by Chris Turney
This will be the last book for a while, I promise!
SOURCES
There is a wealth of books on early twentieth-century Antarctic exploration, and ever more manuscripts and articles are available online (many of them are out of print). In particular, the Ebook and Texts Archive (www.archive.org/details/texts) has an amazing range of works in high resolution.
1912 is intended to be as readable as possible, so I decided against using footnotes or endnotes. Fuller text references, linked to the relevant sources, can be found on my website (www.christurney.com).
Below, I have split the sources used into Books, Journal Articles and Reports, Newspaper and Magazine Articles, Films and Recordings, Unpublished Sources, and Websites, listed under the appropriate chapter. Apart from unpublished material, almost all of these works can be found in bookshops or libraries, or online. Institutions have brought some of the more precious film and sound recordings into the public domain, but there remains a lot of footage that can still only be accessed in certain archives around the world.
For Unpublished Sources, BL refers to the British Library (London); CUL is the Cambridge University Library (UK); MAC is the Mawson Antarctic Collection (Adelaide, Australia); ML is the Mitchell Library (Sydney, Australia); NB is the National Library (Oslo, Norway); NFSA is the National Film and Sound Archive (Canberra, Australia); NLA is the National Library of Australia (Canberra); RGS is the Royal Geographic Society (London); SAEMM is the Shirase Antarctic Expedition Memorial Museum (Nikaho, Japan); SLV is the La Trobe Collection, State Library of Victoria (Melbourne, Australia); SPRI is the Scott Polar Research Institute (Cambridge, UK); and URL is the University of Reading Library (UK).
Some unpublished material was very lightly edited—primarily in punctuation—to ensure clarity.
I have endeavoured to contact the copyright holders of all unpublished material cited in the text. I apologise in advance for any omissions and would be delighted to add missing acknowledgements in future editions.
INTRODUCTION
Books
Fogg, G. E. 1992. A History of Antarctic Science. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
McGonigal, D., Woodworth, L. 2001. Antarctica: The Complete Story. Frances Lincoln, London.
MacPhee, R. D. E. 2010. Race to the End: Amundsen, Scott and the Attainment of the South Pole. Sterling Innovation, New York.
Wheeler, S. 1997. Terra Incognita: Travels in Antarctica. Vintage, London.
CHAPTER 1: LOOKING POLEWARDS
Books
Aughton, P. 2004. Resolution: The Story of Captain Cook’s Second Voyage of Discovery. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.
Armitage, A. B. 1905. Two Years in the Antarctic: Being a Narrative of the British National Antarctic Expedition. Edward Arnold, London.
Borchgrevink, C. E. 1901. First on the Antarctic Continent: Being an Account of the British Antarctic Expedition 1898–1900. George Newnes, London.
Carpenter, K. J. 1986. The History of Scurvy and Vitamin C. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Cook, F. A. 1900. Through the First Antarctic Night 1898–1899: A Narrative of the Voyage of the ‘Belgica’ Among Newly Discovered Lands and Over an Unknown Sea About the South Pole. Doubleday & McClure, New York.
Galton, F. 1878. Hints to Travellers. Edward Stanton, London.
de Gerlache, A. 1998. Voyage of the Belgica: Fifteen Months in the Antarctic. Erskine Press and Bluntisham Books, Norwich.
Lloyd, C., Coulter, J. 1963. Medicine and the Navy, 1200–1900. Vol. IV (1815–1900). Livingstone, Edinburgh.
Markham, C. R. 1921. The Lands of Silence: A History of Arctic and Antarctic Exploration. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Mawer, G. A. 2006. South by Northwest: The Magnetic Crusade and the Contest for Antarctica. Wakefield Press, Kent Town.
Murgatroyd, S. 2002. The Dig Tree. Text Publishing, Melbourne.
Murray, G. 1901. The Antarctic Manual: For the Use of the Expedition of 1901. Royal Geographic Society, London.
Scott, R. F. 1905. The Voyage of the Discovery. Smith, Elder & Co., London.
Speak, P. 2003. William Speirs Bruce: Polar Explorer and Scottish Nationalist. National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh.
Stafford, R. A. 2002. Scientist of Empire: Sir Roderick Murchison, Scientific Exploration and Victorian Imperialism. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Wilson, E. 1966. Diary of the Discovery Expedition to the Antarctic Regions 1901–1904. Blandford Press, London.
Journal Articles and Reports
Anonymous. 1830. Prospectus of the Royal Geographical Society. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 1: vii–xii.
Bell, M., McEwan, C. 1996. The admission of women fellows to the Royal Geographical Society, 1892–1914: The controversy and the outcome. Geographical Journal 162: 295-312.
Fogg, G. E. 2005. A century of Antarctic science: Planning and serendipity. Archives of Natural History 32: 129–143.
Gregory, J. W. 1901. The work of the National Antarctic Expedition. Nature 63: 609–612.
Hamilton, R. V. 1906. Review: Antarctic exploration. Geographical Journal 27: 76–82.
Hinks, A. R. 1941. Antarctica discovered: A reply. Geographical Review 31: 491-498.
Lee, I. 1913. The voyages of Captain William Smith and others to the South Shetlands. Geographical Journal 42: 365–370.
McConnell, A. 2005. Surveying terrestrial magnetism in time and space. Archives of Natural History 32: 346–360.
Murray, J. 1913. Notes on the Antarctic soundings of the ‘Aurora’. Geographical Journal 42: 362–364.
Murray, J. 1898. The scientific advantages of an Antarctic expedition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 62: 424–451.
Murray, J. 1894. The renewal of Antarctic exploration. Geographical Journal 3: 1–27.
von Neumayer, G. 1906. Recent Antarctic expeditions: Their results. Geographical Journal 27: 259–265.
Poulton, E. B. 1901. The National Antarctic Expedition. Nature 64: 83–86.
Rice, A. L. 2005. Discovery at sea: A heady mix of scientists, ships and sailors. Archives of Natural History 32: 177-191.
Richards, P. 2002. Inflation: The value of the pound 1750–2001. UK House of Commons Library, Research Paper 02/44, 22.
Newspaper and Magazine Articles
Curzon, G. N. 1893. Ladies and the Royal Geographical Society. The Times 31 May: 11.
Mullay, A. J. 2009. James Weddell and a debt of £245. History Scotland 9: 35–38.
Unpublished Sources
Letter from C. Markham to Lord Curzon, 9 November 1911. BL MSS EUR/F112/51.
CHAPTER 2: AN AUDACIOUS PLAN
Books
Branagan, D. 2005. TW Edgeworth David: A Life. National Library of Australia, Canberra.
Daly, R. W. 2009. The Shackleton Letters: Behind the Scenes of the Nimrod Expedition. Erskine Press, Norwich.
Darwin, C. 2006. More Letters of Charles Darwin: Volume II. Echo Library, Teddington.
Darwin, C. 1859. The Origin of Species. Penguin, London (republished 1985).
Drivenes, E.-A., Jølle, H. D. 2006. Into the Ice: The History of Norway and the Polar Regions. Glydendal Akademisk, Oslo.
Herbert, W. 1989. The Noose of Laurels: The Discovery of the North Pole. Hodder & Stoughton, London.
Hooker, J. D. 1844. The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H. M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839–1843: Flora Antarctica. Reeve Brothers, London.
Huntford, R. 2009. Nansen: The Explorer as Hero. Abacus, London.
Huntford, R. 1996. Shackleton. Abacus, London.
Jackson, F. G. 1899. A Thousand Days in the Arctic. Harper & Brothers, London.
Mill, H. R. 1905. The Siege of the South Pole. F. A. Stokes Company, New York.
Mills, L. 2008. Men of Ice: The Lives of Alister Forbes Mackay (1878–1914) and Cecil Henry Meares (1877–1937). Caedmon of Whitby, Whitby.
Nansen, F. 1898. Farthest North. Being the Record of a Voyage of Exploration of the Shi
p Fram 1893–96 and of a Fifteen Months’ Sleigh Journey by Dr. Nansen and Lieut. Johansen. With an Appendix by O. Sverdrup, Captain of the Fram (In Two Volumes). George Newnes, London.
Nield, T. 2007. Supercontinent: Ten Billion Years in the Life of Our Planet. Granta Books, London.
Ortmann, A. E. 1902. Tertiary Invertebrates. Princeton University, New York.
Riffenburgh, B. 2004. Nimrod: Ernest Shackleton and the Extraordinary Story of the 1907–09 British Antarctic Expedition. Bloomsbury, London.
Shackleton, E. H. 1909. The Heart of the Antarctic: Being the Story of the British Antarctic Expedition 1907–1909 (In Two Volumes). William Heinemann, London.
Suess, E. 1885. Das Antlitz der Erde. F Tempsky, Vienna.
Journal Articles and Reports
David, T. W. E., Priestley, R. E. 1914. British Antarctic Expedition 1907 – Under the Command of Sir E. H. Shackleton, C. V. O. Reports of the Scientific Investigations: Geology. William Heinemann, London.
David, E. 1913. Notes by Prof. Edgeworth David. Nature 91: 651.
David, T. W. E. 1904. The aims and ideals of Australian science. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science (Dunedin, New Zealand): 1–43.
Ferrar, H. T. 1907. Report on the Field Geology of the Region Explored During the ‘Discovery’ Antarctic Expedition. 1901–05 National Antarctic Expedition, London, 1 (Geology).
F. G. D. 1910. The proposed Scottish National Antarctic Expedition of 1911. Nature 83: 101–102.
Read, W. J. 1856. On the applications of photography. Sutton’s Photographic Notes 6 March: 130.
Shackleton, E. 1907. A new British Antarctic expedition. Geographical Journal 29: 329–332.
Shackleton, E. 1904. Life in the Antarctic. Pearson’s Magazine XVII: 307–322.
Newspaper and Magazine Articles
Anonymous. 1910. The dash for the South Pole. Penny Illustrated Paper 30 April: 552.
Anonymous. 1910. South Pole rivals: Friendly messages across the Atlantic. Manchester Guardian 12 February: 9.
Anonymous. 1909. Peary to seek South Pole? Mailboat from Labrador reports he and Bartlett are going. New York Times 16 September: 1.
Anonymous. 1909. Commander Peary and the North Pole: Messages from the explorer. The Times 7 September: 3.
Anonymous. 1909. The North Pole: Dr. Cook describes his journey. Manchester Guardian 3 September: 7.
Anonymous. 1909. News from the Nimrod: Landing of Macquarie Island. Sydney Morning Herald 10 July: 13.
Anonymous. 1909. Mr Shackleton on his expedition: Presentation of medals by the prince. The Times 29 June: 10.
Anonymous. 1909. Mr Shackleton’s Return. The Times 16 June: 11.
Anonymous. 1909. Mr. Shackleton in London. The Times 16 June: 10.
Anonymous. 1909. Nimrod’s future work: Shackleton’s scheme. Sydney Morning Herald 24 April: 13.
Anonymous. 1909. The explorers: Mr. Mawson in Sydney. Sydney Morning Herald 17 April: 13.
Anonymous. 1909. The Scottish Antarctic Expedition: Dr. Bruce’s Plans. The Times 2 April: 23.
Anonymous. 1909. South Pole discoveries. Lieut. Shackleton’s achievement. Daily Mail 25 March: 5.
Anonymous. 1909. Sir E. Shackleton on polar expeditions. The Times 7 January: 6.
Anonymous. 1908. Along Antarctic ice: Leaders’ reported dissension. Sydney Morning Herald 13 April: 7.
Anonymous. 1907. New British expedition to the South Pole. The Times 12 February: 12.
Bernacchi, L. C. 1909. To the editor of The Times. The Times 6 September: 3.
Sprent, C. P. 1889. Antarctic Exploration. Mercury Office, Hobart.
Films and recordings
Shackleton, E. 1910. My South Polar Expedition. NFSA 562537. www.aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/my-south-polar-expedition
Unpublished sources
Correspondence of Antarctic Committee, Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, 1890s. ML MSS 7540/8.
Letter from T. W. E. David to A. Deakin (Australian Prime Minister), 10 December 1907. ML MSS. 3022/1 C73809.
Letter from T. W. E. David to E. Shackleton, 5 October 1909. ML MSS. 3022/1 C73809.
Letter from F. G. Jackson to A. Nansen, 8 April 1895. NB Brevs 36L.
Letter from F. G. Jackson to F. Nansen, 18 November 1892. NB Ms. fol. 1924: 2c3.
Letter from A. F. Mackay to Mr Mackay, 24 February 1909. ML DOC 3472.
C. Markham Journal, 15 November to 6 May 1913. RGS CRM/53.
Letter from D. Mawson to T. W. E. David, 28 September 1907. ML MSS. 3022/1 C73809.
Letter from R. Peary to Mr Reick, 27 November 1909. SPRI MS 761/11.
Letter from E. Shackleton to T. W. E. David, 8 February 1910. ML MSS. 3022/1 C73810.
Telegram from E. Shackleton to R. F. Scott, 4 March 1907. SPRI MS 25/2.
Letter from E. Shackleton to R. F. Scott, 18 February 1907. SPRI MS1537/2/14/8.
Letter from E. Shackleton to R. Skelton, 13 June 1907. SPRI MS 342/31.
Letter from R. Skelton to R. F. Scott, 8 October 1911. SPRI MS 342/14/9.
E. N. Webb. 1965. Magnetic Polar Journey 1912. ML MSS 6812.
CHAPTER 3: A NEW LAND
Books
Back, J. D. 1992. The Quiet Land: The Diaries of Frank Debenham. Bluntisham Books and Erskine Press, Bluntisham.
Briant, K. 1962. Passionate Paradox: The Life of Marie Stopes. W. W. Norton & Co., New York.
Bull, C., Wright, P. F. 1993. Silas: The Antarctic Diaries and Memoir of Charles S. Wright. Ohio State University Press, Columbus.
Cherry-Garrard, A. 2003. The Worst Journey in the World. Pimlico, London (originally published 1922).
Crane, D. 2006. Scott of the Antarctic. Harper Perennial, London.
Evans, E. R. G. R. 1921. South with Scott. Collins Clear-Type Press, London.
Fiennes, R. 2003. Captain Scott. Hodder & Stoughton, London.
Huntford, R. 2009. Scott and Amundsen: Their Race to the South Pole. Abacus, London.
Huxley, E. 1977. Scott of the Antarctic. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
King, H. G. R. 1988. The Wicked Mate: The Antarctic Diary of Victor Campbell. Erskine Press and Bluntisham Books, Norwich.
Lee, G. 2008. The People’s Budget: An Edwardian Tragedy. Shepheard-Walwyn, London.
Levick, G. M. 1914. Antarctic Penguins: A Study of Their Habits. McBride, Nast & Co., New York.
Scott, R. F. 2008. Journals: Captain Scott’s Last Expedition (edited by M. Jones). Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Scott, R. F. 1913. Scott’s Last Expedition (In Two Volumes). Macmillan and Co., London.
Strange, C, Bashford, A. 2008. Griffith Taylor: Visionary, Environmentalist, Explorer. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
Wilson, E. 1972. Diary of the Terra Nova Expedition to the Antarctic 1910–1912. Humanities Press, New York.
Journal Articles and Reports
Chree, C. 1908. Presidential address to the Physical Society of London, 14th February, 1908. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London XXI: xi–xxxii.
David, T. W. E., Smeeth, W. F., Schofield, J. A. 1895. Notes on Antarctic rocks collected by Mr C. E. Borchgrevink. The Royal Society of New South Wales Journal 29: 461–492.
Debenham, F. 1923. Report on the Maps and Surveys: British (Terra Nova) Antarctic Expedition 1910–1913. Harrison and Sons, London.
Lyons, H. G. 1924. British (Terra Nova) Antarctic Expedition 1910–1913: Miscellaneous Data. Harrison and Sons, London.
Markham, C. 1912. Antarctic discovery at the British Association. Geographical Journal 40: 541–546.
Royds, C. W. R. 1905. Meteorological observing in the Antarctic regions. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 39: 1–14.
Scott, R. F. 1910. Plans of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910. Geographical Journal 36: 11–20.
Scott, R. F. 1905. Results of the National Antarctic Expedition. 1. Geographical. Geographical Journal 25: 353–370.
von den Steinen, K. 1891. Allgemeines über die zoologische Thätig
keit und Beobachtungen über das Leben der Robben und Vögel aus Süd-Georgie. In Die Internationale Polarforschung 1882–83. Die Deutschen Expeditionen und Ihre Ergebnisse. (G. Neumayer, ed.) A. Asher & Co., Berlin, 194–279.
Walker, M. 2005. Antarctic meteorology and climatology: an unfolding story of discovery. Archives of Natural History 32: 316–333.
Wilson, E., Bowers, H. 2011. A Tale for Our Generation: An Account of the ‘Winter Journey’. Australian Capital Equity, Perth.
Wilson, E. A. 1907. Aves. National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–4, Natural History Vol. II, Zoology. British Museum, London.
Newspaper and Magazine Articles
Anonymous. 1912. Captain Scott’s comment on Amundsen. Manchester Guardian 5 April: 5.
Anonymous. 1912. South Pole quest achieved: Triumph of Captain Amundsen. Manchester Guardian 9 March: 9.
Anonymous. 1911. Captain Scott in the Antarctic. Manchester Guardian 7 November: 7.
Anonymous. 1910. Captain Scott’s Wolseley sleighs. Commercial Motor 7 April: 96.
Anonymous. 1910. Antarctic expedition: Support for Captain Scott in Manchester. Manchester Guardian 17 February: 14.
Anonymous. 1910. Captain Scott in Manchester yesterday. Manchester Guardian 17 February: 5.
Anonymous. 1909. The British Antarctic Expedition: Problems of the South Pole. The Times 13 October: 12.
Anonymous. 1909. Captain Scott’s Expedition. The Times 14 September: 8.
Turner, H. H. 1908. Antarctic weather. Times Literary Settlement 13 August: 258.
Wilson, E. A. 1912. British Antarctic Expedition. Report of the work. The Times 16 May: 5.