421 Charleston Daily Mail, Charleston, WV, February 9, 1949.
422 Ibid.
423 Ibid.
424 Ibid.
425 Ibid.
426 Chicago Daily Tribune, February 18, 1949.
427 Schofield. op. cit., p. 162.
428 Ibid.
429 The New York Times, February 22, 1949.
430 The Star Beacon, Ashtabula, OH, November 22, 1995, p. C1.
431 Research notes for The Trials of Axis Sally, condensation of US v. Gillars (Sisk) trial transcript, op. cit. p. 38.
432 Ibid
433 Ibid
434 Ibid
435 Ibid p. 40 pp. 44–5. p. 53 p. 49
436 Ibid. p. 57
437 Ibid.
438 New York Daily News, New York, NY, February 25, 1949, p. 40.
439 New York Daily News, New York, NY, February 25, 1949, p. 3.
440 Ibid. p. 40
441 Research notes for The Trials of Axis Sally, condensation of US v. Gillars (Sisk) trial transcript, op. cit., p. 66.
442 Ibid.
443 The Evening Star, Washington DC, February 24, 1949, p. A1.
444 Research notes for The Trials of Axis Sally, condensation of US v. Gillars (Sisk) trial transcript, op. cit., p. 38.
445 The Evening Star, Washington DC, March 2, 1949, p. A3.
446 Chicago Daily Tribune, Chicago IL, March 3, 1949, p. 2 & The Evening Star, Washington DC, March 2, 1949, p. A1.
*In fact, a search of the content of recordings and transcripts of Mildred Gillars’ broadcasts at the National Archives and the Library of Congress reveals no specific references to military units, naval bases, etc.
11. Convicted
447 Research notes for The Trials of Axis Sally, condensation of US v. Gillars (Sisk) trial transcript, op. cit. pp. 60, 7-3.
448 Ibid. p. 7
449 Ibid. p. 10
450 Ibid. p. 12
451 The Washington Post, Washington DC, March 5, 1949, p. 4.
452 The Evening Star, Washington DC, March 2, 1949, p. A6.
453 Chicago Daily Tribune, Chicago IL, March 3, 1949, p. A2.
454 Bergmeier and Lotz (1997), p 34.
455 Research notes for The Trials of Axis Sally, condensation of US v. Gillars (Sisk) trial transcript, p. 32-2.
456 The Evening Star, Washington DC, March 8, 1949, pp. A1.
457 Research notes for The Trials of Axis Sally, condensation of US v. Gillars (Sisk) trial transcript, p. 31-2.
458 The Evening Star, Washington DC. March 8, 1949 op. cit.
459 Schofield, William G., Treason Trail, Chicago: Rand McNally & Co. 1964, pp. 170.
460 Ibid.
461 The Evening Star, Washington DC, March 8, 1949, pp.A1.
462 Washington Times-Herald, Washington DC, March 8, 1949, pp. 2.
463 The Washington Post, Washington DC, March 8, 1949 pp. 2.
464 Washington Times-Herald, Washington DC March 9, 1949 p 1.
465 The Evening Star, Washington DC, March 8, 1949 pp. A4.
466 Schofield, William G., Treason Trail, op. cit. pp 171. Although Coplon was convicted twice in Federal Court, both verdicts were overturned on appeal.
467 Ibid.
468 The Evening Star, Washington DC, March 8, 1949 pp. 4.
469 Washington Times-Herald, Washington DC, March 8, 1949 pp. 2.
470 The Washington Post, Washington DC, March 8, 1949 pp.2
471 The Evening Star, Washington DC, March 8, 1949, pp. 4.
472 Ibid.
473 Schofield, William G., Treason Trail, op. cit. pp 171.
474 Statement of the Case, US v Gillars, November 22, 1949, Washington DC: Charles Fahy Papers. Manuscript Division, Charles Fahy Papers, pp 42.
475 The Evening Star Washington DC March 8 1949 pp. 4.
476 Ibid.
477 Statement of the Case, US v Gillars, November 22, 1949, Washington DC: Charles Fahy Papers. Manuscript Division, Charles Fahy Papers, pp 32.
478 Ibid.
479 Statement of the Case, US v Gillars, November 22, 1949, Washington DC: Charles Fahy Papers. Manuscript Division, Charles Fahy Papers, pp 31.
480 Nashua Telegraph, Nashua, NH March 11, 1949 p. 4.
481 “Shock for Sally”, Newsweek, March 21, 1949, p 32.
482 Conneaut News-Herald, Conneaut, OH March 11, 1949 p 1.
483 Lima News, Lima OH, March 11, 1949, p 1.
484 Ibid.
485 Western Union telegram John M. Holzworth to Mildred Gillars, March 10, 1949, College Park MD: NARA.
486 Schofield, William G., Treason Trail, op. cit., p. 172.
487 Star-Beacon, Ashtabula, OH, November 24, 1995 p. B1.
488 Conneaut News-Herald, Conneaut, OH March 25, 1949 p. 1.
489 Star-Beacon, Ashtabula, OH, November 24, 1995 p. B1.
490 Letter from Curtis Reid to Director, Department of Corrections DC, June 17, 1950 p. 3, Department of Justice files, NARA.
491 Note from the Chief Medical Officer to the Steward, DC District Jail, January 11, 1950, Department of Justice files, NARA.
492 Report of Injury to Inmates on Detail, DC District Jail, March 10, 1950, Department of Justice Files, NARA.
493 Letter from Col. Curtis Reid to Edna Mae Herrick, May 9, 1950, Department of Justice Files, College Park: NARA.
494 FBI File 114-1 report on Alien Property Custodian Matter RE: Stella Beatrice Irmgard Koischwitz, Renata Martha Gertrude Koischwitz and Helene Elizabeth Nina Koischwitz, Harry Eisenbrown. December 20, 1949, p. 3 College Park MD: NARA.
495 FBI File 114-24 report on Alien Property Custodian Matter RE: Stella Beatrice Irmgard Koischwitz, Renata Martha Gertrude Koischwitz and Helene Elizabeth Nina Koischwitz, Harry Eisenbrown, December 15, 1949, p 4, College Park MD: NARA.
496 Ibid.
497 Ibid.
498 Ibid. p 6.
499 Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley. My Life as a Political Prisoner. New York: International Publishers, 1963. p. 28.
500 Ibid. p 26.
501 Ibid. p 30.
502 Ibid. p 33.
503 Ibid. pp 36–37.
504 Ibid. p 83.
505 Admission Summary for Mildred Elizabeth Sisk, Federal Reformatory for Women at Alderson, WV. October 12, 1950, pp 2-3. Department of Justice Files, College Park MD: National Archives.
506 Elizabeth Gurley Flynn. op. cit., p 146.
507 Admission Summary for Mildred Elizabeth Sisk, Federal Reformatory for Women at Alderson, WV. October 12, 1950, pp 5-7 Department of Justice Files. College Park MD: National Archives.
508 Annual Review, Federal Reformatory for Women, Reg. No. 9711_W, March 27, 1953. Department of Justice Files, College Park MD: National Archives.
509 Ibid.
510 Ibid.
511 Ibid.p. 3.
12. Penitent
512 Ibid.
513 Ibid.
514 Federal Reformatory for Women, Alderson, WV Prisoner’s Visitor’s form with attached note, dated July 26, 1956. College Park MD: NARA.
515 Letter from Mrs. Allan C. Long to John Nelson, Delaware OH: Ohio Wesleyan University Archives, March 30, 1966.
516 Ibid. p 148.
517 Catholic University Bulletin, Cleveland OH, July 21, 1961 Courtesy: Ohio Wesleyan University Historical Collection, Delaware OH.
518 Letter from Mary L. Cottrill, Supervisor, Classification and Parole, Federal Reformatory for Women to Elbert H. Williams, Chief US Probation Officer, Columbus Ohio, December 19, 1960. US Department of Justice Files, College Park: NARA.
519 Letter from Nina Kinsella, Warden, Alderson Prison to James V. Bennett, Director, Bureau of Prisons. March 13, 1961, Department of Justice Papers, College Park: NARA.
520 Letter from Mary L. Cottrill, Supervisor Classification and Parole to Elbert Williams, Chief United States Probation Officer, Columbus OH, May 10, 1961, College Park: NARA.
521 Berlin Calling radio program, National Public Radio, produced by WUGA-FM, Athens GA.
522 Charleston Gazette, Charleston, WV, July 11, 196
1, p. 1.
523 Ibid.
524 The Bridgeport Telegram, Bridgeport, CT, July 11, 1961, p. 9.
525 The Star-News, Pasadena, CA, July 10, 1961, p. 1.
The Roman Catholic religious order, the Sisters of the Poor Child Jesus, was founded in the Prussian town of Aachen in 1844. At the height of its missionary work, the order founded orphanages, seminaries, boarding houses and convents in Austria, Belgium, Holland, England and eventually the United States.
526 Charleston Gazette, Charleston, WV, July 11, 1961, p. 1.
527 Schofield, William G., Treason Trail, Chicago: Rand McNally & Co. 1964, p. 173.
528 “Thought I Was Right, Says Sally,” Cleveland Plain-Dealer, Cleveland OH, July 12, 1961. Courtesy: Ohio Wesleyan University Historical Collection.
529 Ibid.
530 Ibid.
531 Star-Beacon, Ashtabula, OH, November 24, 1995, p. B1.
532 Ibid.
533 Star-Beacon, Ashtabula, OH, November 24, 1995, p. B1.
534 Ibid.
535 Galveston Daily News, Galveston, TX, September 10, 1961, p. 22.
536 Ibid.
537 Ibid.
538 Catholic University Bulletin, Cleveland, OH, July 21, 1961. Courtesy: Ohio Wesleyan University Historical Collection, Delaware OH.
539 1966 Probation Report of Mildred Gillars (Sisk), August 5, 1966, US Department of Justice Files, College Park MD: NARA.
540 Fresno Bee, Fresno, CA March 5, 1967, p. 13 W. Spicer’s success brought a series of telephone calls from reporters at Look, Life and other national magazines who were trying to locate Axis Sally.
541 Ibid.
542 Ibid.
Jim Dury left Bishop Watterson in 1988, shortly before Mildred’s death. He eventually returned to the school and teaches French there as of this writing. One wonders if any of the drawings that adorned her apartment were in the hand of Otto Koischwitz, although it is doubtful that any of the Professor’s works survived the war.
543 Ibid.
544 Letter from Wm. Merritt Miller, Probation Officer to Albert Wuhl, Chief Probation Officer, San Francisco, June 7, 1968, US Department of Justice Files, College Park MD: NARA.
545 The Bee, Danville, VA, June 30, 1973, p. 4A.
546 Berlin Calling radio program, National Public Radio, produced by WUGA-FM, Athens GA, Courtesy: John Carver Edwards.
547 Ibid.
548 Letter from Jim Dury to Author, March 22, 2009.
549 Ibid.
550 Berlin Calling radio program, National Public Radio, produced by WUGA-FM, Athens GA, Courtesy: John Carver Edwards.
551 Author’s interview with Iris Wiley, February 26, 2009.
552 Greeley Tribune, Greeley, CO, January 19, 1977, p. 35.
553 Ibid.
554 “Infamous Nazi Ally Rests Amid Area Vets”, Columbus Dispatch, Columbus OH, August 24, 2008, p. 1B.
555 Berlin Calling radio program, National Public Radio, produced by WUGA-FM, Athens GA, Courtesy: John Carver Edwards.
556 Author’s interview with Iris Wiley, February 26, 2009.
557 Mildred Gillars Death Certificate, Ohio Department of Health.
558 “Infamous Nazi Ally Rests Amid Area Vets”, Columbus Dispatch, Columbus OH, August 24, 2008, p. 1B.
559 Star-Beacon, Ashtabula, OH, November 24, 1988, p. B3.
560 The New York Times, New York, NY, July 2, 1988.
561 Ibid.
562 “World War II’s ‘Axis Sally’ is Dead at 87,” Columbus Dispatch, Columbus, OH, July 1, 1988, p. 1C.
563 Star-Beacon, Ashtabula, OH, November 24, 1995, p. B1.
564 “Life of ‘Axis Sally’ Changed When She Met Up With Nuns’, Columbus Dispatch, Columbus OH, July 21, 1988, p. 6A.
565 Berlin Calling radio program, National Public Radio, produced by WUGA-FM, Athens GA, Courtesy: John Carver Edwards.
566 Ibid.
567 Ibid.
Bibliography
Primary sources
Author’s interviews: Jim Dury, James Sauer, Helene Anne Spicer, Iris Wiley
Birth Certificate of Mildred Elizabeth Sisk, State of Maine
College Transcript of Mildred Elizabeth Gillars, Ohio Wesleyan University
Death Certificate of Mildred Elizabeth Gillars, State of Ohio
Death Certificate of Robert B. Gillars, State of Ohio
Diplomatic List of the British Foreign Office (1944), courtesy British Foreign and Commonwealth Office
Divorce Decree Sisk v. Sisk, State of Maine, Maine State Archives, May 1, 1907
The Evening Star Photo Archives, District of Columbia Library, Washingtoniana Division, Washington DC
German Foreign Office Archives: Political Radio Department at the Bundesarchiv, Berlin, Germany. Memorandum from Dr Markus Timmler, Radio and Culture Department of the German Foreign Office, March 20, 1940 (BA Bln R 901 Nr. 73166 Handakte Dr. Timmler (1940–1941) Bl. 34-42 Durschlageiner Stellungnahme AA Kult. R vom 20.3.1940 fur Dr. Timmler, Verbindungsstelle der Abt. Kult R des AA im Funkhaus zu Sprecherfragen)
Joseph Goebbels, “Nation, Rise Up, and Let the Storm Break Loose,” translated from “Nun, Volk steh auf, und Sturm brich los! Rede im Berliner Sportpalast,” Der steile Aufstieg (Munich: Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1944) Courtesy: German Propaganda Archive, Calvin College.
Le Bijou, 1922/1923 Ohio Wesleyan University Historical Collection, Delaware OH: Ohio Wesleyan University
Letter of Mrs. Dorothy Long (Ohio Wesleyan Magazine) to John Nelson, March 30, 1966. Delaware Ohio: Ohio Wesleyan University Historical Collection.
Memoranda to President Harry S. Truman, January 1947 regarding “Axis Sally,” Independence MO: Truman Presidential Library.
Ohio Wesleyan Alumni Journal, 1922 Delaware OH: Ohio Wesleyan University Historical Collection
Oscar R. Ewing Oral History Interview, April 30, 1969. Independence MO: Truman Presidential Library.
Charles Fahy papers, Associate Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Washington DC: Library of Congress.
Research Notes for “The Trials of Axis Sally,” John Bartlow Martin Papers, Washington DC: Library of Congress Manuscript Division.
The Tattler, Conneaut High School, Conneaut, Ohio 1917, Courtesy: Conneaut Public Library
The Telegraph, Ohio Wesleyan University newspaper, Ohio Wesleyan Historical Collection, Delaware, OH: Ohio Wesleyan University, 1949
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia decision. Gillars v US. October Term: 1949, No. 10, 187, Washington DC: National Archives and Records Administration.
United States Department of Justice, FBI Files Released by Interagency Working Group Class #061, File #10988, Section 001, Box #008—Treason. College Park MD: National Archives and Records Administration.
United States Department of Justice, FBI Files Released by Interagency Working Group Class #065, File #55501, Section 001, Box #169—Espionage. College Park MD: National Archives and Records Administration.
United States Department of Justice FBI Files Released by Interagency Working Group; Walter Winchell from the National Archives
United States Department of Justice Press Release on the Indictment of Max Otto Koischwicz, Edward Delaney, Constance Drexel, Ezra Pound, Robert H. Best, Frederick W. Kaltenbach, Jane Anderson and Douglas Chandler, July 26, 1943. Francis Biddle Papers, Georgetown University, Washington DC
United States District Court of the Central District of California indictment SA CR 05-254 (A), United States v. Adam Gadahn, October 2005, www.usdoj.gov/opa/documents
The National Archives’ “Notorious Offenders” files on Axis Sally contain FBI interviews regarding the case as follows:
FBI Interviews with former prisoners of war:
Carl Baker
Frank Beasley
Robert V. Begany,
James P. Caparell
Allan V. Clark
Andrew Coronato
Rudy Chestnut
Harvey M. Crosthwaite
Gunner D. Drangsholt
Robert Ehalt
Michael Evanick
Clarence Marion Gale
A.C. Gladson
Gilbert Lee Hansford
Paul G. Kestel
John T. Lynsky
Eugene McCarthy
Grover McKinley
Homer McNamara Jr.
Donald P. Rutter
Alan Tappenden
Seaborn Warren
Carl Zimmerman
FBI Interviews with former Reichsradio colleagues:
Kurt Altwein
Mario Balto
Werner Berger
Horst Cleinow
Benny de Weille
Adelbert Houben
Franz ‘Teddy’ Kleindin
Walter Leschetisky
Hans von Richter
Otto Tittmann
Gerd Wagner
Other Interviews:
Joseph Hewitson
Dr. Henry Kaufman
Thelma Homer
Catherine Samaha
Richard R. Shipley
United States Military Records (Counter-Intelligence Corps) regarding Axis Sally (Rita Luisa Zucca), US Military Records Collection, College Park: MD: NARA
United States Military Records (Counter-Intelligence Corps) regarding Axis Sally (Mildred Sisk Gillars), US Military Records Collection, College Park: MD: NARA
US Army Intelligence (Counter-Intelligence Corps) interviews with:
Erwin Christiani
Mildred Gillars
Rita Zucca
Primary sources: audio and transcripts
Audio: “Berlin Calling,” National Public Radio produced by WUGAFM, Athens, GA. Courtesy: John Carver Edwards.
Audio: “Medical Reports” broadcast, February 26, 1944, College Park, MD: National Archives and Records Administration.
Audio: “Midge at the Mike” broadcast, May 18, 1943, College Park MD: National Archives and Records Administration.
Audio: “Survivors of the Invasion Front” broadcast, August 22, 1944, College Park: National Archives and Records Administration.
Audio: “The Broadcasts of Lord Haw Haw” broadcast, c. May 1940. Courtesy: Earthstation One.
Written transcript of “Home Sweet Home” broadcast, July 27, 1944. Monitored and recorded by the Federal Communications Commission at Silver Hill, MD. Washington DC: Library of Congress Manuscript Division.
Written transcript of “Medical Reports” broadcast on October 6, 1944. Monitored and recorded by the Federal Communications Commission at Silver Hill, MD. Washington DC: Library of Congress Manuscript Division.
Axis Sally: The American Voice of Nazi Germany Page 34