Of Napoleon’s other opponents, René de Chateaubriand served in several ministerial and ambassadorial posts under the Bourbons but opposed Louis-Philippe, whom he dubbed ‘the bourgeois king’, until his death in 1848. His posthumous Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe (Memoirs from Beyond the Grave) castigated Napoleon severely as a tyrant, and especially blamed him for the execution of the Duc d’Enghien. Benjamin Constant was appointed to the Conseil d’État following the overthrow of the Bourbons in 1830 but died that same year. Paul Barras died at 11 p.m. on January 29, 1829. Earlier that day he had called his godson Paul Grand to his bedside and entrusted him with his memoirs, having seen the way the Bourbons had confiscated Cambacérès’ papers after his death. The authorities arrived the next morning to remove his papers, but they were too late. For various personal and legal reasons the memoirs weren’t published until the 1880s, and then turned out to be so bileful as to be of little historical value. Hippolyte Charles asked on his deathbed in 1837 that his letters from Josephine be burned, which all but five were. Karl von Schwarzenberg was loaded with honours and decorations, but suffered a stroke in 1817. Three years later he visited the battlefield of Leipzig for a ceremony to mark the battle’s seventh anniversary, had a second stroke there and died on October 15. Sir Sidney Smith was buried at Père la Chaise in 1840, his coffin draped in the Union Jack. All three eulogies were delivered by Frenchmen. Although a member of the Légion d’Honneur, it failed to send the traditional honour guard to the man who had denied Napoleon his destiny at Acre.
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, Prince de Benevento, rebuked an aide for describing Napoleon’s death as an ‘event’, saying it was merely a ‘news item’. He continued to serve any regime that would have him, as foreign minister and high chamberlain to the Bourbons, and after the 1830 Revolution as ambassador to London for Louis-Philippe. He died, with the king at his bedside and the Cardinal of Paris performing extreme unction, in 1838.
When the Duke of Wellington heard the news of Napoleon’s death he said to his friend Mrs Arbuthnot, ‘Now I may say I am the most successful general alive.’ He slept with two of Napoleon’s mistresses – Giuseppina Grassini and Mademoiselle George – became an undistinguished prime minister for two years in 1828–30, and was awarded a well-deserved state funeral in 1852. When told of the splendour of Napoleon’s reburial in Paris in 1840 he remarked, ‘Someday or other the French would be sure to make it a matter of triumph over England,’ but personally, he ‘did not care a two-penny damn about that!’
Bibliography
BOOKS
The bibliography of works on Napoleon is notoriously immense. More books have been published with his name in the title than there have been days since his death. The complete list of books consulted for this work can be found on www.andrew-roberts.net, but for reasons of space only those I have quoted are in this bibliography. All books were published in London or Paris unless otherwise stated.
The Correspondance Générale, published by the Fondation Napoléon since 2004, will comprise all the 33,000 letters signed by Napoleon. It is a publishing undertaking as monumental as it is invaluable, a landmark in Napoleonic scholarship. These are the volumes cited in the Notes as ‘CG’ with the volume number following:
I ed. Lentz, Thierry, Les Apprentissages 1784–1797 2004
II ed. Lentz, Thierry, La Campagne d’Égypte et l’Avènement 1798–1799 2005
III ed. Lentz, Thierry, Pacifications 1800–1802 2006
IV ed. Houdecek, François, Ruptures et fondation 1803–1804 2006
V eds. Kerautret, Michel and Madec, Gabriel, Boulogne, Trafalgar, Austerlitz 1805 2008
VI ed. Kerautret, Michel, Vers le Grand Empire 1806 2009
VII eds. Kerautret, Michel and Madec, Gabriel, Tilsit, l’Apogée de l’Empire 1807 2010
VIII ed. Madec, Gabriel, Expansions méridonales et résistances 1808–Janvier 1809 2011
IX ed. Gueniffey, Patrice, Wagram Février 1809–Février 1810 2013
XII ed. Lentz, Thierry, La Campagne de Russie 1812 2012
The edition of Napoleon’s letters, published in 32 volumes in 1858 and edited by Henri Plon, Correspondance de Napoléon Ier, is cited as ‘CN’.
Adams, Henry, History of the United States during the Administrations of Jefferson and Madison 1967
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