Act of Toleration (1689)
Adams, John
on Baptist protests against taxes for Congregational churches
and Britain’s stand on North African pirates
and election of 1800
and Islam
and Jefferson, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2
and Jews
letter to Tunisian ruler
and North African pirates, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1
and Qur’an
on slavery
and Tripolitan ambassador, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
Tripoli treaty, 6.1, nts.1nn69–70
Adams, John Quincy
and Ibrahima, 5.1, 5.2
on Islam
and Jefferson’s support of Paine
as “Publicola,”
on Ramadan dinner at the White House
Advice to the Privileged Orders in the Several States of Europe (Barlow)
Aga Khan
“Age of Arabick” (G. A. Russell)
‘A’isha, wife of the Prophet
Alcoran, See also Qur’an
Alexandria, Egypt, burning of library at, 3.1, nts.1n130
Al-Faruqi, Isma’il Raji
Algerine Captive, The (Tyler), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, nts.1n125
Algiers, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4. See also Barbary States; North African pirates
Algiers treaty
Allison, Robert J.
Al-Tabari
America
and European negative views of Muslims, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, nts.1n9
and European positive views of Muslims, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, nts.1n211
Mahomet the Impostor as critique of British tyranny
and Ottoman Empire
Williams’s “soul liberty” experiment, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, aft.1
See also United States
American Colonization Society
American Jews. See Jewish Americans
American Muslims. See Muslim Americans
American Revolution, 1.1, 7.1
Anabaptists
Anglicanism
and divorce
and Jefferson, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1
and Muhammad, 3.1, 3.2
resistance to Anglican establishment in Virginia
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 3.1, 3.2
tax proceeds for propagation of, 3.1, 6.1
Anglicans
Edwards
Hoadly
Jefferson as, itr.1, 6.1, 7.1
Miller
Prideaux, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, nts.1n43
Proast
Sale
Williams
See also Iredell, James; Johnston, Samuel; Locke, John
Antichrist, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
Anti-Federalists
Abbot, 5.1, 5.2
Caldwell, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Dollard
fearmongering in opposition to Constitution, 5.1, 5.2
fears of pope as president
Henry
Lancaster
and Muslim “civil rights,”
and Protestant character of the nation, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2
and religious test for public office
anti-Islamic polemic
by Calvin
claim that Islam spread by violence, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 7.1
by Foxe
by Luther
and Orientalism, nts.1n30
by Prideaux, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, nts.1n43
propagation by the sword, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 7.1
and separation of church and government, itr.1, 3.1
Stubbe’s challenge to, 1.1, 2.1, nts.1n200
by Trenchard and Gordon
by Voltaire, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1
anti-Semitism
anti-Sharia movement, aft.1, aft.2, aft.3
Arab American News,
Arabic language
and American slaves, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
and Hebrew Bible
and Jefferson’s library, 6.1, nts.1n211
and Locke
and meetings with Arabs
Pococke’s translation of Hayy ibn Yaqzan, 2.1
and Sale
slaves writing in
and Tripoli treaty, 6.1, nts.1nn69–70
Arabigo, Joseph
Arabs, See also Islam; Muslims; North African pirates; Saracens
“Arbitrary Government proved incompatible with true Religion” (Trenchard and Gordon), 1.1, 3.1
Aristotle
army, national
Arouet, François-Marie “Voltaire,” 1.1, 1.2
Article 11 of the Tripoli Treaty, 6.1, nts.1n69
atheists and atheism
Edwards on
exclusion from Act of Toleration of 1689
exclusion from public office, 5.1, 5.2
Iredell on
Jefferson accused of, 6.1, 6.2, aft.1
Jefferson on, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Locke on
Washington on
“Autobiography” (Jefferson)
on Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
on French Revolution
on king’s support for slave trade
on North African pirates’ motives
Bachmann, Michele, aft.1, nts.1n181
Backus, Isaac, 7.1, nts.1n19
Bagshaw, Edward, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, nts.1n229
Bailey, Thomas
Bailyn, Bernard, xi–xii
Baptists
Abbot, 5.1, 5.2
and Anglicans, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1
corporal punishment in Virginia
English Baptists, 2.1, 2.2, 7.1
fleeing England to Holland
Helwys, 2.1, 7.1
and Jefferson
Lancaster
and Leland
on slavery
and tax supporting Protestants
Williams as
See also Leland, John
Barbary, meaning of
Barbary States
Adams on need for treaties
Algiers, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 6.1
Algiers treaty
defined as
Jefferson on need for war with, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
naval conflict of U.S. with Tripoli, 6.1, 6.2
and Ottoman Empire
overview
piracy and religion
Spanish military incursions
U.S. negotiations with, itr.1, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
See also Moroccans and Morocco; North African pirates; Tripolitans and Tripoli; Tunisians and Tunis
Barbary Wars, itr.1, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Barlow, Joel, 6.1, 6.2
Bayle, Pierre
Beck, Glenn
Beecher, Lyman
Bellius, Martin, known as “Castellio” or “Sébastien Châteillon,” 2.1, 2.2
Benamor, Mr.
Benedict XIV, Pope
Betsey (American merchant ship)
Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom (Jefferson)
Baptist support for
inalienable rights outlined in
and Muslim as president
omitting Jesus Christ from, 3.1, 6.1, nts.1n249
overview, 3.1, 3.2
and support for Muslim rights, 3.1, 6.1
on taxation to support Anglican Church
Virginia Gazette coverage
Bill for the Naturalization of Persons
Bill of Rights of Massachusetts
Bill Prescribing the Oath of Fidelity and the Oaths of Certain Public Officers (Jefferson)
Bill to Prevent Losses by Pirates, Enemies, and Others on the High Seas (Jefferson)
Bjorck, Erick Tobias
Blackstone, William
Blair, James
Bloody Tenent Yet More Bloody, The (Williams)
Bloomberg, Michael
Bloudy Tenent, of Persecution for Cause of Conscience, The (Williams), 2.1, 2.2, nts.1n131
Bloudy Tenent, Washed and Made White in the Bloud of the Lamb, The (Cotton)
Blount, Charl
es
Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount
Bowne, John
Boyd, Julian
Boykin, William G. “Jerry,” aft.1, aft.2
Brown, Campbell
Brown, Wendy, nts.2n80
Bryden, James
Buckley, Thomas E., nts.1n249
Bulliet, Richard W.
Bush, George W.
Caldwell, David, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Calvin, John, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
Calvinism, Jefferson on
Canfora, Luciano, nts.1n130
Carson, André
Castellio, Sebastian, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
Castilian legal codes
catalog system, Jefferson’s
Cathcart, James, 4.1, 6.1, nts.1n70
Catholic Inquisition, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
Catholicism
as Antichrist, 1.1, 1.2
Anti-Federalists’ concerns about
as antithetical to American liberty, itr.1, 2.1
comparing Luther and Turks
comparing or equating to Turks/Islam, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4
conversion to, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
the Crusades, 3.1, 3.2, nts.1n130
Islam linked to, in Sale’s Koran, 3.1
and Jefferson, 3.1, 3.2
Leland on
pope as U.S. president, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Protestants’ fear of Catholic domination, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1, 7.2
sanctification of Mary
as tyranny
and Voltaire’s play Mahomet, 1.1, 1.2
See also Inquisition
Catholics
and Act of Toleration of 1689
discrimination against, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
double loyalty issue, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, aft.1
exclusion from public office
immigration to the U.S., itr.1, 7.1, aft.1, aft.2
Iredell’s defense of
Jefferson on
Jews, Muslims, and, itr.1, 5.1, 5.2, nts.1n3, nts.2n27
Leland’s fight for rights of, 7.1, 7.2
Locke on
Mathurins
on Muslims and Protestants
overview
plot to blow up Parliament
prejudice against Muslims, 1.1, 1.2
as President of the United States, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
religious intolerance of
and religious test for public office, 5.1, 5.2
and slavery
and Williams, 2.1, nts.1n138
Cato’s Letters (Trenchard and Gordon), 1.1, 1.2, 3.1
Cato the Younger
Center for Security Policy
Charles II, King of England
Chaucer, Geoffrey
Cheese and the Worms, The (Ginzburg)
Cheshire, Massachusetts, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
“Choose Generosity, Not Exclusion” (Ellison), aft.1, nts.1n181
Christianity
and Adams’s treaty with Tripoli, 6.1, nts.1nn69–70
The Algerine Captive on
Calvinism, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 6.1
church building in conquered nations
Day of Judgment
duty to tolerate others, 2.1, 2.2
history of schism, persecution, and torture, 3.1, 3.2
inclusiveness plea in Flushing Remonstrance, 2.1, aft.1
intolerance of
Islam as antithesis of, 1.1, 5.1
Jefferson on, in letter to Hammuda Bey
Jesus Christ, references to, 3.1, 7.1, nts.1n249
Leland’s condemnation of state establishments, 7.1, 7.2
and piracy, 4.1, 4.2
prejudice against Muslims, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
and religious freedom in the U.S., 3.1, 5.1
and Sabbath
superiority codified by colonies
superiority over Islam and Judaism, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
weakness in seventh-century Middle East
See also Anglicanism; Baptists; Catholicism; conversion to Christianity; Golden Rule; New Testament; Old Testament; Protestantism; Trinity doctrine; Unitarians and Unitarianism
Christian Philosopher, The (Mather)
Christians
boys seized by Turks
Jews and Muslims compared to, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
Muslims compared to
as People of the Book, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, nts.1n75
Christie, Chris
Church and State in Revolutionary Virginia (Buckley), nts.1n249
Church of England. See Anglicanism; Anglicans; Episcopalians
Civil Rights Act (1964)
civil servants. See Constitution of the United States, No Religious Test Clause
Cobbett, William
coffee, 3.1, 4.1
Cohen, Arthur
colonies. See states or colonies
Commentaries (Blackstone)
Common Sense (Paine)
Concerning Heretics (Castellio as Martin Bellius), 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
conformity in religion
Congregational Protestantism in New England, 1.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2
Connecticut, 5.1, 7.1, nts.1n79
Constitution of Massachusetts, 7.1, 7.2, nts.1n86
Constitution of the United States
and captives of North African pirates
and centralization of military power
debates referring to Ottoman despotism
Fourteenth Amendment, 7.1, aft.1
Fourth Amendment
Leland’s opposition to, 7.1, 7.2
and religious freedom
religious intolerance as evil to be subverted by
Thirteenth Amendment
See also First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States
Constitution of the United States, No Religious Test Clause
and Jews, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
Lancaster’s argument for religious tests
and Muslims (cited in eighteenth century as Mahometans, Turks), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4
North Carolina debate in favor of, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
North Carolina debate on
North Carolina’s failure to ratify due to, 5.1, 5.2
North Carolina’s ratification
Protestant opposition to
See also religious freedom
conversion by Inquisition
conversion to Catholicism, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
conversion to Christianity
Locke opposes moderate force and other penalties
overview, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
peaceful approaches, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
as reason to tolerate Muslims or Jews, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, nts.1n44
as road to salvation
Sale’s views of
salvation of Muslims and Jews without conversion vs., 2.1, 2.2
of slaves
violent tactics, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2
conversion to Islam
in The Algerine Captive, 1.1
for captives of North African pirates, 2.1, 4.1
toleration for converts
violent tactics
Cordoba House Initiative, New York
Cotton, John
court cases
on citizenship for Muslim immigrants
on illegal searches
on oaths of non-Protestants
on Oklahoma’s anti-Sharia constitutional amendment
Reports on Cases Adjudg’d in the Court of the King’s Bench (Salkeld)
cover artwork for Mahomet the Impostor, 1.1, nts.1n109
Crusades, the, 3.1, 3.2, nts.1n130
cultural neutrality
Cutler, Manasseh
Danbury, Connecticut
Dauphin or Dolphin (schooner)
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The (Gibbon)
Deists and Deism
Barlow
exclusion from public office
Islam compared to
Jews equated to
Leland on
Paine
Prideaux’s attack on
Protestants’
fear of
unitary God and God of Islam connection
See also Jefferson, Thomas
Delaware’s oath for public officeholders
Discourse About Civil Government, A (Cotton)
Discourses on Davila (Adams)
dissimulation
divorce case
Dollard, Patrick
Eaton, William
Eck, Diana
Edict of Expulsion, Jews from England, 2.1, 2.2
Edwards, John
Edwards, Jonathan
Egyptian history, Jefferson’s collection of
Egypt, Obama speaking in
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
El-Abbadi, Mostafa, nts.1n130
Ellison, Keith, x, aft.1, nts.1n181
Emon, Anver
England. See Great Britain
English Baptists, 2.1, 2.2, 7.1
Episcopalians. See Anglicanism; Anglicans
Errors of the Trinity, The (Servetus)
Esposito, John
Essai sur les moeurs et l’esprit des nations (Voltaire)
Essay Concerning Toleration, An (Locke)
Essay in Defence of the Good Old Cause, An (Stubbe)
Essay on Human Understanding (Locke)
Essay on the Universal History, Manners, and Spirit of Nations, An (Voltaire)
Europe and Ottoman Empire, 1.1, 2.1
European views of Muslims
fictional representations, 1.1, 1.2
Menocchio’s argument for salvation of Muslims and Jews
negative influence on early Americans, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, nts.1n9
positive influence on early Americans, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, nts.1n211
terminology distortions
Eustace, Kitty
Fanatisme, ou Mahomet le Prophète, Le (Voltaire), 1.1, 1.2
Fatiha, first chapter of the Qur’an, 5.1, 5.2
Fatima, daughter of the Prophet, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2
“Fatimer,” or Fatima, as Muslim slave name, itr.1, 3.1, aft.1
Feake, Tobias
fearmongering
of Anti-Federalists, in opposition to Constitution, 5.1, 5.2
anti-Sharia campaign as, aft.1, aft.2, aft.3
counter to
Federalists, in election of 1800
Jefferson accused of being Muslim, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, aft.1, aft.2
and non-Protestants in public office, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, aft.1
Obama accused of being Muslim, aft.1, aft.2, aft.3
politics of Islamic fearmongering, aft.1, aft.2
and Protestants’ fear of Catholics, 3.1, 5.1, 7.1
and Protestants’ fear of Deism
Federalist Papers, The (Madison, Hamilton, and Jay), 5.1, 7.1
Federalists
Cobbett
fearmongering in presidential election of 1800
and Muslim “civil rights,” 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4
and Ottoman Empire as despotic
on religious freedom, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Webster
See also Iredell, James; Johnston, Samuel; Madison, James
Thomas Jefferson's Qur'an: Islam and the Founders Page 53