by Tec, Nechama
arguments for, 11–12
assumption of, 1–2, 15
Isaiah Trunk’s research on, 14
mythology of, 6
Nathan Eck’s views on, 12
Jewish people
inattention to post-war fates of, 3
lack of post-war recognition as victims, 2
as Nazi collaborators, 3, 4
Jewish refugees, in Soviet-occupied Polish territories, 48–49, 50, 184
Jewish resistance
as armed struggle, 15, 148–149
in Auschwitz, 127
day-to-day survival as, 13
differing chronology of, 4
effect of topography on, 5
German retaliation to, 3
ingenious strategies of, 10, 15, 155–156
Israel Gutman’s research on, 14–15
lack of post-war recognition of, 2
multiplicity of forms, 12–13
Raoul Hilberg, 9–10, 11–12
readiness of, 81
reality of, 190
Ruben Ainsztein’s writings on, 14
search for cooperative parties, 4
Soviet aid to, 40
view of Jewish youth, 75
Jewish Resistance in Nazi Occupied Eastern Europe (Ainsztein), 14
Jewish Scout organization, 160
Jewish “self-hatred,” 200n19
Jewish underground
AK claim of assistance to, 184
disbelief in extermination, 6
leadership of, 5–6
organization of, 75–76
Jewish youth organizations, supply of underground leadership, 5–6
Jodla detachment (AK), 105
Judenrat
corruption among members, 53
diverse reactions of, 14
executions of, 50
female members of, 50
inmates’ view of, 53
Isaiah Trunk’s research on, 14
lack of support for underground, 5
as Nazi instrument, 9
order for establishment of, 49
Phillip Friedman’s research on, 13–14
Raoul Hilberg and, 8–9
refusal to accept ghetto conditions, 58
requirement to supply laborers, 32–33, 59, 87
role in ghettos, 62
July Aktion
“Bloody Thursday,” 206n11
mass murders during, 86–87
response of survivors, 87
Kahn, Eliahu, work in House Committee, 63
Kaminski, Yakov, 127, 128–129, 132
Kamionka, Poland, 32, 34
Kampel, Mania, 210n52
Kampfgruppe (Struggle Group), 128–129, 131, 132–135
Kanal, Israel, attempted assassination by, 72–73
Kaplan, Chaim, description of anti-Semitism, 27
Kaplan, Yosef, 72, 163, 165
Karski, Jan
on assistance from non-Jews, 189–190
call for common alliance, 184–185
call to honor attempts to save Jews, 186–187
collection of evidence by, 185
compassion for underground workers, 188
death of, 190
denouncement of anti-Semitism, 185
early life of, 182, 183
informs world leaders of Jewish annihilation, 186, 187, 188
insistence of world-wide Holocaust knowledge, 190
photo of, 189
as professor at Georgetown University, 188–189
recognition by Yad Vashem, 183
torture by Gestapo, 185
work as courier, 163
work in Washington, D.C., 188–189
Katyn Forest, mass graves in, 181
Kerski, Jan. See Karski, Jan
kibbutzim, in Warsaw ghetto, 162, 163
Kielar, Wieslaw
description of Kommando uprising, 142–143
memoirs of, 210n50
removal from Auschwitz, 143
Kielce, Poland, 105
Klener, Yankel, election as Commander, 37
Klooga concentration camp, Julek Frohlich’s death in, 61
Koch, Eugen, 138
Kolo, Poland, 22–23
Kommando revolt, 135–138, 142–144
Kommandos
duties at Auschwitz, 127–128
eagerness to fight, 132–134
interrogation over rebellion plans, 137
murder of, 133–134
work with underground, 131–132
Kosovo, 93, 97
Kovner, Aba, 6
Kozibrodzka, Lea, 178
Kozilbrodzka, Lonka, 123
Krakow, Poland, persecution of Polish elites in, 160
Krakow ghetto, 102
Krakowski, Shmuel, on AK claim of assistance, 184
Krasnaja Gorka, 115–116
Kronika (historical text), 82
Krzemienice, Poland, 15
Kulka, Moshe, transfer to Auschwitz, 130
Kurland, Zvi, 152
Langbein, Hermann, 126, 133
Laniewska, Katarzyna, transfer to Auschwitz, 123
Lanzmann, Claude, 189
Latvia, Nazi collaboration in, 3
Laufer, Yehuda, 130–132
Lazower, Henryka, submission to deportation, 68
leadership, role in resistance, 5
Leczynski, Lolek, 22–24
Lejkin, Yakov, 65, 73
Lejtman, Shlomo, 154
Levi, Primo, opposition to “banality of evil,” 11
Lida ghetto, 74, 110
Ligeti, Herta. See Fuchs, Herta
“like sheep to the slaughter,” origin of phrase, 6
Lipiczanska forest, 120
Lithuania, Nazi collaboration in, 3, 90
Lodz ghetto
construction of, 52
liquidation of, 193
“Mrs. Mokrska” House Committee work, 63–64
Sara Zyskind’s experience in, 56–57
Lubartow ghetto, transfer of Kamionka Jews to, 34–35
Lubetkin, Cywia, assistance to ghetto escapees, 175
Lubetkin, Zivia, work with ŻOB, 72, 163
Lublin ghetto, 74
Madejsker, Sonia, work as courier, 178
Mafia organizations, 149–150
Marchwinski, Jozef, 119
Margolis, Ala, 196
Margolis, Anna, 194–195
Markow, Fiodor, betrayal by, 119–120
Masarek, Rudi, resistance efforts of, 147
Mechlis, Michal, plan to save Bielski partisans, 115–116
Meed, Shlomo, 52, 56
Meed, Vladka
chronic hunger of, 57
identification card of, 168
photo of, 51
recollection of ghetto lecture, 58–59
view of women’s roles in ghettos, 55–56
“menashke,” 131
Mengele, Josef, 124
Miete, Kütner, 151
Mila 18
collective suicide at, 81, 176–177
German discovery of, 176
relocation of ŻOB headquarters to, 173
Milaszewski, Kasper, 115
Miller, Stefan, death by suicide, 68
Minsk ghetto, 109
Mir ghetto, 89
“missing Jews” of Skarzyn, 29–30
money-for-passports exchange scheme, 177–178
Monowitz. See Auschwitz
moral effects, of Jewish resistance, 10
Morczak, Wladyslaw, 68, 83
Moscow University, 24
Nalibocka forest, 113, 114–115
Narodowe Sily Zbrojne. See National Armed Forces
National Armed Forces (NSZ), 42, 115, 157
Nationalist Party
anti-Semitism of, 42, 184
and Polish government-in-exile, 183
and Polish underground, 25
Nazi General Government, Polish government-in-exile and, 183
New Year’s Manifesto (1942), 6
Nirenska, Pola, 18
9
Nossig, Alfred, assassination of, 73
Novogrodek ghetto, 74
Nowolipki Street, Oneg Shabbat archives at, 71
NSZ. See National Armed Forces
Nuremberg Trials (1947–48), 2
Okinowo, 93
Oneg Shabbat, 49, 62, 66, 68, 70–71
orphanages, deportation to Treblinka, 69–70
Oswiencin concentration camp. See Auschwitz
Pajewski, Theodor, 69
Pankiewicz, Tadeusz, 102, 207n20
Paris revolt (1944), 13
partisan movement
effect on Jewish morale, 40
formation of, 39
inclusion of Jews in, 40
Jewish partisans, 43–46
value placed on professionals, 91, 100, 206n12
See also Bielski Jewish partisan group; Soviet partisans; Vilna Partisan Organization
passing (as non-Jews), 20
passive vs. active fighting, 20–21
Pawiak prison, 83, 123
Peasant Party, 25, 183
physicians
need for, 96
in partisan groups, 91, 100, 206n12
Pieczorski, Alexander, 155–156, 157
Pilecki, Witold, 125, 129, 130
Platon (Soviet General), 113–114, 118
“the pleasure of the Sabbath.” See Oneg Shabbat
Poalei Zion Left party, 47, 107–108
Podgorze ghetto, 102
Podlesie, Poland, 28
Polesie, Poland, 107
Polish army, support of Polish underground, 25
Polish elites
hiding in Jewish ghettos, 88–89
Hitler’s determination to destroy, 181
imprisonment in Auschwitz, 124, 125
as most threatened population, 17
persecution by Einsatzgruppen, 26
persecution in Krakow, 160
refusal to heed warnings, 89
removal during Aktions, 86–87
Polish Foreign Service, 183
Polish forests, 41–44
Polish government-in-exile
basic principles of, 42, 183
Jan Karski’s view of, 183–184
lack of concern for Jewish people, 184
political movements included in, 42, 183
Stalin’s abandonment of, 181
use of former army officers, 25
Polish Jews, school admission quotas, 15
Polish officers
murder by USSR, 181
saved by underground, 160
work with AK, 125
Polish Peasant Party, 42
Polish Socialist Party (PPS)
Antoni Zieleniewski as member, 22
response to deportations, 72
support of Żegota, 20
Zygmunt Rytel as member of, 16–19
Polish underground
protection of former Polish officers, 25
summer of 1943 success of, 27
varied political ties of, 126
work of Jan Karski in, 182–183
Polish Workers Party (PPR), cooperation with Jewish partisans, 44–45
Polska Partia Robotnicza. See Polish Workers Party
Polska Partia Socjalistyczna. See Polish Socialist Party
Ponary, mass shootings at, 166
Ponmarenko, Pantileimon, 39
Porat, Dina, on Kovner statement, 6–7
PPR. See Polish Workers Party
PPS. See Polish Socialist Party
prisoners of war (POWs), execution by German Army, 84
procreation prohibition, 60–61
Pruszkov forest, 90
Rabinowicz, Hannah, 110–112
Rada Glówna Opiekużcza. See Central Welfare Council
Radom, 105
Rather Die Fighting: A Memoir of World War II (Bleichman), 46
Raysko, Poland, 136
religious observances, prohibitions to, 58
Remba, Nachum, 69–70
Resilience and Courage (Tec), 194
resilience vs. resistance, 4, 15
resistance
conditions necessary for, 4
definition of, 4, 13
importance of strategic base to, 5
multiplicity of forms, 12–13, 196
need for cooperation in, 4, 130
resistance groups. See Jewish resistance
Reuerstin, Regina, 175
RGO. See Central Welfare Council
Ribbentrop-Molotov Agreement, Stalin’s pressure to honor, 41
Ringelblum, Emanuel
anguish over fate of Jewish children, 61–62
arrest/execution of, 83
contribution to history by, 49, 70–71, 72, 82–83, 83
dedication/self-sacrifice of, 48
description of women’s lives, 50–51
disappearance of, 68
on food allocation/smuggling, 64–65
photo of, 48
praise of couriers, 158
refusal to flee German invasion, 47–49
return to Grojecka Street bunker, 69
study of Jewish women, 62–63
on tragic deaths in ghetto, 65–66
tribute to ghetto activists, 63
view of Adam Czerniakow, 68
view of Jewish history, 14
Ringelblum, Judyta, 68, 83
Ringelblum, Uri, 68, 83
Rizyszczyce, Poland, 122
Robota, Roza
execution of, 142
photos of, 127, 134
refusal to divulge information, 138, 139, 140–141
speaks to Zippi Spitzer-Tichauer, 140–141
work with underground, 131–132, 134–135, 140–141
Roniker, Jerzy, 160
Rosblat, Lutek, assistance to ghetto escapees, 175
Rotkopf, Tonia, description of German kindness, 193–194
Rotman, Lutek, 172, 174
Rotman, Maria, 172, 175
Rozycka, Marylka, work as courier, 180
Rudashevski, Yitskhok, 54–55, 59
Rufeisen, Oswald, 89
Russian casualties, in German captivity, 39
Rytel, Zygmunt
on anti-Semitism, 21–22
determination to fight suffering, 18
early life of, 15–17
imprisonment in Auschwitz, 17–18
on motivation of youth, 21
murder of brother by German officer, 17–18
photo of (1966), 19
recognition by Yad Vashem, 17
view of Jews he helped, 18
work in films, 20
work with underground, 18–19, 20, 22
schools. See education
Schupper, Hela
early life of, 171–172
escape from Warsaw ghetto, 174–176
photo of, 171
reaction to Mila 18 suicides, 177
relationship with Lutek Rotman, 172
survival of, 178
work as courier, 172
Schutzstaffel (SS)
July 1942 Aktion, 86
removal of Polish elites by, 89, 181
routine murder of Jewish civilians by, 26
Secret Arms Organization (TOB), 154
self-reliance, role in resilience, 4
Serafinski, Tomasz. See Pilecki, Witold
Sereny, Gitta, 145
“service givers,” 95
Shefet, Zvi
acceptance of father’s work assignments, 87
anti-Semitism endured by, 107
break-up of family unit, 92–93
description of Slonim takeover, 85–86
and partisan groups, 91–92, 93, 107
refusal to leave family, 87–88
Shefet family
attempts to join partisan group, 91–92
division in, 92–93
escape from Slonim ghetto, 90–91
losses in Aktions, 88
Shoah (film), Jan Karski’s view of, 189
Sicherheitsdienst
(SD), murder of Jewish civilians by, 26
Sikorski, Wladyslaw, 100–102, 104, 207n18
Silverstein, Leah
description of starvation, 161–162, 164–165
description of Warsaw ghetto, 161
early life of, 159
life on the Aryan side, 167–168
obtains guns for underground, 169–170
photo of, 161
relationship with Jurek Wilner, 165–166
watches Warsaw ghetto burning, 167
work as courier, 170–171
Skarzyn, Poland, “missing Jews” of, 28–29
Skarzysko Kamienna, Poland, 170
Slapak, Cecylia, study of Jewish women, 62–63
Slonim, Poland, 85–87
Slonim ghetto
burning of, 90
deportations from, 74
hiding places in, 88, 90
Mina Volkowisky in, 95–97
SS Aktion in, 88
Smolar, Hersh
aids other escapees, 110
assists Bielski partisans, 113–114
as devout communist, 107–108
discusses partisan duties, 118–119
escape from Minsk ghetto, 109–110
establishes Minsk underground, 109
imprisonment in Poland, 108
meets Tuvia Bielski, 113
move to Kiev, 108
refusal to leave Poland, 109
saved by General Platon, 113
view of Atlas Icheskel, 121
view of Tuvia Bielski, 121
Sobibor concentration camp
number of deaths at, 153
solidarity in, 153–154
Soviet POWs at, 154–155
underground movement at, 154
Socialist Party, 25, 42, 183
Soldatenheimat, 168
solidarity
importance in survival, 146–148, 149, 196
in Sobibor camp, 153–154
Sonderkommandos. See Kommandos
Soviet Army
approach to Auschwitz, 133
collapse of divisions in, 39
ethnic makeup of, 84
failure to hold Slonim, 85–86
Soviet-German friendship treaty, 39
Soviet-German war
collapse of Red Army divisions, 39, 84
German defeat at Stalingrad, 41
Soviet-occupied Polish territories, as haven for Jews, 48–49, 50, 184
Soviet partisan movement
anti-Semitism in, 93, 98, 107
cruelty of, 99–100
ethnic tolerance of, 41
infanticide in, 207n17
lack of attacks upon Germans by, 85
motivation of, 84–85
Stalin’s politicizing of, 41
view of ghetto escapees, 85
women’s participation in, 94–95
Soviet-Polish cooperation, 106, 117
Soviet Union
attempts to organize partisans, 85
denial of Polish officers murders, 181
refusal of Zionist entry, 122
Spitzer-Tichauer, Helen (Zippi), work with underground, 139–141
SS. See Schutzstaffel
Stalin, political agenda of, 41, 181–182