reprimand of Arnold, 73, 75–76; speech against strike by army, 144; on state of army, 29; support of Society of the Cincinnati, 144; sympathies on death of Knox child, 167; tour of Roxbury fortifications, 21; trip to Peekskill, 89–90; at Valley Forge, 7, 14, 32; watches battle of Yorktown, 129

  Washington, John “Jackie,” 130

  Washington, Martha, 32, 141, 172; absent from inauguration, 161; first “levee” of, 167; friendship with Henry and Lucy, 22, 24, 26, 57; hospitality to Lucy, 127–128; life at Valley Forge, 37

  Waste Lands of the Crown in Upper Canada, 187, 209–210

  Watkins, Anne, 83

  Wayne, Anthony “Mad Anthony,” 57, 173; mutineers and, 118, 119; re-takes Stony Point, 68, 78; scorn for women of Mischianza, 44

  weather: blizzards of 1779–1780, 72, 73; summer heat in Philadelphia, 165, 168, 172

  Webber, John, 150

  Welles family, 147

  West India Planters and Merchants, 187

  Westminster Abbey, 137

  West Point, 60, 77, 79; “Great Chain” at, 76; Knox’s artillery sent to, 81; poor condition of fort, 80; security tightened for, 103; U.S. Military Academy established, 205

  Wharton, Joseph, 9

  Whigs, 137

  Whiskey Rebellion, 173

  Whitehall Evening Post (London newspaper), 136

  Whiting, Thurston, 194

  William IV, King, 209

  Willing, Mary (cousin), 12

  Wilson, Barry, 201

  Wilson, James, 69, 70

  Winslow, Elizabeth, 56

  Winslow, Sarah, 56

  Winslow family, 149

  Wister, Sally, 42

  Women of the American Revolution (Ellet), 168, 205–206

  Yorktown, Virginia: battle of, 129–130; Cornwallis surrenders, 130; Knox on battle of, 52; preparations to attack, 125, 127–128

  Beacon Press

  25 Beacon Street

  Boston, Massachusetts 02108-2892

  www.beacon.org

  Beacon Press books are published under the auspices of the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations.

  © 2013 by Nancy Rubin Stuart

  All rights reserved

  Printed in the United States of America

  Text design and composition by Kim Arney

  Spelling and punctuation modernizations appear in certain quotations to enhance readability.

  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

  Rubin Stuart, Nancy.

  Defiant brides : the untold story of two revolutionary-era women and the radical men they married / Nancy Rubin Stuart.

  p. cm.

  Includes bibliographical references and index.

  eISBN: 978-0-8070-0118-9

  ISBN 978-0-8070-0117-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)

  1. Arnold, Margaret Shippen, 1760–1804. 2. Knox, Lucy Flucker, 1760–1824. 3. Arnold, Benedict, 1741–1801. 4. Knox, Henry, 1750–1806. 5. United States— History—Revolution, 1775–1783—Biography. I. Title.

  E278.A72R83 2012

  973.3092′52—dc23

  2012027734