4 Murray of Broughton, p.90; R A Stuart 259/75.
5 Murray of Broughton, p.91.
6 R A Stuart 259/88.
7 R A Stuart 259/98.
8 Elcho, Short Account, p.234; Murray of Broughton, p.428. Cf. Charles Edward to Murray of Broughton, May 1745: ‘I am now resolved to be as good as my word and to execute a resolution which has never been out a moment out of my thoughts since I first took it in your presence’ (R A Stuart 265/72).
9 R A Stuart Box 1/199.
10 R A Stuart Box 1/200.
11 H M C 11, vii, p.76. The English spies reported: ‘His gait is ungracious and his knees appear stiff, but he is otherwise a well-made personage.’
12 R A Stuart Box 1/201.
13 R A Stuart 257/156.
14 R A Stuart 258/139.
15 R A Stuart 259/64.
16 R A Stuart 261/39.
17 S P Tuscany 48 f.114; 49 f.60; Browne, ii, p.452; R A Stuart 261/90. But James continued to insist that any French landing should be in England (R A Stuart 262/30).
18 A E M D, Angleterre, 83 f.213.
19 R A Stuart 261/109; Mahon, iii, p.x.
20 Browne, ii, pp. 467–8; Murray of Broughton, p.389; R A Stuart 262/1,2,46.
21 R A Stuart 261/170.
22 R A Stuart 261/118; 262/30. But Sheridan hit back at Tencin, calling him ‘a tyrant in business’ who, if he had his way, would have dispatched the prince to the other side of the Alps. The choice, said Sheridan, was an instant resolution of the debts or a retreat to Avignon.
23 R A Stuart 261/109; Mahon, iii, p.ix.
24 R A Stuart 262/133.
25 R A Stuart 261/107,145,155; 262/43,121.
26 L. L. Bongie, The Love of a Prince, op.cit. p.112.
27 R A Stuart 262/41,51.
28 R A Stuart 264/101.
29 R A Stuart 262/173.
30 Philippe d’Albert duc de Luynes, Mémoires du duc de Luynes sur la cour de Louis XV, L. Dussieux and E. Souliné, 17 vols (Paris, 1860–6), vi, p.355.
31 Hence the absurdity of Walpole’s statement (Walpole to Mann, 24 December 1744, Walpole Correspondence, 18, p.552) that Charles Edward had been acknowledged in France as Prince of Wales, and that the Bourbon princes of the blood had been to visit him under that name. In fact the duke of Orléans asked for permission to meet Charles Edward and was refused (R A Stuart 261/11).
32 R A Stuart 263/119.
33 He even visited Butler, the master of horse, at Versailles, wearing a mask and had a close-up view of the royal family (R A Stuart 262/160).
34 Luynes, vi, pp.355–6; R A Stuart 263/51A.
35 R A Stuart 262/2.
36 Feydeau de Marville, Lettres au ministre Maurepas, ed. A. de Boislisle (Paris, 1896), 3 vols, ii, p.42; Mahon, iii, p.x; Tayler, Stuart Papers, p.117; R A Stuart 263/24.
37 R A Stuart 263/124,125,170; 264/32. News of the prince’s low credit rating led Parisian tradesmen to refuse to deliver to him when in Paris (Tayler, Stuart Papers, pp.118–19).
38 Browne, ii, pp.453,455,456–7,459.
39 R A Stuart 263/133,166.
40 R A Stuart 264/66,68; Mahon, iii, p.xii.
41 R A Stuart 264/173.
42 R A Stuart 263/200.
43 R A Stuart 264/38,150. The prince’s snub was not the only slight received by the Berwick family at this time. Furious with himself for having given so much away to the bishop of Soissons in August 1744, during the famous ‘deathbed confession’, Louis VX vetoed Soisson’s elevation to the purple in April 1745 (R A Stuart 264/97).
44 The French were even more reluctant to meet the cost of providing arms than of sending troops (Mahon, iii, pp.xi–xii).
45 Not that the prince was exactly practising rigid economies. Sheridan’s accounts for February 1745 show an expenditure of £470 12s. Included in this is £24 for four opera tickets plus considerable expenditure on wines: 12 bottles of Malaga, 2 of Burgundy, 4 unnamed vintages and 3 bottles of liqueur (R A Cumberland 2/305).
46 Mahon, iii, pp.xi–xii; R A Stuart 263/51.
47 Murray of Broughton, pp.390–2.
48 R A Stuart 263/121.
49 Browne, ii, p.458; R A Stuart 264/14.
50 R A Stuart 261/169; 262/64. The first mention of O’Sullivan is in January 1745. He was soon put in charge of the prince’s financial affairs (R A Stuart 262/43,160).
51 R A Stuart 261/153; 262/116; 263/94; Browne, ii, pp.456–7,459; Murray of Broughton, pp.396–7. Charles Edward responded with bitter and sometimes gloating attacks on the duo (R A Stuart 264/32; Murray of Broughton, pp.392–4; Tayler, Stuart Papers, p.125).
52 R A Stuart 262/131.
53 Szechi, Jacobitism and Tory Politics, op.cit., p.18.
54 Charles Edward to Edgar, 12 June 1745, Denys Bower MSS.
55 For details see R A Cumberland 2/328–31,337,340,342–4; 1,800 broadswords were sent in one consignment in May 1745 alone (R A Cumberland, 2/364).
56 Denys Bower MSS.
57 Gaston Martin, Nantes au dix-huitième siècle (Toulouse, 1928), esp.pp.240–3; Henri Malo, Les derniers corsairs 1715–1815 (Paris, 1925).
58 La Tremouille, Une famille royaliste Irlandaise et Française 1689–1789 (Nantes, 1901), pp.8–18.
59 A and H Tayler, 1745 and After (1938), pp.46–7 (O’Sullivan’s account), pp.46–7; R A Stuart M 11 p.34.
60 R A Stuart 263/118.
61 R A Stuart 263/132.
62 R A Stuart 264/97.
63 Charles Edward to Edgar, 12 June 1745, Denys Bower MSS.
64 La Tremoille, op.cit., pp.18–19.
65 R A Stuart 264/151.
66 Tayler, Stuart Papers, pp.118–20,122.
67 For a detailed argument on this point see F. J. McLynn, France and the ’45, op.cit., pp.32–4. Another interesting pointer is that lieutenant of police Marville’s reports to Maurepas at this time are a tissue of confusion. See Marville-Maurepas, ii, pp.113–15,126–8.
68 For O’Sullivan’s career see A and H Tayler, 1745 and After, op.cit. (hereinafter cited as O’Sullivan).
69 R A Stuart 265/197; Tayler, Stuart Papers, p.118.
70 R A Stuart Box 1/212; 264/40; Murray of Broughton, p.395; Tayler, Stuart Papers, p.124.
71 R A Stuart 265/72.
72 L M, i, pp.201,282.
73 For MacDonald see Tayler, Jacobite Miscellany, esp.pp.61–6.
74 R A Stuart 261/82.
75 R A Stuart 259/101.
76 For Lord Lovat’s devious Jacobite plotting see Bruce Lenman, The Jacobite Clans of the Great Glen 1650–1784 (1984), pp.132–48.
77 R A Stuart 264/152.
78 R A Stuart 264/123–4; Mahon, iii, pp.xvii–xix; Murray of Broughton, pp.396–7.
79 The memoir written to Charles Edward by Sir Hector Maclean and John Roy Stewart on 2 December 1744 (R A Stuart 260/86) makes it plain that the prince’s idea of a rising first to entice the French was well grounded in the advice he was receiving from the Scottish Jacobites.
80 R A Stuart 265/72.
81 A E M D, Angleterre, 83 f.228; 87 f.173.
82 Add. MSS 34,523; Tayler, Stuart Papers, pp.118–20.
83 R A M.10/2 (Sir John MacDonald’s account), p.1.
84 Ibid., p.3.
85 R A Stuart 265/201; Browne, iii, p.429.
86 R A Stuart 265/133; Tayler, Stuart Papers, p.128.
87 L M, i, p.281.
88 R A Cumberland 4/297.
89 R A Stuart M 10/2, p.3.
90 Chevalier de Johnstone, A Memoir of the Forty-Five (1820), p.2; La Tremouille, p.21.
91 R A Stuart 266/86; Mahon, iii, p.xx; Tayler, Stuart Papers, p.132.
92 ‘I have been a little sea-sick and expect to be more so, but it does not keep me much a-bed, for I find the more I struggle with it, the better’ (Charles Edward to Edgar, 12 July 1745, R A Stuart 266/102; Mahon, iii, p.xxi).
93 R A Stuart M 10/2, p.4; La Tremouille, p.22.
94 R A Stuart 266/102; Tayler, Stuart Papers, p.133.
95 R A Cumberland 3/358; 4/3
01.
96 L M, i, pp.285,287.
97 A E M D, Angleterre, 91 f.375. The prince pointedly did not write to Tencin, Orry or Noailles.
98 Cf. Charles Edward to James, 4 August: ‘The worst that can happen to me, if France does not succour me, is to die at the head of such brave people as I find there … the French Court must now necessarily take off the mask or have an eternal shame on them’ (R A Stuart 266/174; Mahon, iii, p.xxii).
99 R A Stuart 265/129.
100 R A Stuart 265/72; Tayler, Stuart Papers, pp.118–20.
101 Another literary conceit: Charles Edward was like the Pequod in Moby Dick, obliged to crowd on sail in the Sunda Straits both to catch up with the whale armada and to throw off the pursuing Malay pirates.
102 Browne, iii, pp.440–1; R A Stuart 266/196–7. Cf. also James to Sempill, Browne, iii, pp.430–1.
103 Browne, iii, pp.445–6; R A Stuart 267/86.
104 S P Tuscany 50 f.217.
105 Benedict to Tencin, 25 August and 15 September 1745, Morelli, i, pp.266,273–4.
106 The most recent statement of this oft-repeated charge is in Lenman, Jacobite Clans of the Great Glen, op.cit., esp.pp.148–76.
107 See Karl Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies, 2 vols (1945).
108 For a detailed analysis of this see F. J. McLynn, France and the ’45, op.cit.
109 See the chapters on the ’45 in Bruce Lenman, The Jacobite Risings in Britain 1689–1746 (1980).
110 For a lengthier treatment of this topic see McLynn, The Jacobites (1985), pp.63–77.
111 R A Stuart 265/175; Browne, iii, p.429; Tayler, Stuart Papers, p.129.
CHAPTER TEN
1 L M, i, p.285
2 R A Stuart M 10/2, p.5.
3 L M, i, pp.203,286–7; O’Sullivan, pp.50–1; La Tremouille, p.23; H M C, 14, ix, pp.130–1; Tayler, Stuart Papers, pp.136–7.
4 London Gazette, 20–23 July 1745.
5 R A Stuart 267/5.
6 R A Stuart M 10/2, pp.6–7.
7 L M, i, p.288.
8 Ibid.
9 O’Sullivan, p.50.
10 L M, i, p.288.
11 R A Stuart M 10/2, p.7.
12 Ibid., p.8.
13 For the everyday life of the clansmen at the time see Edward Burt, Letters from a Gentleman in the North of Scotland (1818).
14 L M, i, p.205.
15 L M, i, p.289. This was not the prince’s only faux-pas that night. Having examined the bed, he declared he would stay up all night and give the bed to Sheridan. Taking this as an aspersion on the cleanliness of his sheets, MacDonald, with unconscious irony, expostulated that they were fit for a prince to sleep on (ibid).
16 R A Stuart M 11, pp.38–9.
17 Ranald MacDonald of Clanranald, ‘Account of Proceedings from Prince Charles’s landing to Prestonpans’, Scottish Historical Society Miscellany IX (Donald Nicholas, ed., 1958), p.206.
18 L M, i, p.205.
19 G. Lockhart, The Lockhart Papers (1817) (hereinafter L P), ii, p.440; L M, i, p.148.
20 R A Stuart M 10/2, p.9.
21 L M, i, p.289; R A Stuart M 10/2, p.9.
22 R A Stuart M 11, p.39.
23 Ibid., p.40.
24 R A Stuart M 10/2, p.9; La Tremouille, p.28.
25 R A Stuart Box 1/213.
26 Andrew Lang, ed., The Highlands of Scotland in 1750 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp.67–8.
27 L M, ii, p.198.
28 Ibid.
29 L P, ii, p.479; Clanranald’s account, loc.cit., p.204.
30 Clanranald’s account, p.206; Denys Bower MSS.
31 L P, ii, p.481; H. R. Duff, Culloden Papers (1815) (hereinafter C P), pp.203–4.
32 R A Stuart M 11, p.41; O’Sullivan, pp.54–5.
33 L M, iii, p.50.
34 L M, iii, p.51.
35 R A Stuart M 11, p.43.
36 Murray of Broughton, p.154.
37 John Home, The History of the Rebellion in the Year 1745 (1802) (hereinafter Home’s History), pp.39–40.
38 R A Stuart M 10/2, p.9.
39 ‘Lochgarry’s narrative’ in W. B. Blaikie, The Itinerary of Prince Charles Edward Stuart (Edinburgh, 1897), p.113; L M, i, p.206; R A Stuart M 11, p.43.
40 L M, iii, p.52.
41 R A Stuart M 10/2, p.11.
42 Home’s History, p.44.
43 Not even Bruce Lenman, who used the Lochiel correspondence at Achnacarry house, has been able to penetrate any further into the mystery. Jacobite Clans of the Great Glen, op.cit., p.159.
44 R A Stuart M 11, pp.44–7.
45 R A Stuart M 10/2, p.11.
46 R A Stuart M 10/1, pp.28–9.
47 Ibid., p.29.
48 L M, iii, p.120.
49 Ibid., p.121.
50 No one can be certain of the mixture of motives that persuaded Lochiel to come out. But Home’s story (History, p.44) that he was shamed into it is absurdly unconvincing. It is interesting to note that Victorian sentimental Jacobites refused point-blank to accept that Lochiel’s decision could have been based on hard-headed interest. For a wilful and badly argued refusal to face facts see Andrew Lang, Prince Charles Edward, op.cit., pp.99–100.
51 R A Stuart M 11, p.47; 266/174; 74; Mahon, iii, p.xxi; La Tremouille, p.34.
52 L P, ii, p.480.
53 L P, ii, p.482.
54 R A Cumberland 4/310.
55 L P, ii, p.483; L M, i, p.207.
56 L M, i, p.292.
57 R A Stuart M 10/2, pp.12–13.
58 S P Scotland 25 Nos 47,51; C P, p.245.
59 S P Scotland 25 Nos 49,53,77,79,82; C P, p.246.
60 For his career see G. Menary, The Life and Letters of Duncan Forbes of Culloden (1936).
61 For Lovat’s relationship with Forbes see Lenman. Jacobite Clans of the Great Glen., op.cit., pp.101–45.
62 See below pp.176–81.
63 C P, p.370.
64 C P, p.252.
65 C P, pp.400–1,409.
66 R A Cumberland 4/311.
67 The Report of the Proceedings and Opinion of the Board of General Officers on their Examination into the conduct, behaviour and proceedings of Lieutenant-General Sir John Cope (1749) (hereinafter Cope), p.19; L M, i, p.352; C P, p.406.
68 Lochgarry’s narrative, loc. cit., p.113; L P, ii, p.483; L M, i, p.36; Murray of Broughton, pp.165–6; Home’s History, p.46.
69 R A Stuart 10/1, p.30.
70 Scots Magazine, 1747, p.107.
71 London Gazette, 3–6 August 1745.
72 C P, p.447.
73 L M, i, p.207.
74 L P, ii, p.484.
75 R A Cumberland 4/311; Clanranald’s account, loc.cit., p.208.
76 R A Stuart M 10/2, pp.13–14.
77 S P Scotland 25 Nos 87 and 99; R A Stuart M 11, p.50.
78 L P, ii, p.484.
79 Murray of Broughton, p.168.
80 Clanranald’s account, p.209.
81 R A Stuart M 10/2, p.15.
82 For Cope’s situation see the detailed account in R. C. Jarvis, Collected Papers on the Jacobite Risings (Manchester, 1972), 2 vols, i, pp.3–24.
83 Clanranald’s account, p.210.
84 R A Stuart M 10/2 pp.14–15.
85 L P, ii, p.442.
86 Scots Magazine, 1747, p.626. After a protest at his levity from the chiefs, the prince was prevailed on to raise this to a matching £30,000.
87 R A Cumberland 4/324; L M, i, p.207.
88 L M, i, p.207.
89 R A Stuart M 10/1, pp.58–9.
90 O’Sullivan, pp.62–3.
91 L M, i, p.207.
92 L P, ii, p.442.
93 Home’s History, p.117.
94 L P, ii, p.442.
95 Cope, p.116
96 H M C 15, ii, p.245.
97 Cope, p.45. Cope’s route from Stirling had been through Amulree, Aberfeldy, Trinifur and Dalnacardoch.
98 Clanranald’s account, p.211.
99 S P Scotland 25 No. 100.
100 See the Jacobite order of march for
27 August in R A Cumberland 4/328.
101 L P, ii, p.443; R A Cumberland 4/329–31.
102 This was the correct decision: Cope reached Ruthven on the 27th, Dalrachny on the 28th and Inverness on the 29th (Cope, p.47).
103 Murray of Broughton, p.184.
104 Duncan Warrand, ed., More Culloden Papers (Inverness, 1930), 5 vols (hereinafter M C P), iv, pp.45,235; Cope, pp.43–4; O’Sullivan, p.65; L M, i, p.294.
105 R A Cumberland 4/327.
106 C P, p.391; L P, ii, p.440; O’Sullivan, pp.66–7.
107 L M, iii, p.121.
108 C P, p.412. For an analysis of Cluny’s ambivalence see Lenman, Jacobite Clans, op.cit., pp.155–6.
109 L M, i, pp.208,294,353. The prince regarded Robertson as an important target. See R A Cumberland 4/319,332,335,339.
110 L M, i, pp.208,294.
111 Allardyce Papers, 2 vols (New Spalding Club, Aberdeen, 1895–6), ii, p.368; R A Cumberland 5/246.
112 Caledonian Mercury, 3 September 1745.
113 L M, i, p.208.
114 Walpole Correspondence, 19, p.206.
115 S P Scotland 26 No.3.
116 L M, i, p.208.
117 L P, ii, p.443.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
1 R A Stuart M 11 p.61.
2 James Maxwell of Kirkconnell, Narrative of Charles, Prince of Wales’s expedition to Scotland in the year 1745 (1841), p.31.
3 R A Stuart M 10/1, p.42.
4 R A Stuart M 11, p.64.
5 Elcho, Short Account, op.cit., p.255; Tayler, Jacobite Miscellany (‘Elcho’s Diary’), p.145.
6 Clanranald and Keppoch were given the Dundee assignment (L P, ii, p.486); Glenbucket was sent farther afield, to the north-east, on the same mission (R A Cumberland 5/427).
7 R A Stuart M 10/2, p.20.
8 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, op.cit., p.31; Chevalier de Johnstone, A Memoir of the ’Forty-Five (1820), p.10.
9 Clanranald’s account, p.213.
10 For Murray’s career see K. Tomasson, The Jacobite General (Edinburgh, 1958).
11 Atholl, 7th duke of, Chronicles of the Families of Atholl and Tullibardine, 5 vols (1908), iii, pp.81–2.
12 R A Stuart 10/2, pp.19–20; O’Sullivan, p.68.
13 Chevalier de Johnstone, p.12.
14 R A Cumberland 5/249.
15 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.32; R A Stuart 10/1, p.42.
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