9 Browne, iv, p.49.
10 A E M D Angleterre 80 f.71.
11 Ibid., f.65.
12 Add. MSS 32,814 ff.161, 169.
13 Add. MSS 32,813 ff.198, 326.
14 Add. MSS 32,814 ff.163–5.
15 Add. MSS 32,814 f.167.
16 Browne, iv, p.43; R A Stuart 294/131.
17 Barbier, iii, pp.40–1; Add. MSS 34,523 f.82; A E M D, Angleterre, 80 ff.82–3.
18 Browne, iv, p.49.
19 D’Argenson, v, p.284.
20 R A Stuart Box 1/287.
21 A E M D, Angleterre 80 f.85.
22 Ibid., f.84.
23 Ibid., f.85; Browne, iv, pp.44–5; R A Stuart 294/176, 189.
24 Luynes, ix, p.123.
25 R A Stuart 294/73.
26 A E M D, Angleterre, 80 ff.78–9.
27 See also Luynes, ix, p.263.
28 A E M D, Angleterre, 80 ff.80–1.
29 Frederick the Great, Politische Correspondenz, vi, pp.271, 295.
30 Ibid., vi, p.304. He did, however, admit that he was curious to learn how the cliff-hanger ended.
31 Benedict to Tencin, 5 June, 22 November 1748, Morelli, ii, pp.56, 101.
32 For the day-to-day unfolding of the crisis, up to and beyond the arrest on 10 December, see Daily Advertiser, 18 November–26 December; St James’s Evening Post, 29 November–20 December 1748.
33 A E M D, Angleterre, 80 ff.126–31.
34 D’Argenson, v, p.289.
35 Compton Mackenzie, Prince Charlie’s Ladies, op.cit., p.168.
36 A E M D, Angleterre, 80 ff.88, 92–3.
37 Ibid., f.91.
38 Ibid., f.107.
39 D’Argenson, v, p.277.
40 Luynes, ix, pp.136, 259.
41 R A Stuart Box 1/292.
42 R A Stuart Box 1/287.
43 Luynes, ix, p.259.
44 D’Argenson, v, p.284.
45 A S V, Francia, 491 ff.220–1.
46 Luynes, ix, p.257.
47 D’Argenson, v, p.284.
48 Luynes, ix, p.258.
49 D’Argenson, v, p.288.
50 A S V, Francia, 491 f.223.
51 A E M D, Angleterre, 80 ff.105–6.
52 Ibid., ff.101–4; R A Stuart 295/34.
53 Barbier, iii, p.51.
54 Luynes, ix, p.263.
55 A E M D, Angleterre, 80 f.114.
56 Ibid., f.110.
57 Luynes, ix, p.265.
58 Bibliothèque Arsenal MS 7464 f.29.
59 A S V, Avignone, 111 f.158.
60 R A Stuart 296/8.
61 Barbier, iii, pp.40–1; D’Argenson, v, pp.278, 285, 296–7.
62 A S V, Avignone, 111 f.74.
63 Ibid.
64 Tencin to Belle-Isle, 9 December 1748. Guerre Al/3313 f.80.
65 A S V, Avignone, 111 f.25.
66 Ibid., f.75.
67 Ibid.
68 A E M D, Angleterre, 80 ff.95–6.
69 A S V, Avignone, 111 f.163.
70 D’Argenson, v, p.317.
71 A S V, Avignone 111 f.26; D’Argenson, v, pp.319, 367.
72 A E M D, Angleterre, 80 f.117.
73 Luynes, ix, p.142.
74 A S V, Francia, 491 f.187.
75 Ibid., ff.182, 196–7, 200; D’Argenson, v, p.236; Luynes, ix, p.123.
76 D’Argenson, v. p.297.
77 R A Stuart 345/162.
78 The plans are set out in exhaustive detail in A E M D, Angleterre, 82 ff.226–44.
79 Luynes, ix, p.149.
80 A S V, Francia 491 f.229.
81 R A Stuart 295/104.
82 R A Stuart 295/182.
83 Luynes, ix, p.149.
84 R A Stuart 295/104.
85 Luynes, ix, p.149.
86 Add. MSS 32,717 ff.504–5.
87 ‘Réellement, c’est une belle chose que vous faites. C’est magnifique. Si j’avais mes montagnards vous ne m’oseraiez me prendre si facilement … si braves gens employés à une telle ministre.…’ ‘They had the insolence to tell me I should fear no hurt. I looked at them with indignation and contempt’ (R A Stuart 295/182).
88 R A Stuart 295/104.
89 D’Argenson, v, p.313.
90 Ibid., p.310.
91 R A Stuart 295/104.
92 R A Stuart 296/7.
93 R A Stuart 295/182.
94 R A Stuart 295/104.
95 A E M D, Angleterre, 80 ff.133–4.
96 D’Argenson, v, p.313.
97 Luynes, ix, p.150.
98 R A Stuart 295/104.
99 R A Stuart 296/7.
100 R A Stuart 295/182.
101 Luynes, ix, p.152.
102 R A Stuart 295/104.
103 R A Stuart 295/163.
104 R A Stuart 295/104.
105 Ibid.
106 Luynes, ix, p.151.
107 R A Stuart 295/104.
108 A E C P, Angleterre, 425 f.17.
109 R A Stuart 295/104.
110 Ibid.
111 R A Stuart Box 1/293–4.
112 Bibliothèque Arsenal MS 11658 ff.174–226 contains exhaustive detail on Berryer’s search of the prince’s house and the arrest of his followers.
113 D’Argenson, v, p.518.
114 A E M D, Angleterre, 80 f.145.
115 Ibid.
116 Luynes, ix, p.155; R A Stuart 295/122.
117 A E C P, Angleterre Supplement, 10 f.242.
118 A E M D, Angleterre, 80 ff.16–69.
119 Ibid., f.172.
120 Ibid., f.173.
121 Ibid., f.172.
122 Ibid., ff.150, 153.
123 Ibid., f.175.
124 Ibid., ff.156–7.
125 Ibid., ff.181–2.
126 Ibid., ff.178, 183.
127 Ibid., f.180.
128 E. C. Mossner, Life of David Hume (Edinburgh, 1954), pp.218–19.
129 A E M D, Angleterre, 80, f.200.
130 Ibid., f.205.
131 Ibid., f.219.
132 Ibid., ff.224–30.
133 A E C P, Angleterre, Supplement, 10 f.242.
CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX
1 A S V, Avignone, 111 f.75; D’Argenson, v, p.312.
2 D’Argenson, v, p.313.
3 Journal inédit du duc de Croy, ed. Grouchy and Cottin, 4 vols (Paris, 1906), i, pp.113–15.
4 F. Masson, ed., Mémoires et lettres de Cardinal Bernis (Paris, 1878), i, p.119.
5 A S V, Avignone, 111 f.27; D’Argenson, v, p.316.
6 Frederick to Chambrier, 21 December 1748, Politische Correspondenz, vi, p.324. He asked Chambrier to write to him no more about the prince.
7 A E C P, Rome, 803 f.178.
8 D’Argenson, v, p.315.
9 Tencin to Belle-Isle, 19 December 1748, Guerre Al/3313 f.116.
10 Barbier, iii, p.52.
11 Bibliothèque d’Arsenal MS, 3128 f.347; Maurice Tourneux, ed., Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, etc. (Paris, 1877), i, p.257; D’Argenson, v, pp.371–2. Some good examples are reproduced in Bongie, Love of a Prince, op.cit., pp.263–5.
12 S P Tuscany 56 f.275.
13 A S V, Avignone, 111 f.29. Walpole did his dubious best to pour scorn on all this. ‘What a mercy that we had not him here! With a temper so impetuous and obstinate as to provoke a French government when in their power, what would he have done with an English government in his power’ (Walpole Correspondence, 20, pp.8–9).
14 For a long dispatch, illustrating this in detail see A S V, Avignone, 111 ff.164–7.
15 D’Argenson, v, p.317.
16 Ibid., pp.319–20.
17 Ibid., v, p.368.
18 Luynes, ix, p.151.
19 A E C P, Angleterre, Supplement 10 f.242.
20 Browne, iv, p.52; R A Stuart 295/198.
21 S P Tuscany 56 f.273; Morelli, ii, pp.115–16.
22 Morelli, ii, pp.121–2.
23 MS 2572 Bibliothèque du Musée Calvet, quoted in H. Tayler, ‘Jacobite Papers at Avignon’, Scottish Histori
cal Society, 3rd series, XXI, Miscellany V (Edinburgh, 1933), pp.309–11.
24 MS 2825, Bibliothèque du Musée Calvet, quoted in Tayler, loc.cit., p.309.
25 A S V, Avignone, 194 ff.65, 67.
26 Benedict XIV to Tencin, 21 January 1749, Morelli, ii, pp.121–2.
27 A S V, Avignone, 194 f.67.
28 Benedict XIV to Tencin, 1 January 1749, Morelli, ii, pp.115–16.
29 The Pope shrewdly predicted that the prince was merely pretending to settle in Avignon as a prelude to a mysterious disappearance (Morelli, ii, pp.120–2).
30 A S V, Avignone, 111 ff.30–1, 33–4, 40, 45.
31 Morelli, ii, p.120.
32 R A Stuart 296/171–2.
33 The Pope had a genuine affection for James, who was in despair over his son’s conduct. Benedict told Tencin that James’s sorrow had never been so great, not even when Charles Edward was in Scotland and his father daily expected to hear of his death or capture (Morelli, ii, pp.122–3).
34 Morelli, ii, pp.134–5.
35 Tayler, Jacobite Miscellany, p.5.
36 A S V, Avignone, 111 f.46.
37 Morelli, ii, p.127.
38 S P Tuscany 53 f.212. For the personalities and career of the cardinals involved see C. Berton, Dictionnaire des Cardinaux (Paris, 1857), p.1127; Michael Ranfft, Merkwurdige Lebesgeschichte aller Cardinale (Regensburg, 1773), iii, p.348. For Benedict’s poor opinion of Riviera, Lanti and Corsini, respectively cardinal protectors of England, Scotland and Ireland, see Benedict to Tencin, 29 January 1749, Morelli, ii, pp.122–3.
39 Morelli, ii, pp.120–2.
40 A S V, Avignone, 111 ff.19–21, 55–6, 63, 65, 68–9.
41 Add. MSS 32, 816 ff.144, 165.
42 A S V, Francia, 491 ff.237, 239.
43 Ibid., ff.241, 243.
44 Ibid., f.245.
45 P. Vaucher, ed., Recueil des Instructions aux Ambassadeurs: Angleterre 1688–1791 (Paris, 1965), iii, p.329.
46 Add. MSS, 32,816 f.165.
47 Ibid., ff.233–4.
48 For the sustained English pressure on France see S P France 232 ff.20, 33, 94.
49 Morelli, ii, pp.141–2. As the Pope explained to Tencin on 5 February, whereas Louis XV had a treaty with George II and had had to act against the prince, he did not and did not feel like expelling him. To invite others to do it would be too much like cowardice and would be a blot on his conscience (Morelli, ii, pp.124–5). Benedict’s best-case scenario was that the prince would move to one of the papal states. The Pope would then be free of French pressures, but still able to claim that he had resisted English pressure (Benedict to Tencin, 2 April 1749, Morelli, ii, p.142).
50 A S V, Avignone, 111 ff.62, 64.
51 A S V, Avignone, 194 ff.69–74.
52 Tayler, ‘Jacobite Papers’, loc.cit., pp.297–8.
53 A S V Avignone, 111 ff.80–6.
54 S P Tuscany 53 f.218.
55 A S V, Avignone, 111 f.97.
56 In a cold rage he remarked to Tencin on 26 February that Charles Edward seemed to think that because the Vatican had traditionally supported the Stuarts, he was compelled to indulge the caprices of a prince who had not even written him a single line, yet accepted all favours done for him as his due (Morelli, ii, p.131).
57 Morelli, ii, p.131.
58 A S V, Avignone, 111 ff.102–4.
59 Ibid., ff.23–9, 74–7, 157–67.
60 Morelli, ii, pp.128–9.
61 Morelli, ii, pp.121–2, 131–2.
62 A S V, Avignone, 111 ff.111–12.
63 A S V, Avignone, 194 ff.72, 74–6.
64 Ibid., f.76.
65 S P France 232 f.73.
66 Morelli, ii, pp.131–2.
67 A S V, Acignone, 111 ff.124–5.
68 Ibid., ff.131–2.
69 Ibid., ff.120–2. The story soon reached England. Cf. Add. MSS 32,816 f.229.
70 A S V, Avignone, 111 f.133; Morelli, ii, pp.135–6.
CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN
1 A S V, Francia, 491 f.256.
2 A S V, Francia 491 f.267; Morelli, ii, p. 140.
3 The Princesse de Talmont pined away during their separation. She said her carnival had been a sad affair. She had been to no balls, avoided all society, and spent Mardi Gras in her ‘cage’. She mentions having seen the duchesse de Montbazon: ‘I spoke today with a woman who loves you to madness’ (R A Stuart Box 4/1/63). For further letters from her to the prince in Avignon see Box 4/1/62–5.
4 Henri Lion, Le président Hénault 1685–1770 (Paris, 1903), pp.77–8.
5 For confirmation of the prince’s stay from the Stuart Papers see Box 1/310; Box 4/1/86. Writing in January 1750, Elisabeth Ferrand tried to tempt him back to Paris by saying that the nuns would endeavour to make his stay at the convent more comfortable than last season (R A Stuart Box 4/1/23).
6 Maurice Tourneur, ed., Correspondance de Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister (Paris, 1882), xii, p.343.
7 Lucien Perey, Le president Hénault et Madame du Deffand (Paris, 1893), p.301.
8 David Daiches, Charles Edward Stuart (1973), p.282. Cf. also Bongie, Love of a Prince, op.cit., pp.273, 315. A definitive study of the relationship between the two ladies will be provided by Professor Bongie in his next book.
9 Tourneur, Correspondance de Grimm, Diderot, etc., op.cit., xii, p.343.
10 R A Stuart 298/8.
11 R A Stuart 298/32; Box 4/1/85.
12 R A Stuart 298/61.
13 R A Stuart 298/152. The prince’s illicit presence in Paris at this time was widely suspected. Cf. S P 105/309 ff.91, 96.
14 R A Stuart 316/101.
15 R A Stuart 298/152. James immediately wrote to tell his son that it was inconceivable that he would be allowed to stay in Venice (R A Stuart 298/73).
16 Morelli, ii, pp. 161–2. Cf. A S V, Francia, 491 f.301. For the nuncio’s explicit statement of personal sympathy see Morelli, ii, p. 153. Once again, it seems, the prince had exercised his famous charm.
17 Morelli, ii, pp.161–2.
18 Ibid., ii, p. 164.
19 R A Stuart 298/74.
20 R A Stuart 298/62, 75.
21 Morelli, ii, pp.167–8; A S V, Francia 491 f.303.
22 R A Stuart Box 1/305.
23 Browne, iv, p.60; R A Stuart 298/106.
24 Morelli, ii, pp.161–2, 167–8.
25 R A Stuart 311/95.
26 G. Maugras, La cour de Lunéville au 18 siècle (Paris, 1904), p.398; cf. also Maugras, Dernières Années du roi Stanislas (Paris, 1906); Pierre Boye, La cour Polonaise de Lunéville 1737–1766 (Nancy, 1926).
27 For the letter see R A Stuart 298/77. For the circumstances of its delivery and reception see Butler, Choiseul, op. cit., pp.811–12.
28 R A Stuart 303/131.
29 See S P Tuscany 56 ff.367, 374; S P France 233 f.299; Morelli, ii, p.200.
30 R A Stuart 298/178.
31 R A Stuart 298/134; 299/44.
32 R A Stuart Box 2/114; S P Tuscany 53 f.230.
33 R A Stuart 298/106.
34 R A Stuart 300/83; 316/207.
35 R A Stuart 299/87.
36 Letters in the Stuart Papers definitely place him in Paris on 9 and 17 November 1749 (R A Stuart 301/30).
37 D’Argenson, v, p.481.
38 R A Stuart 301/30.
39 S P France 232 f.261; 233 ff.73–7.
40 Luynes, ix, p.430.
41 S P Tuscany 56 f.312.
42 D’Argenson, vii, pp.279–80.
43 Frederick the Great, Politische Correspondenz, vi, pp.559, 572; A S V Francia 491 f.283; S P 105/309 f.85; Morelli, ii, pp.141–2, 149.
44 A S V, Francia 491 f.275; Morelli, ii, pp.156–7; D’Argenson, v, p.483.
45 S P France 233 f.206; S P 105/309 f.91; Morelli, ii, pp.141–2, 156–7.
46 A S V, Francia 491 ff.285, 291.
47 Browne, iv, pp.57, 63; R A Stuart 297/41.
48 A S V, Francia 491 ff.260, 291; S P France 232 f.217; 245 F.135.
49 Princess Radziwill later married Count
Ignacy Morawski in 1764 (C.F. Jacobi, Europäische Genealogisches Handbuch (Leipzig, 1800), i, p.533).
50 Morelli, ii, p.479; S P Tuscany 53 f.244.
51 For the rumour’s many manifestations see A S V, Francia 491 f.275; Add. MSS, 34,445 f.98; S P France 244 f.179; S P 105/309 f.98; D’Argenson, v, p.444.
52 A S V, Francia 491 f.265; D’Argenson, vi, p.386.
53 R A Stuart 306/8; D’Argenson, vi, p.37.
54 The title Andrew Lang gives to his survey of the prince’s mythical adventures during the ‘obscure years’ (Lang, Pickle the Spy, pp.44–66).
55 Barbier, iii, p.141.
56 D’Argenson, vi, p.37.
57 S P France 232 f.192; 246 f.119; S P Tuscany 58 f.135; Walpole Correspondence, 20, p.168.
58 Add. MSS 33050 f.126.
59 Add. MSS 32,868 f.394; Morelli, ii, pp.168–9; D’Argenson, v, p.492.
60 S P France 241 ff.148, 220, 279; 249 ff.190, 192.
61 S P France 241 f.178.
62 Heeckeren, Benoit-Tencin Correspondance, ii, p.273.
63 R A Stuart Box 3/147.
64 See S P France 248 ff.304, 309–11.
65 S P France 237 ff.68, 72; 241 f.178.
66 Add. MSS 32,854 f.254.
67 R A Stuart 282/123.
68 R A Stuart 315/106; 316/106, 117.
69 R A Stuart Box 4/1/61.
70 R A Stuart Box 4/1/69–70.
71 R A Stuart 316/122.
72 R A Stuart 316/121.
73 R A Stuart Box 4/1/15.
74 R A Stuart Box 4/1/54, 56.
75 See the following examples: (1) Talmont to the prince. ‘You’re destroying me. You’re killing me. I’m in a rage. I’m unworthy of your madness and cruelty’ (R A Stuart Box 4/1/52). ‘You’ve outraged my heart which you never truly knew’ (R A Stuart 316/100). ‘You are opinionated, indomitable and closed to justice.’ (2) The prince to Talmont. ‘I’m astonished at your coldness’ (R A Stuart Box 4/1/54). ‘If you want to be in my life, everything must change on your side’ (R A Stuart 315/105).
76 The princess threatened to stay away until Charles Edward became more docile and submitted to her will (italics mine) R A Stuart Box 4/1/56.
77 R A Stuart 305/118.
78 R A Stuart 316/109, 120.
79 R A Stuart 315/103.
80 See the princess’s autobiographical fragment written to Goring (R A Stuart Box 4/1/79).
81 R A Stuart 305/117.
82 R A Stuart 316/118.
83 R A Stuart 315/107.
84 R A Stuart Box 4/1/79.
85 R A Stuart 306/13.
86 R A Stuart 306/91.
87 R A Stuart Box 4/1/74.
88 R A Stuart Box 4/1/79A.
Bonnie Prince Charlie: Charles Edward Stuart (Pimlico) Page 83