Notes
1 Fletcher & MacCulloch, Tudor Rebellions, 2004, p.47.
2 Heal, The Reformation in Britain and Ireland, p.30.
3 Ibid.
4 Williams, English Historical Documents 1485–1558, p.379–98.
5 Ibid., p.334–35.
6 ‘Thomas Lever’s Social Theory Illustrated from his Sermons’, in Williams, English Historical Documents 1485–1558, pp.356, 358–59.
7 Haigh, The English Reformation Revised, pp.19–33. See pp.20–22.
8 Ibid., p.27.
9 The necessity of religious conformity versus respect for individual conscience is discussed in Shagan, Catholics and the ‘Protestant Nation’, p.17, Bastow, The Catholic Gentry of Yorkshire, 1536–1642 and Marshall, ‘(Re)defining the English Reformation’, p.585.
10 Norman Jones, The English Reformation, Oxford, 2002, pp.73 & 94.
11 L&P, Vol. XII.I: 200.
12 Perez, Zagorin, Rebels and Rulers, 1500–1660, Volume I, Society, States & Early Modern Revolution, Cambridge, 1982, p.18.
13 E. Dormer, Gray of Reading: A Sixteenth-century Controversialist and Ballad Writer, Reading, 1923, p.77.
14 L&P, Vol. XII.I: 131.
15 L&P, Vol. XIII.II: 852.
16 Andy Wood, ‘Poore Men Woll Speke One Daye’, in Tim Harris (ed.), The Politics of the Excluded: c. 1500–1850, Basingstoke, 2001, p.78.
17 Fletcher & MacCulloch, Tudor Rebellions, p.6 (cite Stone, 1965).
18 Horrox, Richard III: A Study in Service, p.21, has drawn attention to the fact that in late medieval England it could be argued that the relationship between the nobility and the Crown and that of the gentry and the Crown was different. The gentry were inherently more responsive to the king’s wishes. How much more so now that they had the incentive of a richer pool of patronage?
19 Sir Thomas More, ‘Utopia’, p.138, cited in Zeeveld, p.212.
20 Steven G. Ellis, ‘Rebellion and the Rule of Law’, p.519.
21 Horrox, Richard III: A Study in Service, p.22.
22 Bastow, The Catholic Gentry of Yorkshire, 1536–1642, p.84.
23 Michael Hicks, ‘Talbot, Gilbert, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury (1552–1616)’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, May 2008 [www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26930]; E.B. Stuart, ‘Talbot, John, 16th Earl of Shrewsbury and 16th Earl of Waterford (1791–1852)’, Rev. G. Martin Murphy, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, online edition, January 2009 [www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/38048].
24 The ‘papist’ label was a useful propaganda tool. See Marshall, ‘Is the Pope Catholic?’ in Shagan (ed.), Catholics and the ‘Protestant Nation’, p.35.
25 Andy Wood, ‘Poore Men Woll Speke One Daye’, p.72.
26 L&P, Vol. XVI: 466.
27 Wood, ‘Poore Men Woll Speke One Daye’, pp.222–23.
28 Ibid., pp.226, 217, 236–37.
29 Wooding, Henry VIII, p.227.
30 L&P, Vol. XI: 780.
31 Eric Ives, ‘Henry VIII: the Political Perspective’, in Diarmaid MacCulloch (ed.), The Reign of Henry VIII: Politics, Policy and Piety, Basingstoke, 1995, p.31.
32 Rex, Henry VIII and the English Reformation, p.171.
33 Hall’s Chronicle, pp. 838–39.
34 Bush and Bownes, The Defeat of the Pilgrimage of Grace.
35 Fritze, Historical Dictionary of Tudor England, p.70. Henry Tudor’s army at Bosworth in August 1485 numbered 5,800 men.
36 Cliffe, The Yorkshire Gentry, p.171.
37 Bastow, The Catholic Gentry of Yorkshire, 1536–1642, p.47.
38 Wabuda, ‘The Reformation Revised: The English Reformation Beyond Revisionism’, p.3.
39 Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p.327. Originally quoted in Foxe, pp.viii & 110.
List of Abbreviations
BL
British Library, London.
Cotton Calig.
Cotton, ‘Caligula’.
Cotton Cleo.
Cotton, ‘Cleopatra’.
Cotton Vesp.
Cotton, ‘Vespasian’.
CSP, Sp.
Calendar of Letters, Despatches and State Papers Relating to the Negotiations Between England and Spain, Preserved in the Archives of Simancas and Elsewhere, edited by Pascual De Gayangos, Tanner Ritchie, Ontario.
HJ
The Historical Journal.
JBS
The Journal of British Studies.
L&P
Letters & Papers, Foreign and Domestic of the Reign of Henry VIII, Vols X–XXI, arranged & catalogued by Gairdner & Brodie, H.M. Stationery Office, London, 1905.
PP
Past and Present.
TNA
The National Archives, Kew.
TNA, SP 1
State Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII: General.
TNA, SP 6
State Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII: Theological Tracts.
TNA, SP 7
State Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII: Wriothesley Papers, 1536–1540.
TNA, SP 15
State Papers Domestic, Edward VI–James I: Addenda.
Stat. Realm
The Statues of the Realm, Volume III, A. Luder (ed.), London, 1810–28.
Bibliography
Manuscripts
British Library
BL, Cotton, Caligula, B/I.
BL, Cotton, Cleopatra, E/IV.
BL, Cleopatra, E/V.
BL, Cotton, Cleopatra, E/VI.
BL, Cotton, Titus, B/I.
BL, Sloane, 2442.
BL, Cotton, Vespasian.
Manuscripts Add. – 32646, 38133 & 38544.
The University of York – Borthwick Institute for Archives
Chancery Court of York.
Archbishop’s Registers: Abp Reg. 29, f.159.
Exchequer Court of York, Vol. 13, f.70.
The National Archives
Chancery Close Rolls.
Inquisitions Post Mortem, C142.
TNA, SP1: State Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII: General (246 volumes).
TNA, SP 6: State Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII: Theological Tracts.
TNA, SP 7: State Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII: Wriothesley Papers, 1536–1540.
TNA, SP 15: State Papers Domestic, Edward VI–James I: Addenda (44 volumes).
Lambeth Palace, London
Talbot Papers – MSS 3192 & 3193.
Printed Primary Sources
Calendar of the Close Rolls – Preserved in the Public Record Office: Henry VII, Volume II, 1500–1509 (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1963).
Calendar of the Inquisitions Post Mortem, Preserved in the Public Record Office: Henry VII, Volumes I, II & III (London: HMSO, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1898).
Calendar of Letters, Despatches and State Papers Relating to the Negotiations Between England and Spain, Preserved in the Archives of Simancas and Elsewhere, edited by Pascual De Gayangos (Ontario: Tanner Ritchie).
Calendar of the Patent Rolls: Henry VII, Volume II, 1494–1509, Preserved in the Public Record Office (London: 1916).
Depositions and other Ecclesiastical Proceedings from the Courts of Durham – Extending from 1311 to the Reign of Elizabeth (London: Surtees Society, 1845).
Hall’s Chronicle. Containing the History of England, during the reign of Henry the Fourth and the succeeding monarchs, to the end of the reign of King Henry the Eighth, in which are particularly described the manners and customs of those periods. Carefully collated with the editions of 1548 and 1550, H. Ellis & J. Johnson (eds), (London: 1809).
‘Letters of the Cliffords, Lords Clifford and Earls of Cumberland, c. 1500–c. 1565’ in Camden Miscellany, Vol. 31, Camden Fourth Series, 44 (1992), pp.1–189, R.W. Hoyle (ed.).
North Country Wills, 1383 to 1558, J.W. Clay (ed.), Publications of the Surtees Society, Vol. CXVI, 1908.
The Plumpton Letters and Papers, Camden Fifth Series, Vol. 8, Joan Kirby (ed.
) (Cambridge University Press, 1996).
The Statutes of the Realm, Volume III, A. Luder (ed.), (London: 1810–28).
Testamenta Eboracensia: A Selection of Wills from the Registry at York, Vol. V, J. Raine (ed.), (Surtees Society, 1884).
Testamenta Eboracensia: A Selection of Wills from the Registry at York, Vol. VI, J. Clay (ed.), (Surtees Society, 1902).
Tudor Royal Proclamations: The Early Tudors (1485–1553), Vol. 1, Paul L. Hughes & James F. Larkin (eds), (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964).
The Visitation of Yorkshire in the Years 1563 and 1564, William Flower & C.B. Norcliffe (ed.), (London: 1881).
Wills and Inventories of the Northern Counties of England from the Registry at Durham, Vol. II, James Raine (ed.), (Surtees Society, 1835).
Wills and Inventories from the Registry of the Archdeaconry of Richmond, extending over portions of the counties of York, Westmorland, Cumberland and Lancaster, by James Raine (ed.), Surtees Society, Vol. 26 (London: 1853).
Wills and Inventories from the Registry of Durham, Part III, J.C. Hodgson (ed.), (Durham: Surtees Society, 1906).
Secondary Sources
Appleby, John C., & Paul Dalton (eds), Government, Religion and Society in Northern England, 1000–1700 (Bodmin: Sutton Publishing, 1998).
Bastow, Sarah L., The Catholic Gentry of Yorkshire, 1536–1642: Resistance and Accommodation (New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2007).
Bateson, Mary, ‘The Pilgrimage of Grace’, The English Historical Review, Vol. 5, No 18 (April 1890), pp.330–345.
Berkowitz, David Sandler, Humanist Scholarship and Public Order: Two Tracts against the Pilgrimage of Grace by Sir Richard Morison (London: Associated University Press, 1984).
Bernard, G.W. (ed.), The Tudor Nobility (Manchester University Press, 1992).
Bernard, G.W., ‘The Making of Religious Policy, 1533–46: Henry VIII and the Search for the Middle Way’, The Historical Journal, Vol. 41, No 2 (June 1998), pp.321–49.
Bernard, G.W., Power and Politics in Tudor England (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000).
Bindoff, S.T., History of Parliament, The Commons 1509–1558 (London: Secker & Warburg, 1982).
Block, Joseph, ‘Thomas Cromwell’s Patronage of Preaching’, The Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol. 8, No 1 (April 1977), pp.37–50.
Blockmans, Wim, Emperor Charles V: 1500–1558 (London: Hodder, 2002).
Bossy, John, The English Catholic Community, 1570–1850 (London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1975).
Bradshaw, Brendan, & Eamon Duffy (eds), Humanism, Reform and the Reformation: The Career of Bishop John Fisher (Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Bray, Gerald (ed.), Documents of the English Reformation, Library of Ecclesiastical History (Cambridge: James Clarke & Co., 1994).
Brigden, Susan, New Worlds, Lost Worlds – The Rule of the Tudors 1485–1603 (London: Penguin, 2000).
Bush, M., The Pilgrimage of Grace: A Study of the Rebel Armies of October 1536 (Manchester University Press, 1996).
Bush, Michael & David Bownes, The Defeat of the Pilgrimage of Grace (University of Hull Press, 1999).
Bush, Michael, The Pilgrims’ Complaint: A Study of Popular Thought in the Early Tudor North (Farnham: Ashgate, 2009).
Catholic Encyclopedia [www.catholic.org/encyclopedia].
Clark, Andrew, Lincoln Diocese Documents: 1450–1544 (London: Early English Text Society, 1914).
Cliffe, J.T., The Yorkshire Gentry: From the Reformation to the Civil War (London: The Athlone Press, 1969).
Cross, Claire, The Puritan Earl: the Life of Henry Hastings, Third Earl of Huntingdon 1536–1595 (London: Macmillan, 1966).
Cross, Claire, Church and People: England 1450–1660 (Glasgow: Fontana, 1976).
Cross, Claire, York Clergy Ordinations, 1520–1559, Borthwick List and Index 32 (University of York, 2002).
Davies, C.S.L., ‘The Pilgrimage of Grace Reconsidered’, Past and Present, No 41 (December 1968) pp.54–76.
Davies, C.S.L., Peace, Print & Protestantism 1450–1558 (London: Paladin, 1986).
Dickens, A.G., ‘Sedition and Conspiracy in Yorkshire During the Later Years of Henry VIII’, Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, Vol. 34 (1939), pp.379–98.
Dickens, A.G., The English Reformation (London: Collins, 1972).
Dickens, A.G., Lollards and Protestants in the Diocese of York, 1509–1558, 2nd edition (London: Hambledon Press, 1982).
Dickens, A.G., ‘Robert Parkyn’s Narrative of the Reformation’, LXII (CCVLII), The English Historical Review, l 62, 242 (January 1947), pp.58–83.
Dickens, A.G., ‘Secular & Religious Motivation in the Pilgrimage of Grace’, Reformation Studies (London: Hambledon Press, 1982) pp.57–82.
Dickens, A.G., & D. Carr, The Reformation in England: To the Accession of Elizabeth I (London: Arnold, 1967).
Dodds, Madeleine Hope, & Ruth Dodds, The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536–37, and the Exeter Conspiracy 1538 (Cambridge University Press, 1915).
Dodds, Madeleine Hope & Ruth Dodds, ‘Political Prophecies in the Reign of Henry VIII’, Modern Language Review, Vol. 11 (1916), pp.276–84.
Dormer, E., Gray of Reading: A Sixteenth-century Controversialist and Ballad Writer (Reading: Bradley & Sons, 1923)
Duffy, Eamon, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c. 1400–c. 1580 (London: Yale University Press, 1992).
Duffy, Eamon, Marking the Hours: English People and their Prayers 1240–1570 (London: Yale University Press, 2006).
Duffy, Eamon, ‘The English Reformation after Revisionism’, Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 59 No. 3 (2006), pp.720–31.
Duffy, Eamon, Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor (London: Yale University Press, 2009).
Ellis, S.G., ‘Civilizing Northumberland: Representations of Englishness in the Tudor State’, Journal of Historical Sociology, Vol. XII (1999), pp.103–27.
Ellis, S.G., ‘The Kildare Rebellion and the Early Henrician Reformation’, The Historical Journal, Vol. 19, No 4 (December 1976), pp.807–30.
Ellis, S.G., ‘Henry VIII, Rebellion and the Rule of Law’, The Historical Journal, Vol. 24, No 3 (September 1981), pp.513–31.
Ellis, S.G., ‘England in the Tudor State’, The Historical Journal, Vol. 26, No 1 (1983), pp.201–12.
Ellis, S.G., ‘The Pale and the Far North: Government and Society in Two Early Tudor Borderlands’, The O’Donnell Lecture, 1986.
Ellis, S.G., Tudor Frontiers and Noble Power: The Making of the British State (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995).
Ellis, Steven G., with Christopher Maginn, The Making of the British Isles: The State of Britain and Ireland, 1450–1660 (Harlow: Longman, 2007).
Ellis, Steven G., & Raingard Esser et al. (eds), Frontiers, Regions and Identities in Europe (Pisa University Press, 2009).
Elton, G.R., Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell (Cambridge University Press, 1972).
Elton, G.R., Reform and Reformation: England 1509–1558 (London: Arnold, 1977).
Elton, G.R., ‘Politics & the Pilgrimage of Grace’ in After the Reformation, edited by B.C. Malament (Manchester University Press, 1980).
Elton, G.R., Reformation Europe 1517–1559, 2nd edition (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999).
Eppley, Daniel, Defending Royal Supremacy and Discerning God’s Will in Tudor England (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007).
Everitt, A., ‘Social Mobility in Early Modern England’, Past and Present, Vol. 33 (1996), pp.56–73.
Fletcher, Anthony & Diarmaid MacCulloch, Tudor Rebellions, 5th edition (Harlow: Longman, 2004).
Fletcher, Anthony & John Stevenson (eds), Order and Disorder in Early Modern England (Cambridge University Press, 1985).
Fritze, Ronald H. (ed.), Historical Dictionary of Tudor England, 1485–1603 (London: Greenwood Press, 1991).
Goodman, Anthony (ed.), The Wars of the Roses (London: Routledge, 1991).
Graves, M.A.R., Henry VIII: A Study in Kingship (London: Longman, 2003).
Gunn, S.J., Ch
arles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk c. 1484–1545 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988).
Gunn, S.J., ‘Peers, Commons and Gentry in the Lincolnshire Revolt of 1536’, Past and Present, 123 (1989), pp.52–79.
Gunn, Steve, David Grummitt & Hans Cools, War, State, and Society in England and the Netherlands: 1477–1559 (Oxford University Press, 2007).
Guy, John, Tudor England (Oxford University Press, 1988).
Haigh, Christopher, The Last Days of the Lancashire Monasteries and the Pilgrimage of Grace (Manchester University Press, 1969).
Haigh, Christopher, ‘The Continuity of Catholicism in the English Reformation’, Past and Present, Vol. 93, No. 1 (1981), pp.37–69.
Haigh, Christopher, The English Reformation Revised (Cambridge University Press, 1987).
Harris, Jonathan Gil, Foreign Bodies and the Body Politic: Discourses of Social Pathology in Early Modern England (Cambridge University Press, 1998).
Harris, Tim (ed.), The Politics of the Excluded, c. 1500–1850 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001).
Harrison, Scott, The Pilgrimage of Grace in the Lake Counties, 1536–37 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1981).
Heal, Felicity, Reformation in Britain and Ireland (Oxford University Press, 2003).
Hoak, Dale, ‘Politics, Religion and the English Reformation, 1533–1547: Some Problems and Issues’, History Compass, Vol. 3, 139 (2005) pp.1–7.
Hodgson, John, A History of Northumberland – in Three Parts, Part II, Vol. II (Surtees Society, 1832).
Horrox, Rosemary, Richard III: A Study in Service (Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Hoyle, R.H., ‘Thomas Master’s Narrative of the Pilgrimage of Grace’, Northern History, Vol. 21 (1985), pp.53–79.
Hoyle, R.H., The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s (Oxford University Press, 2001).
Insurrection Page 27