8. Interrogation of Unteroffizier Albert Karl Lauser, June 11, 1943, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 364, NARA.
9. Technical Apparatus for the Second Interrogation Center, April 27, 1942, RG 389, Entry 452C, Box 1410, NARA.
10. Room Conversation—Generals Borowietz and Von Vaerst, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 364, NARA.
11. Interrogation of General Gustav von Vaerst and Generalleutnant Karl R. M. Buelowius, June 28, 1943, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 364, NARA.
12. Ibid.; Notes on Information Derived from German Ps/W; Late Information from Ps/W (June 7–9), June 15, 1943, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 364, NARA.
13. Information and Views of Three German General Officers Recently Captured in North Africa, June 15, 1943, and Report of Interview with Generals Borowietz and Köchy, June 3, 1943, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 364, NARA.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Memorandum for Brigadier General B. M. Bryan Jr., June 29, 1943, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 364, NARA.
18. Room Conversation—Generals Borowietz and Von Vaerst, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 364, NARA.
19. PMGO to the Commanding General, Ninth Service Command, July 2, 1943, and Internal Security Division to Director, POW Division, July 8, 1943, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2483, NARA; “Little Relief in Sight for Hot Texans,” Mexia (TX) Weekly Herald, July 9, 1943, 1; “New Record Temperature Set Here by Saturday Heat,” Mexia Weekly Herald, July 30, 1943, 6; “Hope Springs in Hearts of Heat Weary Sufferers,” Mexia Weekly Herald, August 20, 1943, 3.
20. Inspection report, Camp Mexia, September 23–25, 1943, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2667, NARA.
21. Ibid; Inspection report, Camp Mexia, August 19, 1943, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2667, NARA.
22. Richard P. Walker, The Lone Star and the Swastika: Prisoners of War in Texas (Austin, TX: Eakin Press, 2001), 12; Inspection report, Camp Mexia, August 19, 1943, and September 23–25, 1943, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2667, NARA.
23. Inspection report, Camp Mexia, September 23–25, 1943, and August 19, 1943, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2667, NARA.
24. Ibid.
25. Letter to Commanding General, Eighth Service Command, August 23, 1943, and Donovan, CG, 8SC, to Provost Marshal General, telegram, July 30, 1943, RG 389, Entry 457, Box 1420, NARA; Inspection report, Camp Mexia, September 23–25, 1943, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2667, NARA.
26. Inspection report, Camp Mexia, September 23–25, 1943, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2667, NARA.
27. Arnold Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America (1979; repr., Lanham, MD: Scarborough House, 1996), 27.
28. The Swiss legation, the protecting power for both German POWs in America and American POWs in Germany, discovered in September 1944 that German authorities paid American officer prisoners more than American authorities paid German officer prisoners and “urgently requested” that the U.S. government address this discrepancy. “The reports of the Protecting Power in Washington reveal that German officer prisoners of war in the United States receive monthly pay at the following rates,” September 22, 1944, Farrand Papers, Box 1, Hoover Institution Archives.
29. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War, 50, 84.
30. General Officer Prisoner of War Camps, RG 389, Entry 457, Box 1420, NARA.
31. Inspection report, Camp Clinton, Mississippi, July 18–19, 1943, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2658, NARA; Gene Wirth, “High-Ranking Nazi Generals Now Arm-Chair Strategists on Mississippi Hillside Here,” Jackson (MS) Clarion-Ledger, October 31, 1943, 9, 14.
32. Gene Wirth, “High-Ranking Nazi Generals Now Arm-Chair Strategists on Mississippi Hillside Here,” Jackson Clarion-Ledger, October 31, 1943, 9, 14. The author believes this general to have been either Gustav von Vaerst or Ernst Schnarrenberger because they are the only two who fit the description of the general in this October 1943 newspaper account. The American press was not allowed to print the generals’ names for reasons of security, so this cannot be substantiated.
33. Ibid.
34. No archival sources from either the British or the American national archives regarding Frantz and Schnarrenberger’s whereabouts from August 21 until October 6, 1943, could be found. It can be assumed that part of this time involved passage, likely by ship, across the Atlantic as well as a couple weeks’ processing time at Ft. George Meade, Maryland, before transfer to Camp Clinton, Mississippi. However, this remains the author’s conjecture and cannot be substantiated. Report of POWs Aboard Train, October 6, 1943, RG 389, Entry 451, Box 1258, NARA; “Two Nazi Generals Held Prisoners Here: 4 German Officers at Clinton Camp,” Jackson Clarion-Ledger, October 9, 1943; Transfer of German General Officers, Prisoner of War, October 5, 1943, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2477, NARA.
35. Inspection report, Camp Clinton, Mississippi, July 18–19, 1943, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2658, NARA; Michael A. Allard, “A History of the Clinton Prisoner of War Camp, 1942–1946,” M.A. thesis, Mississippi College, 1994.
36. General d. Pz. Tr. von Vaerst to War Department, October 13, 1943, and Army Service Forces, PMGO, to Commanding General, Fourth Service Command, November 2, 1943, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2477, NARA.
37. Adjutants for German General Officer POWs, July 10, 1944, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2477, NARA.
38. “Parole of German Generals Who Are Prisoners of War,” November 1, 1943, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 364, NARA; “Prisoner of War Circular No. 11”—December 3, 1943, “The Administration of Prisoner of War Matters in the Continental United States during World War II so Far as They Were the Staff Responsibility of the Provost Marshal General’s Office,” historical monograph, United States Prisoner of War Operations Division, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2477, NARA.
39. Ibid.
40. Inspection report, Camp Clinton, Mississippi, May 5–7, 1944, RG 165, Decimal File, 1942–June 1946, 383.6 Reorientation, Box 590, NARA.
41. Graham H. Stuart, “War Prisoners and Internees in the United States,” American Foreign Service Journal 21 (October 1944): 530–31.
42. Memorandum from the Legation of Switzerland, February 18, 1944, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2658, NARA.
43. Ibid.
44. “Memorandum on Visit Made 10–12 February 1944, Camp Clinton, Mississippi, by Dr. Edward Feer, Counselor of the Swiss Legation, accompanied by Mr. Bernard Gufler, of the Department of State,” RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2658, NARA.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. Inspection of Camp Clinton, Mississippi, by Lt. Col. M. C. Bernays and Mr. Bernard Gufler, May 5–7, 1944, RG 165, Decimal File, 1942–June 1946, 383.6 Reorientation, Box 590, NARA.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. War Problems Memorandum, December 16, 1944, Farrand Papers, Box 1, Hoover Institution Archives.
56. Status of Training and Physical Condition of Men Assigned to Clinton, Mississippi, August 19, 1944, and Partial List of Enlisted Men Suffering from Mental Disturbances Employed by Prisoner of War Camp during Month of August 1944, RG 389, Entry 461, 2658, NARA.
57. Ibid.
3. The Seeds of the American Transformation
1. War Diary, June 1944, WO 165/41, TNA; Report of Visit to POW Base Camp on August 20, 21, 22, 1944, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1611, NARA.
2. First Detailed Interrogation of General of Infantry Neuling, Ferdinand, and First Detailed Interrogation of Brig-Gen Bieringer, Ludwig, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 656, NARA; Transfer of General Prisoner of War, August 30, 1944, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2477, NARA.
3. Transfer of German Officer Prisoner of War, September 19, 1944, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2477, NARA.
4. Von Arnim to Commanding Officer, P.O.W. Camp Clinton, October 5, 1944; Colonel Mc-Ilhenny to the Provost Marshal General, October 6, 1944; Army Services Force to Commanding General, Fourth Service Command, October 13, 1944, all in RG 389, Entry 451, Box 1259, NARA.
5. Swiss Legation to Brigadier General B. M. Bryan, September 26, 19
44, and Colonel Francis E. Howard to Special War Problems Division, U.S. Department of State, October 25, 1944, RG 389, Entry 451, Box 1259, NARA.
6. Captain Heinkel’s handwritten notes regarding Sinkel, September 28, 1944, RG 389, Entry 451, Box 1259, NARA.
7. Von Arnim to the Legation of Switzerland, September 28, 1944, RG 59, Entry 1353, Box 24, NARA.
8. Prisoner of War Officers, November 29, 1944, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1611, NARA.
9. Memorandum on Visit to POW Camp, Clinton, Mississippi, July 12–13, 1944, RG 165, Entry 383.6, Box 590, NARA.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Handwritten notes from Captain Walter Rapp, September 12, 1944, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1611, NARA.
16. Visit of Mr. Weingärtner and Mr. Mason to Prisoner of War Camp, Camp Clinton, Mississippi, July 19, 1944, RG 165, Entry 383.6, Box 590, NARA.
17. Ibid.
18. Memorandum on Visit to POW Camp, Clinton, Mississippi, July 12–13, 1944, RG 165, Entry 383.6, Box 590, NARA.
19. Ibid.
20. Major Howard W. Smith Jr. to Chief of Engineers, War Department, August 9, 1944, and Colonel Moses E. Cox, Corps of Engineers, to Chief of Engineers, September 18, 1944, RG 389, Entry 457, Box 1420, NARA; Report on Prisoners of War Camp, Clinton, Mississippi, August 5, 1944, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2658, NARA.
21. Memorandum for the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-1, W.D.G.S., August 26, 1944, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1611, NARA; Memorandum for the Deputy Chief of Staff for Service Commands, August 19, 1944, RG 389, Entry 457, Box 1420, NARA.
22. Colonel James L. Mc-Ilhenny to Commanding General, Fourth Service Command, August 12, 1944, RG 389, Entry 457, Box 1420, NARA.
23. Memorandum for the Assistant Provost Marshal General, September 7, 1944, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2658, NARA.
24. Report of Visit to POW Base Camp on August 20, 21, 22, 1944, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1611, NARA.
25. Memorandum for the Assistant Provost Marshal General, September 7, 1944, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2658, NARA.
26. August Viktor von Quast was listed as a “General Major” in the inspection report, although the report explained that von Quast had been “promoted after he was captured. Rank therefore not recognized as ‘of right.’” Prisoner of War Camp, Camp Clinton, Mississippi, January 10–11, 1945, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2658, NARA.
27. Ibid.; Hildebrand, Die Generale der deutschen Luftwaffe, 1:309–10.
28. Memorandum for Director, Security and Investigation Division, June 15, 1945, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2479, NARA; Stephen M. Farrand to the International Committee of the Red Cross, April 27, 1945, RG 389, Entry 451, Box 1340, NARA.
29. “High-Ranking Nazi General Dies Sunday at Clinton Camp: Autopsy Performed on Commander of Panzer Division,” Jackson Clarion-Ledger, July 3, 1945; “Ex-POW Returns to Camp at Clinton,” Jackson Clarion-Ledger, August 5, 1979; German Prisoners of War Interred in the United States, October 11, 1954, RG 389, Entry 467, Box 1513, NARA. Curiously, the official German records state that Borowietz’s cause of death was a “fatal accident,” although this was likely taken from the initial official reports coming from American camp authorities. “Borowietz,” MSg 109/263, BA-MA.
30. Prisoner of War Camp, Camp Clinton, Mississippi, January 10–11, 1945, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2658, NARA; Memorandum from General Blackshear M. Bryan regarding Glennan General Hospital, September 8, 1944, RG 389, Entry 457, Box 1422, NARA; Bradley, Hildebrand, and Rövekamp, Die Generale des Heeres, 4:506–7; “Gutknecht,” MSg 109/886, BA-MA.
31. Homicide and Suicide Rates for Prisoners of War, April 24, 1945, RG 389, Entry 467, Box 1513, NARA.
32. Natural Death of German General Officer Prisoner of War, April 6, 1945, RG 389, Entry 467, Box 1513, NARA; “Nazi General Buried in Mississippi with Full Military Rites,” Jackson Clarion-Ledger, April 9, 1945.
33. Prisoner of War Camp, Camp Clinton, Mississippi, January 10–11, 1945, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2658, NARA; Handwritten letter from Charles Eberhardt to Bernard Gufler, January 14, 1945, RG 59, Entry 1353, Box 24, NARA.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Camp Clinton, Mississippi, Visited by Mr. P. Schnyder and Dr. M. Zehnder on February 1, 1945, RG 59, Entry 1353, Box 24, NARA.
38. German Generals in United States Custody, Memorandum, Special War Problems Division, August 8, 1944, Farrand Collection, Box 1, Hoover Institution Archives.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War, 196–97.
42. Memorandum for Major Davison, September 28, 1944, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1611, NARA.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Reorientation, POW Camp, Clinton, Mississippi, September 8, 1944, RG 165, Entry 383.6, Box 590, NARA.
47. Reorientation of German Prisoners of War, Memorandum for the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-1, February 3, 1945, RG 165, Entry 383.6, Box 590, NARA; Memorandum for the Deputy Chief of Staff for Service Commands, November 16, 1944, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1611, NARA.
48. Memorandum of telephone conversation, November 20, 1944, RG 59, Entry 1353, Box 24, NARA; Memorandum for the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-1, from F. M. Smith, assistant to Major General W. D. Styer, undated (likely October 1944), RG 165, Entry 383.6, Box 590, NARA.
49. Memorandum concerning the Special Projects Branch of the Office of the Provost Marshal General, December 16, 1944, Farrand Collection, Box 1, Hoover Institution Archives.
50. Temporary Duty of Captain Walter H. Rapp, November 15, 1944; Weekly Progress Report No. 1, Prisoner of War Camp, Clinton, Mississippi, November 27, 1944, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1611, NARA.
51. Weekly Progress Report No. 2, Prisoner of War Camp, Clinton, Mississippi, December 8, 1944, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1611, NARA.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Weekly Progress Report No. 1, Prisoner of War Camp, Clinton, Mississippi, November 27, 1944, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1611, NARA.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid.
60. Weekly Progress Report No. 2, Prisoner of War Camp, Clinton, Mississippi, December 8, 1944, and Special Progress Report No. 1, Memorandum for Captain Walter H. Rapp, December 7, 1944, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1611, NARA.
61. Weekly Progress Report No. 1, Prisoner of War Camp, Clinton, Mississippi, November 27, 1944, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1611, NARA.
62. Ibid.; Weekly Progress Report No. 2, Prisoner of War Camp, Clinton, Mississippi, December 8, 1944, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1611, NARA; Theodor Graf von Sponeck, Meine Erinnerungen, p. 180, MSg 1/3329, BA-MA.
63. Weekly Progress Report No. 2, Prisoner of War Camp, Clinton, Mississippi, December 8, 1944, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1611, NARA.
64. Ibid.
65. Weekly Progress Report No. 1, Prisoner of War Camp, Clinton, Mississippi, November 27, 1944, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1611, NARA.
66. Memorandum for Deputy Chief of Staff for Service Commands, A.S.F., from Archer L. Lerch, Provost Marshal General, February 20, 1945; Memorandum for the Director, Prisoner of War Special Projects Division, February 9, 1945; and Memorandum for Record from Edward Davison, Director, Prisoner of War Special Projects Division, all in RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1611, NARA.
67. Memorandum for the Director, Prisoner of War Special Projects Division, February 9, 1945, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1611, NARA.
68. Ibid.; Memorandum for Colonel Bernays from War Department General Staff, March 12, 1945, RG 165, Entry 383.6, Box 590, NARA.
4. Reeducating Hitler’s Generals?
1. Transfer of German General Officer Prisoners of War, March 27, 1945, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2477, NARA.
2. Memorandum for the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-1, from F. M. Smith, assistant to Major General W. D. Styer, undated (likely October 1944), RG
165, Entry 383.6, Box 590, NARA.
3. Inspection Report of Mr. Arthur M. Kruse, September 28–October 2, 1944, and Special Report on Visit to Prisoner of War Camp, Jerome, Arkansas, November 2, 1944, RG 389, Entry 457, Box 1421, NARA; Merrill R. Pritchett and William L. Shea, “The Afrika Korps in Arkansas, 1943–1946,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 37 (Spring 1978): 3–22.
4. Special Report on Visit to Prisoner of War Camp, Jerome, Arkansas, November 2, 1944, RG 389, Entry 457, Box 1421, NARA.
5. Theatre for Jerome Prisoner of War Camp, November 14, 1944, RG 389, Entry 457, Box 1421 and RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1612, NARA.
6. Report on Visit to Prisoner of War Camp Dermott, Arkansas, December 17, 1944, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1612, NARA.
7. Ibid.
8. Field Service Report on Visit to Prisoner of War Camp, Dermott, Arkansas, March 15, 1945, and Report on Visit to Prisoner of War Camp, Dermott, Arkansas, March 12–14, 1945, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1612, NARA.
9. Field Service Report on Visit to Prisoner of War Camp, Dermott, Arkansas, March 15, 1945, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1612, NARA.
10. Ibid.
11. Report on Morale Status of War Prisoners at [POW Camp, Dermott, Arkansas], February 5, 1945, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1612, NARA.
12. Transfer of German General Officer Prisoners of War, March 27, 1945, RG 389, Entry 461, Box 2477, NARA.
13. Field Service Report on Visit to Prisoner of War Camp, Dermott, Arkansas, April 30, 1945, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1612, NARA.
14. Ibid.
15. Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War, 200–202; Field Service Report on Visit to Prisoner of War Camp, Dermott, Arkansas, April 30, 1945, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1612, NARA.
16. Field Service Report on Visit to Prisoner of War Camp, Dermott, Arkansas, April 30, 1945, and Memorandum to the Prisoner of War Special Projects Division from Headquarters, Prisoner of War Camp, Dermott, Arkansas, September 12, 1945, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1612, NARA.
17. Memorandum for Director, Prisoner of War Special Projects Division, January 15, 1945, RG 389, Entry 459A, Box 1611, NARA.
18. Memorandum for Director, Prisoner of War Special Projects Division, January 13, 1945, RG 165, Entry 383.6, Box 590, NARA.
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