32. Strasser, Waste and Want, 12–15, 73, 91.
CHAPTER 11: MOVEABLE FEAST
1. Kevin Starr, Inventing the Dream: California through the Progressive Era (New York, 1985), 75–76, 83.
2. Quoted in Stephen Johnson, Robert Dawson, and Gerald Haslam, The Great Central Valley: California’s Heartland (Berkeley, CA, 1993), 6.
3. Starr, Inventing the Dream, 131–132; Steven Stoll, The Fruits of Natural Advantage: Making the Industrial Countryside in California (Berkeley, CA, 1998), 28–29; Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York, 1985), 99.
4. Ian Tyrrell, True Gardens of the Gods: Californian-Australian Environmental Reform, 1860–1930 (Berkeley, CA, 1999), 223–224; Stoll, The Fruits of Natural Advantage, 60; Starr, Inventing the Dream, 133.
5. Worster, Rivers of Empire, 108–109; Tyrrell, True Gardens of the Gods, 106, 108 (quotation).
6. Stoll, The Fruits of Natural Advantage, xiii–xiv.
7. Marc Linder and Lawrence S. Zacharias, Of Cabbages and Kings County: Agriculture and the Formation of Modern Brooklyn (Iowa City, IA, 1999), 69–70.
8. David Vaught, Cultivating California: Growers, Specialty Crops, and Labor, 1875–1920 (Baltimore, 1999), 49–50; Starr, Inventing the Dream, 134.
9. Vaught, Cultivating California, 50 (1st quotation); Harold Barger and Hans H. Landsberg, American Agriculture, 1899–1939: A Study of Output, Employment and Productivity (New York, 1942), 167–168 (2d quotation); Linder and Zacharias, Of Cabbages and Kings County, 71.
10. Vaught, Cultivating California, 109; Howard Seftel, “Government Regulation and the Rise of the California Fruit Industry: The Entrepreneurial Attack on Fruit Pests, 1880–1920,” Business History Review 59 (Autumn 1985): 372; Stoll, The Fruits of Natural Advantage, 90 (quotation).
11. Stoll, The Fruits of Natural Advantage, 92–93.
12. Victoria Saker Woeste, The Farmer’s Benevolent Trust: Law and Agricultural Cooperation in Industrial America, 1865–1945 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1998), 30, 78, 81, 112, 113, 120–121; Starr, Inventing the Dream, 160–161; Charles C. Colby, “The California Raisin Industry—A Study in Geographic Interpretation,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 14 (June 1924): 103.
13. Linder and Zacharias, Of Cabbages and Kings County, 70 (quotation); Seftel, “Government Regulation,” 386–388.
14. Douglas C. Sackman, Orange Empire: Nature, Culture, and Growth in California, 1869–1939 (Berkeley, CA, forthcoming), manuscript copy in author’s possession, 139, 146–149.
15. Ibid., 151–152, 160, 162; Stoll, The Fruits of Natural Advantage, 88 (quotation).
16. Sackman, Orange Empire, 180–225.
17. Quotations from ibid, 102.
18. Ibid., 94 (1st quotation); Jack Doyle, Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World’s Food Supply (New York, 1985), 54 (2d quotation), 56.
19. Stoll, The Fruits of Natural Advantage, 95–97.
20. Ibid., 98, 104; Seftel, “Government Regulation,” 377; Tyrrell, True Gardens of the Gods, 179–181, 195–196.
21. Stoll, The Fruits of Natural Advantage, 106, 108, 121; Seftel, “Government Regulation,” 393.
22. Stoll, The Fruits of Natural Advantage, 123; Worster, Rivers of Empire, 317–318.
23. Stoll, The Fruits of Natural Advantage, 124; Worster, Rivers of Empire, 218–219; Don Mitchell, The Lie of the Land: Migrant Workers and the California Landscape (Minneapolis, MN, 1996), 59.
24. Worster, Rivers of Empire, 219; Sucheng Chan, This Bitter-Sweet Soil: The Chinese in California Agriculture, 1860–1910 (Berkeley, CA, 1986), 114, 115.
25. Worster, Rivers of Empire, 220.
26. Ibid., 222; Mitchell, The Lie of the Land, 91; Sackman, Orange Empire, 188 (quotation).
27. Quotations in Carey McWilliams, Factories in the Field: The Story of Migratory Farm Labor in California (1939; reprint, Berkeley, CA, 1999), x, xiv.
28. Marc Reisner, Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water (New York, 1986), 348; Worster, Rivers of Empire, 214.
29. Worster, Rivers of Empire, 234.
30. Ibid., 234–235; Reisner, Cadillac Desert, 348; Norris Hundley, Jr., The Great Thirst: Californians and Water, 1770s–1990s (Berkeley, CA, 1992), 235.
31. Worster, Rivers of Empire, 160–161, 240, 243; Hundley, The Great Thirst, 237, 252; Reisner, Cadillac Desert, 348–349.
32. Worster, Rivers of Empire, 246–247, quotation from p. 247; Reisner, Cadillac Desert, 350.
33. Worster, Rivers of Empire, 253–255; Hundley, The Great Thirst, 265–266.
34. Reisner, Cadillac Desert, 353–354.
35. Worster, Rivers of Empire, 256.
36. Reisner, Cadillac Desert, 13–14, 506, 510 (quotation); Worster, Rivers of Empire, 315.
37. Quoted in Vaught, Cultivating California, 186.
38. Stoll, The Fruits of Natural Advantage, 157.
CHAPTER 12: THE SECRET HISTORY OF MEAT
1. Quoted in John Vidal, McLibel: Burger Culture on Trial (New York, 1997), 30.
2. William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991), 225, 226; Marvin Harris and Eric B. Ross, “How Beef Became King,” Psychology Today, October 1978, 91.
3. Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis, 228.
4. Ibid., 228–229, quotation from p. 229.
5. Timothy Cuff, “A Weighty Issue Revisited: New Evidence on Commercial Swine Weights and Pork Production in Mid-Nineteenth Century America,” Agricultural History 66 (Fall 1992): table 1, p. 67.
6. Alexander Cockburn, “A Short, Meat-Oriented History of the World: From Eden to the Mattole,” New Left Review 215 (January/February 1996): 24; Robert Aduddell and Louis Cain, “Location and Collusion in the Meat Packing Industry,” in Business Enterprise and Economic Change, ed. Louis P. Cain and Paul J. Uselding (Kent, OH, 1973), 86.
7. Aduddell and Cain, “Location and Collusion,” 91, 94–95.
8. Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis, 233–234.
9. Richard J. Arnould, “Changing Patterns of Concentration in American Meat Packing, 1880–1963,” Business History Review 45 (Spring 1971): 20.
10. Aduddell and Cain, “Location and Collusion,” 95–96.
11. Upton Sinclair, The Jungle (1906; reprint, New York, 1981), 134–135.
12. Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis, 236–237.
13. Arnould, “Changing Patterns of Concentration,” 20; Jimmy M. Skaggs, Prime Cut: Livestock Raising and Meatpacking in the United States, 1607–1983 (College Station, TX, 1986), 98–99.
14. Sinclair, The Jungle, 35, 109.
15. Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis, 222–223; Aduddell and Cain, “Location and Collusion,” 91–92; Edward Everett Dale, The Range Cattle Industry: Ranching on the Great Plains from 1865 to 1925 (Norman, OK, 1960), 148.
16. Dale, The Range Cattle Industry, 153, 156.
17. Jack Doyle, Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World’s Food Supply (New York, 1985), 120–121.
18. Harris and Ross, “How Beef Became King,” table p. 91.
19. Skaggs, Prime Cut, 179–180.
20. Marvin Harris, The Sacred Cow and the Abominable Pig: Riddles of Food and Culture (New York, 1987), 119; Orville Schell, Modern Meat (New York, 1984), 19, 21–22, 23; J. R. McNeill, Something New under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World (New York, 2000), 202n.
21. Schell, Modern Meat, 189–190, 252.
22. Jon Lauck, American Agriculture and the Problem of Monopoly: The Political Economy of Grain Belt Farming, 1953–1980 (Lincoln, NE, 2000), 54.
23. Skaggs, Prime Cut, 190–191; John Opie, Ogallala: Water for a Dry Land (Lincoln, NE, 1993), 153.
24. Skaggs, Prime Cut, 190–191 (quotation); Doyle, Altered Harvest, 131.
25. Lauck, American Agriculture, 56 (1st quotation); “Inside Big Meat,” CounterPunch 6 (July 16–30, 1999), 1; Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal (B
oston, 2001), 172, 174; William Greider, “The Last Farm Crisis,” Nation, November 20, 2000, 16 (2d quotation).
26. Skaggs, Prime Cut, 194; Harris and Ross, “How Beef Became King,” table p. 91.
27. David Gerard Hogan, Selling ’em by the Sack: White Castle and the Creation of American Food (New York, 1997), 24, 38–39.
28. Vidal, McLibel, 24–25.
29. Ibid., 37 (observer quotation), 46; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation, 47.
30. Vidal, McLibel, 33.
31. Ibid., 38–40; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation, 76.
32. Margaret J. King, “Empires of Popular Culture: McDonald’s and Disney,” in Ronald Revisited: The World of Ronald McDonald, ed. Marshall William Fishwick (Bowling Green, OH, 1983), 107; Vidal, McLibel, 44, 183.
33. Harris, The Sacred Cow, 124–125.
34. Marion Nestle, “Food Lobbies, the Food Pyramid, and U.S. Nutrition Policy,” in The Nation’s Health, 5th ed., ed. Philip R. Lee and Carroll L. Estes (Sudbury, MA, 1997), 212–214, quotations from p. 214.
35. Ibid., 217–218.
36. Alan B. Durning and Holly B. Brough, Taking Stock: Animal Farming and the Environment, Worldwatch Paper 103, July 1991, 16–17, table 4, p. 17.
37. Ibid., 17–18; Cockburn, “A Short, Meat-Oriented History,” 35; Opie, Ogallala, 5–6.
38. Donald Worster, Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West (New York, 1992), 43–44.
39. Denzel Ferguson and Nancy Ferguson, Sacred Cows at the Public Trough (Bend, OR, 1983), 36; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987), 157 (quotation).
40. Durning and Brough, Taking Stock, 24.
41. Ferguson and Ferguson, Sacred Cows, 55, 94; Robert S. Devine, Alien Invasion: America’s Battle with Non-Native Animals and Plants (Washington, DC, 1998), 52–53, 55, 59, 62.
42. Jeremy Rifkin, Beyond Beef: The Rise and Fall of the Cattle Culture (New York, 1993), 105–106; Ferguson and Ferguson, Sacred Cows, 84, 205, 216.
43. Glen E. Bugos, “Intellectual Property Protection in the American Chicken-Breeding Industry,” Business History Review 66 (Spring 1992): 136–137, 147–148.
44. Ibid., 150–155.
45. Ibid., 155–156.
46. U.S. General Accounting Office, Animal Agriculture: Information on Waste Management and Water Quality Issues, GAO/RCED-95-200BR, June 1995, 47; Tim Flannery, The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples (New York, 2001), 324.
47. Ken Silverstein, “Meat Factories,” Sierra, January/February 1999, 31.
48. Quoted in Dale Miller, “Straight Talk from Smithfield’s Joe Luter,” National Hog Farmer, May 2000.
49. David Barboza, “Goliath of the Hog World,” New York Times, April 7, 2000; Otis L. Graham, “Again the Backward Region? Environmental History in and of the American South,” Southern Cultures 6 (Summer 2000): 56.
50. U.S. General Accounting Office, Animal Agriculture: Waste Management Practices, GAO/RCED-99-205, July 1999.
51. Quoted in Silverstein, “Meat Factories,” 30.
52. Michael Satchell, “Hog Heaven—and Hell,” U.S. News & World Report, January 22, 1996, 55.
53. Sharon Guynup, “Cell from Hell,” Sierra, January/February 1999, 34.
CHAPTER 13: AMERICA IN BLACK AND GREEN
1. Quoted in Jamie Lincoln Kitman, “The Secret History of Lead,” Nation, March 20, 2000, sidebar p. 18.
2. J. R. McNeill, Something New under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World (New York, 2000), 111.
3. Joseph Interrante, “You Can’t Go to Town in a Bathtub: Automobile Movement and the Reorganization of Rural American Space, 1900–1930,” Radical History Review 21 (Fall 1979): 151, 152 (quotation), 160; idem, “The Road to Autopia: The Automobile and the Spatial Transformation of American Culture,” in The Automobile and American Culture, ed. David L. Lewis and Laurence Goldstein (Ann Arbor, MI, 1983), 98.
4. Interrante, “The Road to Autopia,” 93.
5. Joseph Anthony Interrante, “A Moveable Feast: The Automobile and the Spatial Transformation of American Culture, 1890–1940” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1983), 12.
6. Tom McCarthy, “The Coming Wonder? Foresight and Early Concerns about the Automobile,” Environmental History 6 (January 2001): 48 (1st quotation), 50 (2d quotation).
7. Ibid., 49–54.
8. Nelson Lichtenstein et al., Who Built America? Working People and the Nation’s Economy, Politics, Culture, and Society, 2 vols. (New York, 2000), 2: 329–330, quotation from p. 330.
9. Alan P. Loeb, “Birth of the Kettering Doctrine: Fordism, Sloanism and the Discovery of Tetraethyl Lead,” Business and Economic History 24 (Fall 1995): 77.
10. Ibid., 81; David Rosner and Gerald Markowitz, “A ‘Gift of God’? The Public Health Controversy over Leaded Gasoline during the 1920s,” American Journal of Public Health 75 (April 1985): 344; Kitman, “The Secret History of Lead,” 16–17, 19–20.
11. Loeb, “Birth of the Kettering Doctrine,” 82.
12. Quotations in Rosner and Markowitz, “A ‘Gift of God’?,” 345; Kitman, “The Secret History of Lead,” 20.
13. Rosner and Markowitz, “A ‘Gift of God’?,” 345 (1st quotation), 346 (2d quotation).
14. Quoted in ibid., 349.
15. Ibid., 350 (quotation), 351; William Joseph Kovarik, “The Ethyl Controversy: The News Media and the Public Health Debate over Leaded Gasoline, 1924–1926” (Ph.D. diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 1993), 80, 91.
16. Kitman, “The Secret History of Lead,” 14.
17. Glenn Yago, The Decline of Transit: Urban Transportation in German and U.S. Cities, 1900–1970 (Cambridge, UK, 1984), 56–58.
18. Stephen B. Goddard, Getting There: The Epic Struggle between Road and Rail in the American Century (New York, 1994), 121–122; Martha Janet Bianco, “Private Profit versus Public Service: Competing Demands in Urban Transportation History and Policy, Portland, Oregon, 1872–1970” (Ph.D. diss., Portland State University, 1994), 27–55.
19. Bianco, “Private Profit versus Public Service,” 453–454; Yago, The Decline of Transit, 58–59.
20. Ibid., 441.
21. Ibid., 441–442; Goddard, Getting There, 132, 134, 135; Yago, The Decline of Transit, 62.
22. Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York, 1985), 167; Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1998), 199.
23. Kay, Asphalt Nation, 222–223; Interrante, “A Moveable Feast,” 287.
24. Mike Davis, Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster (New York, 1998), 73–74.
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