Farewell to Reality
Page 39
John Templeton Foundation 273—8
Just Six Numbers (Rees) 149—50, 265
Kachru, Shamir 225
Kallosh, Renata 225
Kaluza—Klein (KK) particles 203—4, 208, 261
Kaluza—Klein theory 184, 192
Kaluza, Theodor 183, 184, 192, 193
Kane, Gordon 164—5, 176
kaons 64, 65, 77
Kelvin, Lord 298
Kent, Adrian 219
Kepler, Johannes 13—15, 13n, 97—8
Khoury, Justin 227
Kibble, Tom 69, 70, 71
Klein, Oskar 184, 185
Kragh, Helge 198, 272, 273, 279—80
Kuhn, Thomas 180
Landauer, Rolf 245
lasers 33, 34, 47, 48, 163, 298
Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, California 126
Le Verrier, Urbain 19
Lederman, Leon 73, 75, 136—7
Leggett, Anthony 46, 50, 51, 52, 53, 129, 135, 210, 235, 298
Leggett’s inequality 51, 52, 53, 129, 135, 210, 235
Lehners, Jean-Luc 228
Lemaître, Georges 108, 110
Lense-Thirring effect 100
Lense, Josef 100
leptons 65, 77n, 78, 136n, 137, 138, 160, 161, 167, 170, 177, 234, 235, 238n
Leutwyler, Heinrich 76
Level IV multiverse 238
Lewis, Gilbert 30
Liebniz, Gottfried 83
light:
and matter, strange theory of 61—4
collapse of the wavefunction and 35—8
photon spin and polarization 32—5
quantum hypothesis,
Einstein’s 28—30
speed of 28, 32, 34, 42, 48, 59, 59n, 69, 84—7, 88, 90, 91, 92—3, 94, 117, 125, 134, 135, 136
travels in straight lines 96
uncertainty principle and 38—40
wave particle duality and the
Copenhagen interpretation 30—1
see also photons and wave
behaviour
Linde, Andrei 222, 225
logical positivism 285, 286
Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction
Lorentz, Hendrik 90
Los Alamos 113
Lowell Observatory, Arizona 108
LSP (Lightest Superpartner) 172, 174—5, 178, 203
M-theory 196—8, 199, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 226, 227, 230, 231, 261, 266, 269, 282, 288, 291, 297, 300
Macbeth 243—4
Mach, Ernst 85
magnetic monopole 119
Maldacena, Juan 254—5, 256
many worlds 216—21, 223—4, 227, 229, 231, 261, 286
Martin, Stephen 163, 165
Martinec, Emil 192
mass:
asymptotic freedom and 76
‘bare’ 63, 139
calculating a priori 136—8
colour force and 76—7
construction of 54—80, 77—80
electro-weak force and 67—8
energy and E = mc2 59
forces of nature and 55—8
Higgs boson/field and origin of 55, 68—73, 78, 80, 235
inertia and 55
left hand of the electron 65—8
‘missing’ 123
parity of wave function 65—6
particle zoo and 64—5
quantum field and second
quantization 60—1
quarks and 73—5 see also quarks
relativistic 92, 93
self-energy of electron and 62—3
spinning electrons and
antimatter 58—60
strange theory of light and
matter 61—4
wave interference and 54—5
what is? 55
Massive Astrophysical Compact
Halo Objects (MACHOs) 124, 124n
Mathematical Foundations of
Quantum Mechanics (von
Neuman) 209—10
Mathematical Universe
Hypothesis (MUH) 236—8, 241
matrix mechanics 58
Matrix, The (film) 2—3
matter particles 65, 75, 77, 78, 138, 164, 167, 172, 173, 175, 188, 189, 194
Maxwell, James Clerk 28, 29, 61, 63, 85, 146, 183, 192
Mercury 17, 19, 98, 106
mesons 65, 74, 75, 77, 130, 161, 180, 185, 185n, 186, 195
metaphysics 2, 7, 8, 17, 20, 21, 24, 58, 85, 202, 205, 208, 209, 215, 218, 219, 233, 236, 254, 258, 259, 261, 262, 285, 286, 287, 291, 292, 294, 295
Michelson, Albert 85, 86, 90
Millikan, Robert 30
Minimal Supersymmetric
Standard Model (MSSM) 165—6, 165n, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 178, 190
Minkowski, Hermann 93—4
MIT 236
Morley, Edward 85, 86, 90
Mount Wilson, California 109—10
multiverse ix, x, 218—33, 218n, 235, 238, 261, 268—9, 278, 281—3, 288, 291, 292, 293, 297, 300
cosmic landscape 224—6, 261, 269, 283
eternal inflation 221—4, 229
Inflationary Multiverse
Assumption 223—4
influence of theory 231—3
many worlds 216—18
‘multiverse mania’ 231—2
reality check 219—21, 229—31
universe next door 226—8
muon 64, 65, 75, 77n, 89, 137, 138, 166, 175, 203
Nambu, Yoichiro 69, 185
NASA 122, 128, 143
National Accelerator Laboratory,
Chicago 187
National Institute of Nuclear
Physics, Italy 41
National Physical Laboratory,
UK 89, 99
Nature 113
nature, forces of 55
Ne’eman, Yuval 74
nebulae 108, 109
Neptune 19
neutralino 172
neutrino 57, 59n, 65, 67, 75, 118, 124, 137, 141, 160, 162n, 172, 178
neutron 56—7, 74—5, 76, 77, 78, 79, 111, 113, 124, 161, 180, 263—4, 266
neutron stars 124
Neveu, André 187, 188, 190
New Scientist 231—2
Newton, Isaac xi, 14, 15, 17, 18—19, 28, 32, 35—6, 38, 60—1, 81, 82—5, 93, 94—7, 98, 99—101, 106, 123, 131, 146—7, 201, 206
Niels Bohr Institute,
Copenhagen 185, 215
Nielsen, Holger 185
Nirenberg, Louis 194
‘no hair’ theorem 257
Noether, Emmy 155, 156, 157, 164
non-baryonic matter 124
objectification, problem of 213
observer self-selection 267
OPERA experiment 59n
Ostriker, Jeremiah 124
Ovrut, Burt 227
Padua, University of:
Department of Physics 41
Page, Don 251—2, 256
Particle Data Group 32, 79, 137
particle zoo and 64—5
Pauli exclusion principle 34, 65
Pauli, Wolfgang 34, 57, 62, 182
Peccei, Roberto 141
Peebles, Jim 114, 115, 116, 123—4
Pennsylvania, University of 227
Penrose, Roger 247
Penzias, Arno 115
Perlmutter, Saul 126
phase 27, 32, 33, 103, 118, 119, 126, 132, 158, 212, 222, 228
philosophers 295—6
phlogiston 21, 22
phoenix universe 228
photons 3, 8, 10, 27—53, 54, 58, 61, 62, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 92, 96, 99, 109, 113, 118, 134, 136, 142, 158, 159, 161, 166, 172, 175, 191, 212, 239, 258, 286, 295
as ‘carrier’ of electromagnetic
force 62
Bell’s inequality and 28, 31, 35—6, 37, 37, 38, 54, 55
bounced off electrons 30
collapse of the wavefunction 35—8, 42, 50, 132, 133, 134, 209—10
Copenhagen interpretation
and 30—1
Einstein’s l
ight quantum
hypothesis 28—30, 31
exchange of photon between
electrons as experience of
force 62
have no mass 27, 32, 33
interference 28
phase 27, 32, 33
photino 166, 172
photoelectric effect 29, 30
polarization 34—5, 40
quantum fluctuations of the
vacuum 40—2
quantum number 34
spin 27, 32—5
spooky-at-a-distance and 42—6
teleportation of 49
uncertainty principle and 38—40
‘virtual’ 41, 42, 62
wave behaviour 28—31 see also
wave behaviour
physics:
the end of 297—8
fairy-tale see fairy-tale physics
‘ironic’ 299
standard model of particle
physics 16, 55, 57—8, 75, 77, 78, 79, 103, 124, 129, 136, 141, 146, 147, 148, 155, 157—8, 164, 165, 170, 171, 186, 188, 229, 261
Physics World 296—7
pilot waves 210—11
pion 64, 65, 77, 161, 185
Planck epoch 139
Planck length 193, 195, 201, 249n, 251
Planck mass 139, 140, 169, 200
Planck scale 145, 147, 168, 169
Planck, Max 29, 30
Planck’s constant 136
Plato 5—6, 237, 254
allegory of a cave 5—6, 254
Podolsky, Boris 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51
Poincaré, Henri 92
point particle 16, 19, 147, 186, 194
polarizing film/filters,
arrangement of 40n, 43, 47n, 48n, 49, 51, 210
Polkinghorne, John 274, 275
Popper, Karl 18, 293—4
Popperazzi 293—4
positron 8, 60, 61, 64, 160, 161, 166, 175
Pound, Robert 99
Powell, Cecil 64
power spectrum 127—8
A Prayer for Owen Meany (Irving) 140—1
primary quality 258
primeval atom 110, 111
Princeton String Quartet 192, 200
Princeton University 76, 115, 124, 187, 188—9, 190—1, 192, 193, 215, 216, 228, 247, 267
projection postulate 209—10
protons 10, 56—7, 65, 67, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 109, 111, 113, 124, 132, 137, 138, 139, 160, 161, 162, 175, 176, 177, 178, 208, 263, 264n, 265, 266
Prussian Academy of Sciences 30, 100, 145—6, 182
Psillos, Stathis 295
Ptolemaic system 23
QCD (quantum
chromodynamics) 77, 136, 141, 158, 159, 188, 255
QED (quantum electrodynamics)
63—4, 77, 136, 145, 158, 159, 198
QFD (quantum flavour
dynamics) 77, 136, 158, 159
quantum field theory 60—2
quantum measurement:
collapse of the wavefunction
and 209—10, 211—12
cosmic landscape 224—6, 269, 281, 283
dealing with the fallout 231—3
decoherence and the
irreversible act of
amplification 211—14
eternal inflation 221—4
Everett’s ‘relative state’
formulation of quantum
theory 215, 216
hidden variables and 210
many worlds 216—21
pilot waves 210—11
quantum particles, first 28
reality check 219—21, 229—31
universe next door 226—9
von Neuman’s ‘projection
postulate’ 209—10
quantum physics under individual
theory area
quantum probability 35—8, 47, 131—5
quarks ix, x, 8, 16, 73—9, 118, 120, 130, 136, 137, 140, 160—1, 166, 167, 169, 170, 177, 178, 180, 185, 185n, 234, 235, 238n, 286, 295, 296
Quinn, Helen 118, 141, 170
Rabi, Isidor 64
radiation:
cosmic microwave
background (CMB) 103, 112—15, 117, 120, 121, 127—8, 228, 230, 257, 286
Hawking 142, 143, 247—50, 251, 252, 257, 258
pressure 42
radiative corrections 139—40, 169
Ramond, Pierre 187
Randall, Lisa 177, 201, 205—6, 226
reality:
as a metaphysical concept 1, 2, 7, 8, 21
entity realism 8
evolutionary selection
pressures lead to
development of a sensory
apparatus that delivers a
finely tuned representation of 4—5
is simply electrical signals
interpreted by your brain 2—4
Plato’s allegory of a cave and 5—6
point of view and 4—5
Reality Principle 8, 21, 53, 129, 234
red rose, experience of and 3—4
things-in-themselves and
things-as-they-are-
measured, difference
between 5, 6—8, 24, 39—40, 51—3, 129, 202, 234, 265
veiled 6—8
Rebka, Glen 99
recombination 103, 113, 117, 128
redshift 98—9, 109, 126—7
Rees, Martin 231, 265, 276, 277
Reiss, Adam 126, 127
‘relative state’ formulation of
quantum theory 214—16
relativistic mass 92, 93
relativistic theory 59
relativistic time dilation 89
Representing and Intervening
(Hacking) 8
Republic, The (Plato) 4
‘result’ assumption 50, 51, 52
Robinson, David 247
Rohm, Ryan 192
Roll, Peter 114, 115
Rosen, Nathan 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51
Rosenfeld, Léon 45
Rubin, Vera 123
Russell, Bertrand 18, 21
Rutherford, Ernest 56—7
Salam, Abdus 71, 117
Sandage, Allan 110
scalar 60, 165, 166, 174, 186, 222
Scherk, Joël 188—9, 190
Schmidt, Brian 126
Schrödinger, Erwin 58
Schrödinger’s cat 131—5, 211, 213
Schwarz, John 187—9, 190, 191, 192
Schwinger, Julian 63, 67
science:
abstract, importance of the 16—17
authorized version of 25—53
building theories from facts 13—16
definition of, Science
Council, UK, 2009 9, 24
intuition, importance of
15—16, 130, 164
mistakes and bias of
vulnerabilities of scientists 9—10, 14—15
no facts without theory 11—12
post-empirical xii
predominance of fairy-tale
physics in popular xii—xii
see also fairy-tale
physics
putting theories to the test 17—21
theorizing as a creative process 14—15
truth is transient 131
verisimilitude, scientific
theories as possessing a 21, 24
wrongdoing quickly found
out in 9—11
Scientific Method, The, reality,
truth and 1—24
scientific realists 7
Scopes, John Thomas 271
Searle, John 285—6
second law of thermodynamics 242—8, 249, 256
second quantization 61
secondary quality 258
Serber, Robert 74
‘set-up assumption’ 50, 51, 52
sfermion 166, 169
Shannon, Claude 244—5
Shor, Peter 240, 241
simultaneity 84—7
Slipher, Vesto 108, 109
Smolin, Lee 231, 280, 293
smuon
166, 175
Southern California, University
of 197
spacetime:
curved 15, 93—101, 109n, 247, 248, 255, 286
‘empty’ 127
expansion of 103, 107, 110, 112, 119, 120, 123, 222—3, 256, 278, 282
experimental tests of general
relativity and 97—9
‘foam’ 147
gravity and curvature of 94—7
Gravity Probe B and 99—100
inflation and see inflation
multidimensional ix, 93—4, 183, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 197, 201, 222—3, 226, 227, 228, 229, 254
quantum gravity and 146, 147
symmetries 164, 165, 173, 188
sparticles 168, 169, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 203, 208, 286, 299
special theory of relativity 30, 34, 42, 55, 58—9, 59n, 70n, 81, 84—7, 91, 96, 99—100, 134
speed of light 28, 32, 34, 42, 48, 59, 59n, 69, 84—7, 88, 90, 91, 92—3, 94, 117, 125, 134, 135, 136
spin 27, 32—5, 40, 44, 52, 58, 59, 60, 61, 65, 66, 69, 71, 73, 83, 84, 100, 157, 166, 172, 173, 186, 189, 191, 203, 221, 235, 238, 258, 286
Spinor field 60—1
spooky action-at-a-distance 42—6, 47, 48, 49, 132, 182, 211
squarks, ix, x, 166, 167, 169, 177, 178
sine wave 65, 158
standard candles 126
standard model of particle physics 16, 55, 57—8, 75, 77, 78, 79, 103, 124, 129, 136, 141, 146, 147, 148, 155, 157—8, 164, 165, 170, 171, 186, 188, 229, 261
Stanford Linear Accelerator
Center (SLAC) 75, 76
Steinhardt, Paul 227, 228, 231
stellar nucleosynthesis 263
stop squarks 166, 169, 177, 178
string theory 16, 184—8, 189
lack of progression in 297
The String Assumption 186
weakening grip of 299
see also superstring theory
Strominger, Andrew 193, 194
strong nuclear force 56, 57, 65, 66, 70, 71, 76, 78, 103—4, 118, 139, 170, 171, 188, 189, 192, 200
SU (2) quantum field theory 158—9, 162, 175
SU (3) quantum field theory 158, 159, 162, 175
SU (5) theory 159, 159n, 160, 175
Sundrum, Raman 201, 226
Suntzeff, Nicholas 126
Super-Kamioke Nucleon Decay
Experiments 162, 162n
superconducting quantum
interference devices
(SQUIDs) 55, 100
supercooling 119—20, 119n, 222
supergravity 172—4, 190, 197, 206
Supernova Cosmology Project
(SCP) 126
supernovae 113n, 116, 125—7, 264, 279
superpartners 165—8, 169, 172—3, 174, 176
superposition 35, 39, 55, 132, 133, 134, 134n, 172, 210, 211, 212, 212n, 213, 214, 217, 220, 239—40, 241
superstring theory ix, x, xiii, 158n, 181, 184—8, 208, 209, 261, 266, 269, 281, 282, 283, 288, 298, 299
branes and braneworlds 198—202, 226—7
Calabi—Yau spaces 192—6, 200, 224—6
compactification 184, 193
holography and 254—6
M-theory and the second
superstring revolution 196—8, 202, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 269, 282, 297